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Contingency Analysis

Technical Report · March 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10755.71208

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CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM

Master of Science
in
Electrical Power System

Cairo Univerisity , Egypt

By:

Mohamed Fayez El-shawadfy

Under the supervision of:

Prof. Mustafa Ahmed EL-Shebiny

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------𝟐
𝟏 INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝟒

𝟐 CONTENGINCY ANALYSIS USING LOAD FLOW SOLUTION -------------------------------- 𝟖

𝟐. 𝟏 INTODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝟖

𝟐. 𝟐 Methods of Contingency analysis--------------------------------------------------------- 𝟗

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟏 Contingency Analysis Using DC Power Flow ------------------------------- 𝟏𝟎

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟐 Matrix Method of Contingency Analysis----------------------------------- 𝟏𝟏

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟑 Voltage Stability Index (L-Index) computation--------------------------- 𝟏𝟐

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟒 Decoupled Load Flow-------------------------------------------------------------- 𝟏𝟒

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟓 Fast Decoupled Load Flow----------------------------------------------------- 𝟏𝟔

𝟐. 𝟑 Contingency Analysis technique --------------------------------------------------------- 𝟐𝟑

𝟐. 𝟒 Contingency Analysis Ranking------------------------------------------------------------ 𝟐𝟓

𝟐. 𝟓 Contingency Analysis Selection----------------------------------------------------------- 𝟐𝟕

𝟐. 𝟔 Contingency Evaluation-------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝟐𝟗

𝟑 Contingency Analysis Power World Simulator--------------------------------------------------- 𝟑𝟎

𝟑. 𝟏 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝟑𝟎

𝟑. 𝟐 Contingency elements allowed in Power World Simulator------------------------- 𝟑𝟎

𝟑. 𝟑 Contingency Analysis Tool in Simulator------------------------------------------------- 𝟑𝟐

𝟑. 𝟒 Auto-Insertion of Contingencies Dialog------------------------------------------------- 𝟑𝟑

𝟑. 𝟓 Example using Power World Simulator------------------------------------------------- 𝟑𝟒

𝟒 Contingency Analysis in Power System using Load Flow Solution (paper) ----𝟑𝟗

𝟓 References ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝟒𝟑

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 1
 Abstract
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

Contingencies are defined as potentially harmful disturbances

that occur during the steady state operation of a power system.
Load flow constitutes the most important study in a power system
for planning, operation and expansion. The purpose of load flow
study is to compute operating conditions are normally voltage
magnitudes and phase angles at different buses, line flows (MW
and MVAr), real and reactive power supplied by the generators and
power loss.

In a modern Energy Management power system security

monitoring and analysis form an integral part but the real time
implementation is a challenging task for the power system
engineer. A power system which is operating under normal mode
may face contingencies such as sudden loss of line or generator,
sudden increase or decrease of power demand. These
contingencies cause transmission line overloading or bus voltage
violations. In electrical power systems voltage stability is receiving
special attention these days. During the past two and half decades

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 2
it has become a major threat to the operation of many systems. The
transfer of power through a transmission

network is accompanied by voltage drops between the

generation and consumption points. In normal operating
conditions, these drops are of the order of few percents of the
nominal voltage. One of the principle tasks of power system
operators is to check that under different operating conditions
and/or following credible contingencies (e.g.: tripping of a
single line) all bus voltages remain within bounds. In such
circumstances, however in the seconds or minutes following a
disturbance, voltages may experience large progressive falls,
which are so prominent that the system integrity is endangered
and power cannot be delivered to the customers. This
catastrophe is referred to as voltage instability and its
calamitous result as a voltage collapse.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 3
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

Contingency analysis is one of the major components in

today’s modern energy management systems. For the purpose
of fast estimating system stability right after outages, the study of
contingency analysis involves performing efficient calculations of
system performance from a set of simplified system conditions.

Contingency analysis is one of the most important tasks

encountered by the planning and operation engineers of bulk
power system.

A reliable, continuous supply of electrical energy is essential

part of today’s complex societies. In recent years the power
systems are pushed to operate closer to their limits due to the
combination of extension of existing transmission system. A power
system is said to be secured when it is free from danger or risk.
Security is ability of the system to withstand any one of the pre-
selected list of contingencies without any consequences.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 4
 Conventional methods for contingency analysis involve load
flow analysis which is an iterative method. Various methods like AC
load flow and several performance index (PI) based methods are
used for power system contingency analysis. In conventional
methods a power flow solution is required at each iteration, which
is again an iterative method itself. Therefore these methods are not
suitable for online applications due to the large computation time.
All these approaches involve a huge number of AC load flow
calculations to determine the bus voltages and line flows for each
contingency. It is a challenging task for today’s high contingency
analysis always uses approximate fast converging load flow
algorithms such as Fast Decoupled load flow analysis which has
poor convergence characteristics when dealing with heavily
loaded power systems. There are other simple techniques such as
most popular DC load flow analysis. The results are acceptable
when compared with standard AC load flow method; however it
can only provide the Real Power (MW) flow under each
contingency. Therefore voltage violations and line over loads due
to excessive Reactive Power (VAr) flows cannot be detected using
this method. Distribution factors and sensitivity analysis, another
method based on linear model can also be used for this purpose
but this method cannot provide accurate solution for a large power
system due to its nonlinearity.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 5
 For security assessment purpose it is vital to reduce
computational time, since the security level of power system need
to be determined as quick as possible and the analysis of all
credible contingencies within a very short time is needed. Artificial
Neural Networks (ANNs) attracted many researchers and
engineers from power system area to look for the solutions to
some of complex problems to improve the speed in security level.
It has been proved that these ANNs are capable of learning from
raw data and they can be used to identify internal relationship
within raw data not explicitly given or even known by human
experts and there is no need to assume any linear relationship
between data. This method is preferred because it requires no
calculation based on mathematical model.

Most existing ANNs used for solving power system

problems have been designed using real numbers. In power
engineering applications such as load flow, contingency analysis,
phasor evaluation, signal and image processing involve complex
data to be processed. However, the application of ANN method in
processing of complex values is still an open problem. The easiest
solution would be to consider a conventional real-valued network
where the complex input and output signals are replaced by pairs
of independent real-valued signals.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 6
 The rapid deregulation of electric power industry and bi-
lateral power transactions between the participating areas have
necessitated the urgent requirement of new methods for
estimating and updating the available transfer capability (ATC).
This information must be updated on the web based OASIS (Open
Access Same Time Information System) for latest capacity
reservations and transactions.

Electric utilities around the world are confronted with

restructuring, deregulation and privatization thereby creating a
wide range of impact on the present day power systems. As market
participants can produce and consume energy in amounts,
transmission lines are operated beyond their capacities causing
congestion. Congestion management of deregulated transmission
network is important to accomplish non discriminative network
access. The recent restructuring of power systems has created
most challenging problems with respect to operation and security.
The transmission network is heavily loaded due to various factors
like cost involved in constructing new transmission lines, right of
way and environmental conditions. This has a great impact on
power systems by overloading the transmission lines and causing
the voltage decrease at the buses and congestion. In these
situations the network security can be increased by controlling

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 7
power flow i.e. re-dispatching the power and reactive power
injection by incorporating FACTS devices.

CHAPTER -2

CONTENGINCY ANALYSIS USING LOAD FLOW

SOLUTION
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

2.1 INTODUCTION

The objective of power flow study is to determine the voltage

and its angle at each bus, real and reactive power flow in each
line and line losses in the power system for specified bus or
terminal conditions. Power flow studies are conducted for the
purpose of planning (viz. short, medium and long range
planning), operation and control. The other purpose of the
study is to compute steady state operating point of the
power system, that is voltage magnitudes and phase angles
at the buses. By knowing these quantities, the other
quantities like line flow (MW and MVAr) real and reactive
power supplied by the generators and loading of the
transformers can also be calculated. The conditions of over

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 8
 loads and under or over voltages existing in the parts of the
system can also be detected from this study.
The need of power flow study is summarized as follows:

 By performing this study over loaded as well as poor

voltages existing in parts of the system can be detected.
 Load flow study is performed by the planning engineer
for different configurations and load conditions before
deciding on a final configuration.
 For accurate contingency evaluation purpose load flow
analysis is an important tool to simulate various
equipment outages.
 In a deregulated energy market this analysis is used to
determine the available transfer capability.
 Another interesting application is in finding optimal
location of capacitors and their size in a transmission
line to improve voltage profile, compensate reactive
power and to enhance transfer capability.
The different mathematical techniques [1, 2, 3] used for load
Flow study are
1. Gauss Seidel Method
2. Newton Raphson Method
3. Decoupled method.
4. Stott’s fast decoupled method.

𝟐. 𝟐 Methods of Contingency analysis

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 9
 There are various methods used for contingency
analysis purpose. Methods based on AC power flow
calculations are considered to be deterministic methods
which are accurate compared to DC power flow methods. In
deterministic methods line outages are simulated by actual
removal of lines instead of modeling. AC power flow methods
are accurate but they are computationally expensive and
excessively demanding of computational time. Because
contingency analysis is the only tool for detecting possible
overloading conditions requiring the study by the power
system planner computational speed and ease of detection
are paramount considerations. A brief description of these
methods is given below.

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟏 Contingency Analysis Using DC Power Flow

This method is based on DC power flow equation to

simulate single or multiple contingencies. These equations
are N-1 in number, where N is the number of buses. In this
method the line resistances are neglected, only real power
flows are modeled ignoring the reactive power flows. This
results in a linear model of the network to facilitate
performing multiple contingency outages using the principle
of super position.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 10
 Each transmission line is represented by its susceptance Bij.
Impedance 𝑍 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥 ---------- (2.1)

Inverse of impedance 𝑌 = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐵 ----------- (2.2)

𝑟
𝐺= ≈ 0--------------------- (2.3)
𝑟 2 +𝑥 2
−𝑥 1
𝐵= ≈ − ---------------------(2.4)
𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 𝑥

In this method only the real part of the power flow

equations are considered, that is the effect of reactive power Q
is neglected and all the bus voltages are assumed to be 1 p.u. the
matrix B' is computed on the basis that all the resistances are zero
from equation 2.5

1
𝐵′𝑖𝑘 = −𝐵𝐼𝑗 = -------------------(2.5)
𝑥𝑖𝑗

Where 𝑥𝑖𝑗 is the reactance of the line connecting is buses i and j.

The angles and real powers are solved by iterating Equation 2.6.

𝛿 = ⌈𝐵′ ⌉−1 ∆𝑃 ------------------------ (2.6)

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟐 Matrix Method of Contingency Analysis

This method makes use of bus impedance matrix associated

with both base case system and the system modified by either line
removals or additions. Z-matrix of a system can be obtained by

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 11
inverting the bus admittance matrix or it can be constructed by
using available algorithms. The fundamental approach to
contingency analysis using z-matrix method is to inject a fictitious
current in to one of the buses associated with the element to be
removed, of such value that the current flow through the element
equals the base case flow; all the other bus currents are set equal
to zero. In effect, this procedure creates throughout the system a

current flow pattern that will change in the same manner as the

current flow pattern in the AC load flow solution when the

element in question is removed.

This method is more accurate compared to DC load flow

method and the results are comparable to those obtained using
AC power flow.

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟑 Voltage Stability Index (L-Index) computation

This method is also based on load flow analysis and used for
determining the voltage collapse proximity. The value of L-index
ranges from 0 (no load condition) to 1 (Voltage collapse). The bus
with highest L-index value will be the most vulnerable bus in the
system. Calculation of L- index for a power system is briefly disused
below.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 12
Consider an N bus system with number of generators Ng

The voltages and currents are represented by equation

𝑰 𝒀 𝒀𝑮𝑳 𝑽
[ 𝑮 ] = [ 𝑮𝑮 ] = [ 𝑮 ] -------------------------- (2.7)
𝑰𝑳 𝒀𝑳𝑮 𝒀𝑳𝑳 𝑽𝑳

Where 𝐼𝐺 , 𝐼𝐿 and 𝑉𝐺 , 𝑉𝐿 represent the complex current and voltage

vectors at generator and load nodes.

[𝑌𝐺𝐺 ], [𝑌𝐺𝐿 ], [𝑌𝐿𝐺 ]𝑎𝑛𝑑[𝑌𝐿𝐿 ] are corresponding partitioned portion of

the network admittance matrix.

Rearranging the equations

𝑽 𝒁 𝑭𝑳𝑮 𝑰
[ 𝑳 ] = [ 𝑳𝑳 ] = [ 𝑳 ] -------------------------- (2.8)
𝑰𝑮 𝑲𝑮𝑳 𝒀𝑮𝑮 𝑽𝑮

Where

𝐹𝐿𝐺 = ⌈𝑌𝐿𝐿 ⌉−1 [𝑌𝐿𝐺 ] --------------------------- (2.9)

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 13
The L-index of the 𝑗𝑡ℎ node is given by

The value of 𝐹𝑗𝑖 are obtained from matrix 𝐹𝐿𝐺 from equation (2.9)

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟒 Decoupled Load Flow

The Newton Raphson power flow equations in Jacobian

form are represented by the following equation.

H, N, J and L are the sub-matrices of the Jacobian represented by

Equation 2.12.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 14
 In a power system there is a strong dependence between
injected real powers and bus voltage angles and between the
injective reactive power and bus voltage magnitudes that is strong
couplings between P and δ variables and between Q and |V|. The
coupling between Q and δ and P and |V| is weak. Therefore the
matrices N and J can be set to zero. Resulting linear equations
reduce to

the elements of H and L are given in Equation 2.12.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 15
2.2.5 Fast decoupled Load Flow

An important and useful property of power system is that the

change in real power is primarily governed by the charges in the
voltage angles, but not in voltage magnitudes. On the other hand,
the charges in the reactive power are primarily influenced by the
charges in voltage magnitudes, but not in the voltage angles. To
see this, let us note the following facts:

1. Under normal steady state operation, the voltage

magnitudes are all nearly equal to 1.0.
2. As the transmission lines are mostly reactive, the
conductances are quite small as com-pared to the
susceptance 𝐺𝑖𝑗 ≪ 𝐵𝐼𝑗
3. Under normal steady state operation the angular
differences among the bus voltages are quite small

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 16
4. The injected reactive power at any bus is always much less
than the reactive power consumed by the elements
connected to this bus when these elements are shorted to
the ground

With these facts at hand, let us re-visit the equations for

Jacobian elements in Newton-Raphson (polar) method

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 17
The diagonal and off diagonal elements of 𝐽1

The diagonal and off diagonal elements of 𝐽2

The diagonal and off diagonal elements of 𝐽3

The diagonal and off diagonal elements of 𝐽4

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 18
Replacing the first term of this above equation with
−𝑄𝑖

Where 𝐵𝑖𝑖 = |𝑌𝑖𝑖 | sin 𝜃𝑖𝑖 is the imaginary part of the

diagonal element of the admittance matrix. 𝐵𝑖𝑖 is
the sum of the susceptane of all the elements

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 19
incident to bus i. In a typical power system the self
susceptane 𝐵𝑖𝑖 ≫ 𝑄𝑖 and assuming|𝑉𝑖2 | ≈ |𝑉𝑖 |,
which yields

Under normal operation condition, 𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑗 is quite

small, thus assuming 𝜃𝑖𝑖 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ≈ 𝜃𝑖𝑖 the off
diagonal elements of 𝐽1 becomes,

Further simplification is obtained by assuming

𝑉𝑗 ≈ 1

Similarly, the diagonal elements of 𝐽4 may be

written as

Replacing the second term of this above equation

with −𝑄𝑖

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 20
Here, 𝐵′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵′′ are the imaginary part of bus admittance
matrix 𝑌𝐵𝑢𝑠 , therefore in fast decoupled load flow power
algorithm, the successive voltage magnitude and phase
angle changes are given by,

Thus it can be concluded that fast decoupled power flow

solution requires the least time per iteration among all
load flow techniques available, hence the power flow
solution is obtained very rapidly, thus this technique is very
useful in contingency analysis where numerous outage are
to be simulated in a very rapid manner.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 21
𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 22
𝟐. 𝟑 Contingency analysis techniques

IT is important to know which line or unit outage will render line

flows or voltage to cross the limits. To find the effects of outages,
contingency analysis techniques are employed. Contingency
analysis models single failure events (i.e. one-line outage or one
unit outages) or multiple equipment failure events (failure of
multiple unit or lines or their combination) one after another unit
all “credible outages “are considered. For each outage, all lines
voltage in the network are checked against their respective limits.
Figure 2.2 depicts a flow chart illustrating a simple method for
carrying out a contingency analysis.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 23
𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 24
𝟐. 𝟒 Contingency Ranking

In descending order contingency ranking is obtained according to

the value of a scalar index which is normally called as severity index
or performance index (PI). The PI is a measurement of system-wide
effect of a contingency event in the system. It is calculated for
individual contingency in off line mode using the conventional
load flow algorithm. Based on the obtained values contingencies
are ranked in such a manner where highest value of PI is ranked
first. Basically there are two types of performance indices that are
of great use, i.e., active power index (PIP) and reactive power index
(PIV). PIP reflects violation of line active power flow and can be
calculated using the mathematical expression

Where, L = Total number of transmission lines that present in the

system

Pi = Active power flow in line i

Pimax = Maximum active power flow in line i

Z = Impedance of the line connecting buses i and p

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 25
R = Resistance of the line connecting buses i and p

PIV reflects bus voltage magnitude violation and can be calculated

by the mathematical expression

Where, n = Total number of buses present in the system m = Total

number of PV buses present in the system n-m-1 = Total number
of load buses present in the system Vi = Voltage of bus i after load
flow Vinom = Nominal voltage at bus-i. Generally assumed as 1 pu.

Vimin = Minimum voltage limit. Generally assumed as 95% of Vinom.

Vimax = Maximum voltage limit. Generally assumed as 105% of

Vinom.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 26
𝟐. 𝟓 Contingency Selection

The severe contingencies are then chosen from either of ranked

list starting from the top and going down the list until a predefined
stopping criteria is reached. These are absolute fixed lists. The
process of choosing a subset that containing severe contingencies
is called contingency selection. This process consists of selecting
the set of most probable contingencies in; they need to be
evaluated in terms of potential risk to the system.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 27
𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 28
𝟐. 𝟔 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

At last in order of their severity the selected contingencies are

ranked, till no violation of operating limits is observed.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 29
 CHAPTER -𝟑
Contingency Analysis using Power World Simulator
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

𝟑. 𝟏 Introduction

 Power systems are operated so that overloads do not occur

either in real-time or under any statistically likely contingency.
 This is often called maintaining system “security”
 Simulator is equipped with tools for analyzing contingencies in
an automatic fashion
 Contingencies can consist of several actions or elements
 Simple Example: outage of a single transmission line
 Complex: outage of a several lines, a number of
generators, and the closure of a normally open
transmission line

𝟑. 𝟐 Contingency elements allowed in Power World Simulator

 Contingency Elements allowed in Simulator

 Opening/Closing of transmission lines and
transformers
 Loss or Recovery of a generator, load, or switched
shunt
 Solve Power Flow

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 30
 Movement of generation, load, injection group, or
switched shunt MWs or Mvars.

 Changing or Setting of generation, load, injection

group, or switched shunt MWs or Mvars

 Changing or Setting of generator or switched shunt

voltage set point

 Opening of all lines connected to a bus

 Opening/Closing of all lines or transformers in an

interface

 Open/Close, Set/Change injection group values

 Bypass/Inservice, Set impedance of series capacitors

 Changing or Setting of phase-shifter set point

 Open/Close 3-winding transformer

 Open/Close DC lines, Set/Change DC line set points

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 31
 𝟑. 𝟑 Contingency Analysis Tool in Simulator
 Contingency Analysis tools can be accessed by
selecting Tools ribbon tab � Contingency Analysis in
run mode.
 Initially, no contingencies are defined for a case.

Right-click and
choose Insert
to add a
contingency

Select to
load from Select to allow Simulator to define
a file

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 32
 3.4 Auto-Insertion of Contingencies Dialog
Select to
include only
elements in
chosen
Choose areas
types
to
include

Apply
Advanced
Filters for
branches,
generators,
or buses

Include
only
elements
that are
near a
particular
bus
Specify
how to
create
automatic
names for
the

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 33
3.5 Example using Power World simulator
 7-Bus example as shown in the following figure

 Run the Contingency analysis tool

 Select Auto Insert as shown pervious
o First Select one contingency
analysis for one T.L open
o We have 11 Contingency analysis as
shown in the following figure

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 34
 Select Start Run
 The result as shown in the following
figure

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 35
Finished With 3 Violations
 From this results we find the first Contingency
analysis (L One-Two C1) is the worst case
o We can select it to operate only as a following

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 36
And the one-line diagram of Post-Contingent system in case
one (L One-Two C1) can be shown as following

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 37
 We can do this example for

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 38
 CHAPTER-𝟒
Contingency Analysis in Power System using Load
Flow Solution
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the objective is to check the real time security. By two
kinds of performance indices, i.e., active power index (PIP) and
reactive power index (PIV) the contingency selection is performed.
Using Newton Raphson (NR) iterative method the MATLAB
programming code is written for obtaining the solution of load
flow equation. Using the algorithm of singular transformation
method the MATLAB code for YBUS is written as the elements of
the bus admittance matrix (YBUS) used here. At last for
contingency ranking the performance indices are calculated. On an
IEEE 25 Bus, 35 Line test system; the effectiveness of this method
has been tested.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Here the main focus is to perform contingency ranking by
determining PIP and PIV values. Highest value of performance
index is the case with severe contingency. With help of NR
iterative method computation of these indices is done under
MATLAB environment. Pre and post contingency voltages are

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 39
determined at various buses. An IEEE 25 bus, 35 line system is
considered for the contingency analysis.
The system, holds 1 numbered slack bus, 4 PV buses (2 to 5)
and the rest 20 numbers are load buses. Total 35 transmission
lines are connected between various buses in the system. Using
NR iterative method load flow is carried out that acts as steady
state data. After each contingency case known as post
contingency data load flow is again carried out. Performance
indices are obtained by the use the equations of contingency
ranking (3.4), Figure-1 shows the graph of the system under
study. While developing YBUS matrix using singular
transformation technique it will be useful.
35 single line outage contingency cases are considered. In
table-1 and table-2 first 5 severity cases are tabulated (Both for
%PIP and %PIV).

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 40
Similarly 595 double line outage contingency cases are considered also and first
5 severity cases are tabulated in table-3 and table-4 respectively for both %PIP
and %PIV.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 41
CONCLUSION
By calculating performance indices, i.e., active power performance index
(PIP) and reactive power performance index (PIV) the contingency selection
and contingency ranking are made in this paper. These two indices PIP and
PIV were calculated for an IEEE 25 bus, 35 line test system. The contingency
severity cases, i.e., single line outage and double line outage is accurately
indicated by the numerical values of PIP and PIV respectively. In off line
manner the indices are calculated for a single loading condition. From the
obtained results it can be concluded that the calculation of performance
indices gives a good measure about the severity of all the possible line
contingencies occurring in the system. The indices with higher value shows
a severe case which has the highest potential to make the system

parameters to go beyond their permissible limits.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 42
 CHAPTER – 𝟓
REFERAENCES
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

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[6] IEEE TF Report, “Proposed terms and definitions for power system
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𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 43
 [10] Prusty B. Rajanarayan, Pattnaik Bhagabati Prasad, Pandey Prakash
Kumar, Sai Santosh A., "Power System Security Analysis", International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 5, May-
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on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No.5, pp. 859-869, May
1974.

𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 44

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