Cebu Doctors’ University

College of Nursing

Mandaue City, Cebu

NCM 104:
RLE MODULE 2F

FIRST AID

Group 5 -Section F:

Ms. Con-ui, Sofia Chantelle

Mr. Dahili, Kyle Kenjie
Ms. Deang, Angelie Camille
Mr. Dela Rama, Wilchris Kenneth
Ms. Deloso, Aizel Joy
Ms. Deresas, Kiara Margareth
Ms. Dulce, Honey Grace Porsia

Facilitator: Mr. Mike Anthony Paca, RN

Date Submitted: August 25, 2022

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE

Learning Outcomes for First Aid 3

CLO#125: define the following terms related to first aid 4

- accidents - injuries
- bandaging - joints
- bites - poisoning
- burns - seizure
- dislocation - shock
- emergency care - splinting
- fainting - sprain
- first aid - strain
- frostbite - tourniquet
- hematoma - trauma
- hemorrhage - wound care
- infarction

CLO#126: state the importance and aims, and hindrances to first aid 9

CLO#129: cite the roles and characteristics of a first aider 12

CLO#130: explain the different principles involved in first aid 14

- Anatomy and Physiology - Psychology

- Body Mechanics - Chemistry
- Microbiology - Physics
- Pharmacology - Time and Energy
- Sociology - Safety and Security

CLO#131: enumerate the different guidelines in performing first aid 15

CLO#132: discuss the nursing interventions for some medical emergencies 21

CLO#133: show materials needed for first aid 29

CLO#134: perform beginning skills in bandaging and splinting 32

REFERENCES 48

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LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Objectives​: After 4.5 hours of various classroom and laboratory activities, the Level II
students will be able to:

CLO#125: define the following terms related to first aid

- accidents - injuries
- bandaging - joints
- bites - poisoning
- burns - seizure
- dislocation - shock
- emergency care - splinting
- fainting - sprain
- first aid - strain
- frostbite - tourniquet
- hematoma - trauma
- hemorrhage - wound care
- infarction

CLO#126: state the importance and aims, and hindrances to first aid

CLO#129: cite the roles and characteristics of a first aider

CLO#130: explain the different principles involved in first aid

- Anatomy and Physiology - Psychology
- Body Mechanics - Chemistry
- Microbiology - Physics
- Pharmacology - Time and Energy
- Sociology - Safety and Security

CLO#131: enumerate the different guidelines in performing first aid

CLO#132: discuss the nursing interventions for some medical emergencies

CLO#133: show materials needed for first aid

CLO#134: perform beginning skills in bandaging and splinting

3
CLO#125: define the terms related to First Aid

First Aid

1.1 Accidents
- is an unintentional incident. The term is typically only used
to suggest negative things that happened unexpectedly.

1.2 Bandaging
- the process of covering a skin injury that would result in
less bleeding and infection.

1.3 Bites
- a wound caused by animals jaw and teeth as well as
humans.Possible negative effects include envenomation,
pathogenic organism introduction, and deep anatomical
structural damage (injection of toxin by a bite or sting)

1.4 Burns
- is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily
caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity,
friction or contact with chemicals.

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1.5 Dislocation
- is a fracture in which the ends of your bones are moved
from where they normally are. In high-contact or fast-paced
sports, the trauma from a fall, a vehicle accident, or a
collision is usually to blame.

1.6 Emergency Care

- means management for an illness or injury which results
in symptoms which occur suddenly and unexpectedly, and
requires immediate care by a medical practitioner to
prevent death or serious long term impairment of the
insured person’s health.

1.7 Fainting
- Passing out or syncope, loss of consciousness for a short
time. A rapid reduction in blood supply to the brain is what
causes it.

1.8 First Aid

- refers to the giving of medical attention that is usually
given both at the scene of the event and shortly after. A
single, quick therapy is typically given without significant
technical help or specialized knowledge.

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 1.9 Frostbite
- when skin and underlying tissues freeze after being
exposed to very cold temperatures. The areas most likely to
be affected are the fingertips, toes, earlobes, cheeks, chin
and tip of the nose. Early signs and symptoms of frostbite
are patches of reddish skin and burning pain.

1.10 Hematoma
- is an unusual blood clot that develops outside of a blood
vessel. Damage to a blood vessel wall, artery, vein, or capillary
enables blood to seep into regions where it shouldn't. The
hematoma might be a small blood spot or a large mass that
causes significant edema.

1.11 Hemorrhage
-it is bleeding because a blood artery was damaged. There are
many different reasons why there may be an internal or
external hemorrhage. Hemorrhages can range from the little,
like a bruising, to the catastrophic, like brain bleeding.

1.12 Infarction
- necrosis or tissue death that results from insufficient blood
flow to the affected area. It could be brought on by
mechanical compression, arterial rupture, vasoconstriction, or
artery obstruction.

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 1.13 Injuries
- causing harm to your body. It is a general term that refers to
injuries caused by accidents, blows, falls, weapons, and more.
Typical reaction to unexpected physical stress

1.14 Joints
- is a part of your body such as your elbow or knee where two
bones meet and are able to move together.

1.15 Poisoning
- demise brought on by ingesting, breathing, touching, injecting,
or injecting different medications, chemicals, venoms, or gases.

1.16 Seizure
- is a sudden and uncontrollable electrical disruption in the brain.
It can alter your behavior, movements, or feelings, as well as
your level of consciousness. Seizures are classified according to
where they begin in the brain and how far they spread. Seizures
typically last between 30 seconds and two minutes. A seizure
that lasts more than five minutes is classified as a medical
emergency.

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1.17 Shock
- is a serious state caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow
through the body. Trauma, heatstroke, blood loss, an allergic
reaction, severe infection, poisoning, severe burns, or other
causes can all result in shock. When a person is in shock, his or
her organs are deprived of blood and oxygen.

1.18 Splinting
-a method of support made of metal, plaster, or plastic It is used
to protect, support, or immobilize a damaged or inflamed body
part.

1.19 Sprain
- is a stretching or tearing of ligaments , the tough bands of
fibrous tissue that connect two bones together in your joints.
The most common location for a sprain is in your ankle.

1.20 Strain
- is when a muscle is stretched too much and tears. It is also
called a pulled muscle. A strain is a painful injury. It can be
caused by an accident, overusing a muscle, or using a muscle in
the wrong way.

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 1.21 Tourniquet
-is a device that applies pressure to a limb or extremity in order
to stop blood flow. It could be used in an emergency, during
surgery, or during post-operative rehabilitation.

1.22 Trauma
- is a strong emotional response to a traumatic event such as an
accident, rape, or natural disaster. Shock and denial are common
reactions to a traumatic event. Alternate emotions, flashbacks,
damaged relationships, and even physical symptoms like
headaches or nausea are some of the long-term impacts.

1.23 Wound Care

- The process of taking care of a wounded body component.
Utilize a range of techniques to assess, identify, and treat
patients with wounds. This usually involves cleansing,
bandaging, and debriding the wound after checking with the
doctor or care team to see whether other treatments are
necessary.

CLO#126: state the importance and aims, and hindrances to First Aid

2.1 Importance of First Aid

It is difficult to overstate the value of first assistance. The following are some
main advantages of first aid:

● It affords people with the ability to provide help during various

emergency situations
A person that is skilled in first aid becomes more than just another
bystander in cases where someone consumes potentially harmful
chemicals, experiences health problems like a heart attack, or suffers from

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 a natural disaster. Instead, they develop into a vital resource for both
victims and trained emergency responders and medical personnel.

● First aid helps ensure that the right methods of administering

medical assistance are provided
In an emergency, knowing how to help someone is just as crucial. The
human brain expires from oxygen deprivation in under six minutes.
Therefore, a person in need of medical attention will not benefit greatly
from ignorance or disinformation.

● Knowledge in first aid also benefits the individuals themselves

First aid lessens the severity of an emergency at a specific time and
location, regardless of whether it concerns them personally or individuals
they live and work with.

2.2 Aims of First Aid

There are several aims of first aid. But particularly, there are three (3) main aims
that one should need to consider in order to properly execute and implement
better outcomes of saving lives.

● Preserve Life
The main goal is to save life, which entails ensuring that an injury is not
potentially fatal. In life-threatening situations, this may entail doing
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and dialing emergency hotline
numbers as soon as possible. To determine whether an injury is
life-threatening, a person with first aid training should also look for crucial
life signs such as the movement, breathing, attentiveness, pulse rate, and
any particularly severe external wounds.

● Prevent Worsening
A first aider should not move the patient if they are bleeding or have a
fracture to prevent injuries from getting worse. Additionally, using
antiseptics to clean wounds avoids infections and future complications. Tell
them to keep the affected body part motionless and apply soft padding on
any fractures. Remove any external risk factors as well because they have
the potential to worsen a patient's injury.

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 ● Promote Recovery
This is the process of assisting someone in both the immediate and
long-term healing of their wounds. Applying pressure to a hemorrhage and
bandaging wounds both aid in recuperation. Tell the patient to apply
pressure to the bleeding region while the assistant gets additional aids
ready since pressure is needed to stop the blood flow. The first aider
should perform this if the injury prevents the patient from doing so.
Additionally, provide the patient instructions on what to do at home, such
as changing bandages every day to prevent infection.

Other aims include:

● Relieve Pain
Making patients as comfortable as possible during first aid must be done at
all costs to lessen suffering. This can entail administering painkillers, using
ice packs on impacts, and elevating the wounds. The RICE procedure
includes these phases, with that of the following:

➔ Rest: Keep the injured area motionless.

➔ Ice: Ice should be applied to the affected area, particularly for the
impacts.
➔ Compression: Bandage the affected area.
➔ Elevation: In order to improve blood flow, raise the injured area.

● Protect the Unconscious

People who are unconscious need special protection since they are the
most vulnerable. Locating any potential dangers and moving them away
from the person is a start and this is to protect both the first responder and
the unconscious person from further injury. Checking for the vital signs is
really crucial and you might need to perform CPR to restart the heart if
there isn't one. Put someone in the recovery position if you don't think they
have a spinal injury. To prevent turning over, flex the person's arms and
legs.

2. 3 Hindrances in First Aid

● Unfavorable Surroundings
➔ Night Time
➔ Crowded city lights; churches; shopping malls
➔ Busy Highways
➔ Cold and Rainy weather
➔ Lack of necessary materials or helps

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 ● Presence of Crowds
➔ Crowds curiously watch, sometimes heckle, and sometimes offer incorrect
advice.
➔ They may demand haste in transportation or attempt other improper
procedures.
➔ A good examination is difficult while a crowd looks on.

● Pressure from Victims or Relatives

➔ The victim usually welcomes help, but if he is drunk, he is often hard to
examine and handle, andis often misleading in his responses.
➔ The hysteria of relatives or the victim, the evidence of pain, blood and
possible early death, exert greater pressure on the first aider.
➔ The first aider may fail to examine carefully and may be persuaded to do
what he would know incalm moments to be wrong.

CLO#129: cite the roles and characteristics of a first aider

❖ Roles, Characteristics, and Responsibilities of a First Aider

● Being a First Aider
A first aid officer is an essential part of any organization. Their primary role is
to provide immediate lifesaving care before the arrival of further medical care.
This could include performing basic first aid procedures, including:

➔ Placing an unconscious casualty into the recovery position

➔ Incident Management and Casualty Safety
➔ Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
➔ Use of automated external defibrillators (AED)
➔ Stopping the bleeding using pressure and elevation
➔ Keeping a fractured limb still
● Characteristics
➔ Prompt and Quick - A great first aider must be able to recognise when
someone needs emergency help. In a sudden accident or injury, it takes
initiative and training to be able to assess the situation and quickly come
up with a plan. As soon as the emergency happens, you should be able to
render help to the victim without any delay.
➔ Calm and Controlled - First aiders face a variety of emergency situations
from time to time. With that, the first aiders should be able to keep their
‘cool’ under pressure and maintain awareness of the overall situation.
➔ Effective Communicator - Being able to communicate with the victim/s
in a high-pressure situation is one of the great qualities a first Aider should
possess.
➔ The Ability to Lead - As a first aider on the scene, they must know how
to take command of a potentially volatile situation. Other people, including

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 colleagues and bystanders, may rely upon you in providing leadership
during an emergency.
➔ Knowledge of Your Limit - As much as you want to jump in and attend
to all emergencies, you must also be able to recognise the limitations of
your skills and knowledge. A trained first aider can judge whether further
help is necessary, rather than trying to do it alone.
➔ Get Trained - Good practical and hands-on training is necessary to allow
the first aider to assess hazards and confidently provide first aid.
● Responsibilities:
As the person responsible for taking actions to keep everyone involved safe, it is
crucial to follow the actions and guidelines based on the responsibilities of a first aider.

1. Assess the situation in a timely manner - A good first aider should get a full
picture and understanding of what happened by carefully assessing the situation in a
timely manner. This involves determining whether someone is in imminent danger, the
cause of the emergency, and the number of affected casualties.

2. Stay calm, reassure, and take charge - A calm, considerate response from a
first aid officer is what is needed in an emergency. This engenders trust and respect
from the casualty and those people around you. Staying calm is also fundamental to
giving aid to the casualty and receiving information from the casualty effectively.

3. Protect yourself or any casualties from danger - This also applies to the
bystanders around the emergency scene. Never put yourself at risk. Otherwise, you
won’t be able to help others if you are injured yourself. Only move the casualty if
leaving them would cause more harm.

4. Prevention infection - Prevent cross-contamination between you and the

casualty as best as possible. Wear disposable gloves or wash your hands immediately
after interaction with the casualty. And avoid coughing or sneezing while applying first
aid to avoid contamination.

5. Assess the casualty - Identify the injury or nature of illness affecting a casualty
as best as you can. Give early treatment, attend to the casualties with the most
serious (life-threatening) conditions first.

6. Provide First Aid Treatment - Until the EMS or emergency medical services are
on the scene, you need to provide all the care needed by the casualty. This may
include CPR application for airway obstruction and the use of AED to relieve shock and
other heart-related emergencies.

7. Arrange for appropriate help - Dial Triple Zero 000 (Australian Emergency
Number) if you suspect serious injury or illness. Take the casualty to the nearest
hospital into the care of a healthcare professional or to a higher level of medical care.

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CLO#130: explain the different principles involved in First Aid

❖ Principles involved in First Aid

● Anatomy and Physiology

When learning first aid, it's crucial to have a basic understanding of the physiological
and anatomical workings of the human body so that we may better comprehend how
various illnesses may manifest and how our treatment may benefit patients. This also
works on knowing what specific parts are injured or need first aid and to know their
functions.

● Body Mechanics
When moving, transferring, and positioning patients, body mechanics involves the
coordinated action of muscles, bones, and the nervous system to preserve balance,
posture, and alignment. This is really useful during emergency first aids to ensure you
won’t do more harm than good.

● Microbiology
Diseases caused by pathogens may affect the first aider that is why it is important to
know interventions and ways to protect yourself from these harmful pathogens.

● Pharmacology
Medications are a big part of first aid knowing what to administer during emergencies
or when the patients need it. Knowledge of different side effects of medication can also
help in understanding the patient’s condition.

● Sociology
Sociology is crucial for this since people from diverse social backgrounds have different
worldviews and may need different care behaviors. Sociological information enables us
to improve the standard of patient care. Understanding a patient's social environment
offers important insight into how they perceive the world, particularly how they perceive
their experiences with treatment and health.

● Psychology
People impacted by a disaster or traumatic event may face new challenges and
psychological problems. Psychology helps us to know why people think that way, and
behave in that certain way. This gives an appropriate and proper approach on how we
communicate or provide care

● Chemistry
Homeostatic mechanisms ensure that variables in the body remain within normal
ranges. It keeps the internal environment, including vital signs, in a healthy and
stable state and uses biological and chemical processes for self-maintenance.

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● Physics
Vital sign measurements are needed like blood pressure, respiratory rate, and
pulse rate.

● Time and Energy

Collecting necessary equipment and prepare the materials needed to ensure everything
is ready especially during an emergency. Basic first aid can mean the difference
between life and death. Time is in the essence always during first aid

● Safety and Security

Patient’s safety and security is a priority always. Safety first must always be practiced
while doing first aid and privacy must still be present. Safety can be defined as the
control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk.

CLO#131: Enumerate the different guidelines in performing First Aid

I. Guidelines in Bandaging

Different Types of Bandages

1. Roller bandages: use these to support

injured limbs, limit swelling, maintain pressure
on wounds and hold dressings in place. They
can be used particularly for ankles, knees,
wrists or elbows.

2. Tubular bandages: use these to support

injured joints and hold dressings on fingers or
toes. You can use gauze tubular bandage to
secure dressings on toes and fingers and is
applied to the injury with a special applicator.
You can use elasticated tubular bandages to
support injured joints such as the elbow or
knee.

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 3. Triangular bandages: use these as slings
to support a wrist, arm or shoulder injury, and
as a bandage and dressing when folded for
large wounds. Find out how to make an arm
sling.

What to do in bandaging:

1. Reassure them and explain what you’re going to do.

○ Help them to sit or lie in a comfortable position.
○ Support the limb or injured part of the body before applying the
bandage.

2. Start bandaging from the front and injured side of the casualty. Apply the
bandage firmly, but not so tight that it’s restricting circulation.
○ Leave fingers and toes exposed to help you check their circulation.

3. Use spiral turns when wrapping the bandage around the limb, working
from the inside to the outside of the limb.

4. Use pins or tape to fasten roller bandages. Otherwise you can tuck the
bandage in securely.

5. Use a reef knot to tie a triangular bandage: right over left and under, then
left over right and under.

6. Once you’ve finished tying the bandage, make sure you check for
circulation by pressing on their finger or toe for five seconds until it goes
pale.
○ If the color doesn’t come back after two seconds, then the bandage
is too tight, and you will need to reapply more loosely.
○ Check the circulation every 10 minutes.

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II. Guidelines in Slinging

Different Types of Slinging

1. Arm Sling: An arm sling holds the forearm in a raised or

horizontal position and can support an injured upper arm,
forearm and wrist. The sling is also a useful visual warning to
others that someone is injured.

2. Elevation Sling: An elevation sling is different to an arm

sling. It supports the casualty's forearm and hand in a raised
position with the fingertips touching the casualty’s shoulder.
This sling can help to control bleeding and minimize swelling
in the forearm or hand.

What to do in Slinging:

ARM SLING

1. Ask the casualty to support their arm with their other hand. Gently slide
the triangular bandage underneath the arm. The point of the triangle
should be underneath the elbow of the injured arm. Bring the top end of
the bandage around the back of the neck.

2. Fold the lower end of the bandage up over the forearm to meet the top of
the bandage at the shoulder of the injured side.

3. Tie the two ends of the bandage together in a reef knot above their collar
bone and tuck in the free ends.

4. Adjust the sling so that it supports their arm all the way to the end of their
little finger.

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 5. Make sure that the edge of the bandage by the elbow is secured by
twisting the fabric and tucking it in, or using a safety pin to fasten.

6. Check the circulation in their fingertips every 10 minutes. Press their nail
for 5 seconds until it turns pale, then release to see if the color returns
within 2 seconds.

ELEVATION SLING

1. Ask the casualty to support their injured arm, across the chest, with their
fingers resting on the opposite shoulder.

2. Lay the triangular bandage over their chest, on top of the injured arm, with
one end over their uninjured shoulder. Hold the point of the bandage just
below the elbow on the injured side.

3. Tuck the lower part of the bandage underneath the injured arm. Bring it
diagonally across their back to meet the other end of the bandage at their
shoulder.

4. Tie the two ends of the bandage together in a reef knot above their collar
bone and tuck in the free ends.

5. Make sure that the edge of the bandage by the elbow is secured by
twisting the fabric and tucking it in, or using a safety pin to fasten.

6. Check the circulation in their thumb every 10 minutes. If it’s too tight, then
loosen the sling and readjust.

III. Guidelines in Splinting

Different Types of Splints

Rigid Splint: Any rigid object, such as wood or plastic boards, broomstick,
book or a rolled-out newspaper, which can be used to splint a fractured
arm or leg.

Flexible Splint: Any flexible object, like a pillow or a bed sheet with
several folds. This type is used for foot, ankle and joint fractures.

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Different Types of Splinting

Upper Extremity Splinting: Arm, Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Finger

1. Using bandages to create a sling works for immobilizing collarbone,

shoulder, and upper arm injuries extending down to the elbow. The arm
sling is wrapped to the person's body with a large bandage encircling the
person's chest.
2. Injury to the forearm and wrist requires a straight supportive splint that
secures and aligns both sides of the injury. An open hardback book is a
quick and handy, temporary immobilizer.
3. An injured finger can be buddy-taped to the adjacent, unaffected fingers,
or it can be splinted with small pieces of wood or cardboard until more
sturdy splints can be applied.

Lower Extremity Splinting: Pelvis, Hip, Leg, Knee, Ankle, Foot

1. Pelvis, hip, and femur (upper leg) fractures often completely immobilize the
person. Because broken bones of the pelvis and upper leg can cause
massive, life-threatening internal bleeding, people with these types of

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 fractures should be evacuated unless splinting and carriage are absolutely
necessary. In these cases, the splint should extend to the lower back and
down past the knee of the affected side of the extremity.
2. Knee injuries require splints that extend to the hip and down to the ankle.
These splints are applied to the back of the leg and buttock.
3. Ankle injuries and foot injuries can be wrapped alone. Use a figure-of-eight
pattern: under the foot, over the top of the foot, around the back of the
ankle, back over the top of the foot, under the foot, and so on. Splinting
supports can also be used along the back and sides of the ankle to prevent
excessive movement. The foot should be kept at a right angle in the splint
to immobilize the ankle.
4. An injured toe can be buddy-taped to the adjacent, unaffected toes until
evaluated by a healthcare professional.

General Principles of Splinting:

1. Identify the fracture site.

2. Stop the bleeding using bandages, but avoid pressing on the fractured painful and
deformed site.
3. In case of bone fractures where bone ends protrude through the skin, do not
push these ends back in place as this will cause inflammation and acute bleeding.
4. Keep the fractured bone (including the joints above and below the fracture site)
motionless as indicated hereunder:
○ If the lower-arm is fractured, keep the wrist and elbow joints motionless.
○ If the upper-arm is fractured, keep the shoulder and elbow joints
motionless.
○ If the lower-leg is fractured, keep the knee and ankle joints motionless.
○ If the upper-leg is fractured, keep the knee and femoral joints motionless.
5. Splint should be tied firmly to immobilize the fractured limb, then check for blood
circulation to ensure the splinting is not too tight. Correct splinting provides pain
relief.
6. If the fractured limb is bent with a sharp bone end protruding through the skin,
keep it motionless. Splint a limb as you find it to make it as comfortable to the
patient as possible.
7. If an ambulance is called and is on its way, do not splint the fractured limb and
wait for the ambulance team to use their specialized medical splints.

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CLO#132: discuss the nursing interventions for some medical emergencies

❖ Nursing Interventions for the following medical emergencies

Interventions

Epistaxis Tilt head forward to prevent posterior

blood drainage
Apply continuous pressure by pinching
nares together for 5-10 minutes
Pressure applied between the upper lip and
gum may help in some difficult cases.
If no improvement, pack the nose with
vasoconstrictor-soaked gauze and a heavy
coat of petroleum jelly for 10 minutes
In severe cases a nasostat is inserted, a
foley catheter device that provides direct
compression to the site via a balloon.
Resuscitation with IV fluids or possibly
blood transfusion may be necessary for
severe blood loss to prevent hypovolemic
shock.

Animal Bites Provide patient Isolation

Wash hands before and after patient
contact to prevent self-contamination and
spread of disease
Give emotional and spiritual support to the
family by helping them cope with the
patient’s symptoms and probable death
Darken the room, provide a quiet
environment
The patient should not be bathed and must
not have any running water in the room.
Continuously monitor cardiac and
respiratory function

Wounds Provide tissue care as needed.

Keep a sterile dressing technique during
wound care

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Premedicate for dressing changes as
necessary.
Wet the dressings thoroughly with sterile
normal saline solution before removal.
Monitor patient’s continence status and
minimize exposure of skin impairment site
and other areas to moisture from
incontinence, perspiration, or wound
drainage.
If the patient is incontinent, implement an
incontinence management plan.
Check every two (2) hours for proper
placement of footboards, restraints,
traction, casts, or other devices, and
assess skin and tissue integrity.
Pay special attention to all high-risk areas
such as bony prominences, skin folds,
sacrum, and heels.
Identify a plan for debridement when
necrotic tissue (eschar or slough) is
present and if compatible with overall
patient management goals
Encourage the use of pillows, foam
wedges, and pressure-reducing devices.
Administer antibiotics as ordered.
Tell the patient to avoid rubbing and
scratching. Provide gloves or clip the nails
if necessary.
Encourage a diet that meets nutritional
needs.
Discuss the relationship between adequate
nutrition consisting of fluids, protein,
vitamins B and C, iron, and calories.
For patients with limited mobility, use a risk
assessment tool to assess
immobility-related risk factors
systematically.
Do not position the patient on the site of
impaired tissue integrity. If ordered, turn
and position the patient at least every two
(2) hours and carefully transfer the patient.
Maintain the head of the bed at the lowest
degree of elevation possible.

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 Educate patients about proper nutrition,
hydration, and methods to maintain tissue
integrity.
Teach skin and wound assessment and
ways to monitor for signs and symptoms of
infection, complications, and healing.
Instruct patient, significant others, and
family in the proper care of the wound,
including handwashing, wound cleansing,
dressing changes, and application of
topical medications).
Educate the patient on the need to notify
the physician or nurse.

Burns Clean the wound using a soft wipe with

water, normal saline, pH neutral soap or
cetrimide
Enough pressure should be applied to
debride the damaged skin and remove
exudate, loose skin and slough.
Consider the need for and complete if
necessary. 
Debridement of any blisters present allows
for wound bed assessment and appropriate
dressing application.  
The wound and surrounding skin should be
y before application of the dressing.

Frostbite Administer an analgesic for pain per

doctor’s prescription. The rewarming
process may be very painful.
To avoid further mechanical injury, the
affected part should be handled gently.
Massage should never be done in this case.
The rewarmed part should be protected.
Blebs or blisters should NOT be ruptured.
Blebs develop an hour to a few days after
the process of rewarming.
A sterile gauze or cotton should be placed
between the fingers or toes of the affected

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 extremity. This is done to prevent
maceration.
To help control swelling, elevate the
affected extremity or body part.
In cases where the feet are involved, bed
cradles may be used to prevent contact
with bedclothes.

Poisoning Assess for airway patency, breathing and

circulation (ABCs) in all clients in whom
accidental poisoning is suspected.
Remove any visible materials from areas
such as the mouth and eyes to terminate
exposure to the poison(s).
Identify the type and amount of substance
ingested, if possible. This may help to
determine the required antidote.
Call your local poison control centre before
attempting any interventions.
If directed by a physician, give oral fluids
to assist vomiting.
If directed, save the vomitus for laboratory
analysis; this may assist with further
treatment of the client.
Position the victim with the head to the
side to prevent the aspiration of vomitus,
and assist in keeping the airway open.
Never induce vomiting in an unconscious
person or in a person experiencing
convulsions because aspiration may occur.
Never induce vomiting if any of the
following substances have been ingested:
lye, household cleaners, hair care products,
grease or petroleum products, or furniture
polish. In the case of these substances,
vomiting may increase internal burns.
If instructed, arrange for the victim to be
taken to the emergency department. Call
an ambulance - emergency equipment may
be needed en route.
In the case of convulsions, cessation of
breathing, or unconsciousness, call 911.

24
 Do not administer syrup of ipecac to induce
vomiting. It has not been proven effective
in preventing poisoning.

Choking Mild choking:

encourage them to keep coughing to try to
clear the blockage
ask them to try to spit out the object if it's
in their mouth
don't put your fingers in their mouth to
help them as they may bite you
accidentally
Severe:
Stand behind them and slightly to one side.
Support their chest with 1 hand. Lean them
forward so the object blocking their airway
will come out of their mouth, rather than
moving further down.
Give up to 5 sharp blows between their
shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.
The heel is between the palm of your hand
and your wrist.
Check if the blockage has cleared.
If not, give up to 5 abdominal thrusts.

NOTE: Do not give abdominal thrust to infant and

babies under 1 year of age and to a pregnant
woman

Dislocation Maintain bed rest or limb rest as indicated.

Provide support of joints above and below
the fracture site, especially when moving
and turning.
Secure a bed board under the mattress or
place the patient on the orthopedic bed.
Support fracture site with pillows or folded
blankets. Maintain a neutral position of the
affected part with sandbags, splints,
trochanter roll, footboard.
Use sufficient personnel when turning.
Avoid using an abduction bar when turning
a patient with a spica cast.

25
 Observe and evaluate splinted extremity
for resolution of edema.
Maintain position or integrity of traction.
Ascertain that all clamps are functional.
Lubricate pulleys and check ropes for
fraying. Secure and wrap knots with
adhesive tape.
Keep ropes unobstructed with weights
hanging free; avoid lifting or releasing
weights.
Assist with placement of lifts under bed
wheels if indicated.
Position the patient, so that appropriate
pull is maintained on the long axis of the
bone.
Review restrictions imposed by therapy
such as not bending at the waist and
sitting up with Buck traction or not turning
below the waist with Russell traction.
Assess the integrity of the external fixation
device.
Review follow-up and serial X-rays.
Administer alendronate (Fosamax) as
indicated.
Initiate or maintain electrical stimulation, if
used.

Strain Instruct the client to allow the muscle or

tendon to rest and repair itself by avoiding
use for approximately a week and then by
progressing activity gradually until healing
is complete.
Teach appropriate stretching exercises to
be performed after healing to help prevent
reinjury.
Prepare the client for surgical repair in
severe injury.

Sprain Elevate or immobilize the affected joint,

and apply ice packs immediately
Assist with tape, splint or cast application,
as necessary

26
 Prepare the client with a severe sprain for
surgical repair or reattachment, if
indicated.

Fracture Cover any breaks in the skin with clean or

sterile dressing.
Provide care during client transfer.
Provide client and family teaching.
Administer prescribed medications, which
may include opioid or nonopioid analgesics
and prophylactic antibiotics for an open
fracture.
Observe symptoms of life-threatening fat
embolus, which may include personality
change, restlessness, dyspnea, crackles,
white sputum, and petechiae over the
chest and buccal membranes. Assist with
respiratory support, which must be
instituted early.
Observe symptoms of compartment
syndrome, which include deep, unrelenting
pain; hard edematous muscle; and
decreased tissue perfusion with impaired
neurovascular assessment findings.
Monitor closely for signs and symptoms of
other complications.
Patient education regarding different
factors that affect fracture healing

Shock Check for a response

Give rescue breath or CPR as needed
Lay the patient flat, face up, but do not
more the patient if there is a suspected
injury
DO not raise the feet or leg if broken
Check for signs of circulation
Keep the patient warm and comfortable
Fluid and blood replacement through IV
line
Administer oxygen via face mask

Fainting Position the person on his or her back

27
 If the is no injury and the person is
breathing raise the leg above the heart
level
Loosen belt and other constrictive clothing
Check the breathing, RR,PR

Inase of impaired tissue perfusion

Monitor mental disorders;
Observe the skin and the color of the
patient;
Encourage leg exercises;
Observe breathing
Evaluate GI function
Monitor urine input/output
eReduce nausea, among others.

Seizure Assess the patient for signs of injury, check

for any limb displacement
Patients’ behavior may change thinking
they are restrained, therefore nurses
should reconsider the safety of the patient
so as their safety
Talk to the patient in a calm and reassuring
manner
If the patient gets up from the floor and
starts to walk off before the automatism
starts, be prepared to go along as well.

28
CLO#133: show materials needed for First Aid

Materials Needed for First Aider

● Bandage scissors
○ Used to cut through bandage, clothing, and to help remove bandages a
person is wearing.

● Clean gloves
○ Used to add an additional barrier since our hands will be in contact with
the victim in order to apply the first aid properly and to avoid cross
contamination.

29
● Crepe rolled bandages
○ Used to keep the gauze in place, stemming bleeding, providing light
compression, and used in support for sprains and strains in joints and
muscles.

● Splints
○ A supportive device that protects a broken bone or injury and keeps the
injured part still to reduce pain and promote healing.

● Medical tape
○ Used to attach gauze, bandages, and other dressings to skin around
wounds.

30
● Small, medium, and large sterile gauze dressings
○ Used for cleaning, cushioning, and are made to resist bacteria to keep
open wounds clean.

● Tourniquet
○ Used to stop and control life-threatening external bleeding especially after
an injury.

● Triangular bandages (cravats)

○ The bandage can be used as large dressings, as slings to support a limb, or
to secure a dressing in place

31
CLO#134: perform beginning skills in bandaging and splinting

I. Bandaging ​–​​The application of a strip or roll of cloth or other material that may be
wound around a part of the body in a variety of ways to secure a dressing, maintain
pressure over a compress, or immobilize a limb or other part of the body

Materials needed for Bandaging: ​Cravats

Procedure Guide for Bandaging

PROCEDURE RATIONALE

Triangular Bandages

Making a broad-fold bandage

1. Open out a triangular bandage

and lay it flat on a clean
surface.Fold the The bandage can be folded in half
horizontally in a more easy way by
bandage in half horizontally, so laying it flat on a clean surface.
that the point of triangle touches
the center of the base

32
 2. Fold the triangular bandage in
This is necessary in order to create a
half again, in the same direction,
broad strip that would be used to
so that the first folded edge
further create a narrow fold bandage
touches the base. The bandage
or use it immediately to bandage.
should now form a broad strip

Making a narrow fold bandage In order to make a broad fold

bandage we must take the triangular
1. Fold a triangular bandage to
bandage and create a broad strip.
make a broad fold bandage.

33
 2. Fold the bandage horizontally
This is now already ready to form a
in half again. It should form a sling, or to hold a hand, foot, or scalp
dressing in place.
long, narrow, thick strip of
material.

Scalp Bandage
By creating a hem along the base
1. Fold a hem along the base of of the bandage it allows the knots
to tuck in and maintain the
the bandage. Place the bandage bandage's proper location
on the casualty’s head with the
hem underneath and the center
of the base just above his
eyebrows

34
2. Wrap the ends of the bandage
securely around the casualty’s
head, tucking the hem just above
his ears. Cross the two ends at the
nape of the casualty’s neck, over
the point of the bandage.
3. Bring the crossed ends to the
front of the casualty’s head. Tie
ends in a reef knot (opposite) at
the centre of the forehead,
positioning it over the hem of
the bandage. Tuck the free part
of each end under the knot.
To prevent the bandage from
being easily moved, the ends
should be tightly wrapped around
the head. To avoid impeding
hearing, it should be placed above
the ears.
This procedure is done to ensure
that the bandage is place securely
and does not fall off while it is in
the patients' head
35
 4. Steady the casualty’s head To make sure the bandage is
with one hand and draw the point applied properly and snugly, the
casualty's head should be used as
down to tighten the bandage. support.
Then fold the point up over the
ends and pin it at the crown of
his head. If you do not have a
pin, tuck the point over the
Ends.

PROCEDURE RATIONALE

Arm Sling

1. Ensure that the injured arm is Supporting the injured arm

properly prevents further injury
supported with its hand slightly to the area which would cause a
raised. Fold the base of the lot more pain and discomfort to
the patient.
bandage under to form a hem.
Place the bandage with the base
parallel to casualty’s body and
level with her little finger nail. Pass
the upper end under the injured
arm and pull it around the neck to

36
 the opposite shoulder.

2. Fold the lower end of the This is done to provide proper support
bandage up over the forearm and for the forearm.
bring it to meet the upper end at
the shoulder.

37
3. Tie a reef knot on the injured
side, at the hollow above the
casualty’s collar bone. Tuck both
free ends of the
bandage under the knot to pad it.
Using a square knot you are able to
modify the size when needed to
ensure it is secure.

4. Fold the point forwards at the To enhance neatness while

applying the bandage, do this. This
casualty’s elbow. Tuck any loose
keeps the loose ends from coming
fabric around the elbow, and undone.
secure the point to the front with a
safety pin. If you do not have a
pin, twist the point until the fabric
fits the elbow snugly; tuck it into
the sling at the back of the arm.

38
 5. As soon as you have finished,
To prevent further injury to the nerves
check the circulation in the fingers. and other tissues. This is also to check
if the bandage is properly applied.
Recheck every 10 minutes. If
necessary, loosen and reapply the
bandages and sling.

Elevation sling This is done to properly support the

arm of the patient minimizing the
1. Ask the casualty to support his chance of further complication or
injury while doing bandage
injured arm cross his chest, with the
fingers resting on the opposite
shoulder.

39
2. Place the bandage over his body,
The bandage should be gently placed
with one end over the uninjured
over the arm being supported, and
shoulder. Hold the point just beyond
the free end should be carried over
his elbow.
the back to the opposite shoulder's
point.

3. Ask the casualty to let go of his

injured arm. Tuck the base of the
bandage under his hand, forearm
and elbow.
Asking the casualty to let go of his
injured arm so that it would be
relaxed preventing further injury with
the use of the bandage.

40
4. Bring the lower end of the bandage
This is to make sure the bandage is
up diagonally across his back, to secure and positioned correctly.
meet the other end at his shoulder.

5. Tie the ends in a reef knot at the

This results in a tidy, presentable, and
hollow above the casualty’s collar comfortable bandage.
bone. Tuck the ends under the knot
to pad it.

6. Twist the point until the bandage fits

To guard against and guarantee that
closely around the casualty’s elbow. the bandage won't come off easily,
which will promote neatness
Tuck the point in just above his
elbow to secure it. If you have a
safety pin, fold the fabric over the
elbow, and fasten the point at the

41
 corner.

7. Regularly check the circulation in the

To determine if sufficient blood flow is
thumb. If necessary, loosen and re being provided to the affected area.
apply the bandage and sling.

42
II. Splinting ​–​​The process of immobilizing, restraining or supporting a body part;
stabilization, immobilization and/ or protection of an injured body part with a
supportive appliance

Materials needed for Bandaging: ​Hard Splints

Procedure Guide for Splinting

PROCEDURE RATIONALE

Triangular Bandages The arm of the patient should be

well supported to not cause
​Arm Sling and Binder further harm

1. Support the arm

2. Position the arm on a rigid splint

The splint makes sure that the injured
part cannot be easily moved without
suffering damage.

43
3. Secure the splint
This is to prepare and ready the splint
to be used later on the procedure and
so that it would be placed within
reach.

4. Check circulation
This is done to check tightness
and if the bandage needs some
adjustment

5. Position the triangular bandage

Adjust the triangle bandage to the
right position for the patient's
comfort and to prevent the arm
from moving

44
6.Bring the lower end of the
bandage to the opposite side of the
neck.
This is done to prepare both ends for
tying, which will fix the bandage in
the desired location.

7. Tie the ends.

To make sure the afflicted region is
supported by the arm sling.

8. Secure the point of the bandage at the The bandage can be at its ideal
elbow.
position by securing the bandage's
point.

45
 9. Tie a binder bandage over the sling
The casualty can move around with
around the chest. ease and no difficulty due to the
binder band age.

Splinting the leg

This technique is used in order
to secure the splint on the leg
1. Gently slide 4 or 5 bandages or strips of properly to prevent movement
cloth under both legs. of the legs.

2. Put padding between the legs.

To provide comfortability and to
create space between the legs to
avoid them from touching each other.

46
3. Gently slide the uninjured leg next to
This is to support and to prevent
the injured leg dislocation.

4. Tie the bandages.

Tie bandages in knots to keep
the splint in place.

47
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11. McCulloch, S. (2020, August 7). The Role and Responsibilities of a First Aid
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