Electrenice Engy Ake rye Sigh ME ks branch of Engg: hich dente uit shady, desyr end UbLizeation 4 Ceakrenics dences im which currert eonduds Ahreugh Vacuum, gaucous oF germicanducker . uw Bebr's Atomic Model + Ss, Bes > fo eters consiste af PUcleus which contains neutrens 4 trelons The eo continue ‘reielving in freed circular orbit D Energy & emilted or absrbed by am as ators ely wher em leprae mores frome ene anit AP ansthers > Re a wr memerkims 2f am -clethen raving arcund the Muclews £3 quankined. Brey level: i us 5 | __BFP cneney ler py hy sf 27 Boers tee g ne | a Emery ered go oy ‘ | ev en Edge “ Nucleus Blechons can -revelue ory in the permitted ovbils Ce. orbs of adit Wyo amd Sd and net bn any intermediate. orlait . This all the vaddi bekweer dH or hekween Hi f ns are Ietidden Each orkik tas Jjived amounk of energy associated wrth it and the electrons moving in povhiuslar evbilc posscas the enemy] of thet abel. The lenges the ors , the greater tks enenyy: Thas ar electron. in outer orbit possess mat enugy Han the clethen in Jmner orbit: he lend af ementy obtained by different orbits is dam vepresented hy the Enemy level . The fist evoik represents the fist energy level, the pecnd onli represents he secand energy lel are to onre Energy Bande: an case eh i islated cuter | the Electrons vrewshing to any erbik possess a definite energy Hower, im a Solid , an extern ts greatly influenced log whe closely Parkred neighreounny otems. Gecause a4 Ais the eleiirens in the tame ots have a weuye | energies vether then single energy, Wis 2 bnotwre am as enegy bard: 66 Be renge. of the emengies possessed bby a electron in a Aollid de brewn on energy eens”? BAP ENERGY LeveL 24 EmeRay_ BAND * ov ENGRGY Lever gn BNERGy SAND ees st gneney weve Ea =I (oF NUCLEUS EOGE of NUCLEUS eens INPORTANT ENERGY BAND: TN SOLIP ° eR TANT ENEGy te ee W Valence Rand! “The leleskens oo the outermost ert sf an atom are raw ag yalence -elertrend ake band whids possesses the Valence electrons kS Called Ualince bard, THe valence hand cantains tRe Cleckrans af baht enerya: a Conduction Berd * Se some makemals Ceg- metal) the valence electrons are Josely atteched ato nucleus < can be detached very Casily These. electrons core, Ianous as free electrons and are wesponuble Jer tthe conduckion f Cuerenk Far this weaken , there -eletreng, are Rnown as conduchen -eleckrens- “The energy bend ubich possesses Bho cenduckion Cordresd electrons is called Conduskion Berd”,a Y he Substance bar empty conduction band, U6 means curremk conduction is nek possible uo thet substance ¢ Bs Rrown as Snsulator WW Ferlsidden Enemy gap | The energy gap bekoeen the valence load) and the conduction band ef brown as feriidden enemy JoP> Forsidders energy gop os ¢ vegien Ho uhids ne celeste can stoy at Ahere te no alboued eneny State. the ausdth of cthe dewbidden emery ger represents, te bondage Meme of Creve Wry Sits move Preferred eo Ge’ W: Se ae wore, casly available . W Si Rar less Hedaoge current han Ge IND Si as mere temp: Stable as compar te Ge. W Si Rar Kigher breakdown yelteye o& Compare A Ge, VY) Si Yar omer rrebailityy of eed Ae: ob compare te Ge aes: \, 030 Fae ELECTRONS AND HOLE tw AN INTRINSIC SEMECONDUCTOR The conduchi is prpertional Ae Be Cancenteation 1 of free clechvns. Fer a gued conducker , 9 6 very lege (~ 19 eleshens /m*), dee en insulator 2B eg small Cw lo®) 1 and fer semicmd”, 1 Lies beteseen these kus Values. Tee Ualence 7 dD a Aermicend® are nok free te Wander aleuk os Key ere in a vmekek . but wuthes are Srepped gm a sand leebvee adyacenk ions The Covalent Berd Ge < Si are the Awe mest wnpertert Borveanduckey the cxysteh sdeature of these materia te Consists fa yeyuten repetition io 3D af « unit eott Raving Boe form of a tetrahedron eitls om eters at each Verte. the binling {erees between neightering estems yresulr from -the Soak thak cath ef the velme electrons Ao Ge aterm Js shared by ome ef ths four nearert neighlers «wu The Hole : The obseme qf dhe eleeben bo dhe cael bend dt hrs aa Pole” + The tele move in te direction oppor + The malility f Pele is bets then the meeility, J eC becatre the eferhre mas 4 fle ts mere than en. Law oF mass ACTION * Ae Ahanmnad epeitibsium, he prodack gf free ° & Ble are constant - nN. Pf. = Gonstemck nts No ; Adhere Ne = Satrinsic Gmenrtabim, ites 20 2 Ot Tue ie ee. ooo 7 Sahinsic Sermicanducter Bebrinsic Zemicenduder CAmpare. Jem) ture feem) sy Dener type Aceepter: tyre Smpurity Senpurity Cm tere) cen tyedws Tntensic Semicenducter | Eoisinsie, Sexnicenducten a Pure fue + Nera 4+ he Source {1 free eye P Chole) da -temperedtene + Wher temperature Anuvesses, the raed n & bath arth increase un eyueh amour - ob At pbcotate SeuwC ou) behave at an Srsuater Bichrinwle, Semicenluctr CSmeure {rom — nee Accopter tyPe De ee Se ee cr tape) ——— + Grove TH elemenk were A Geoug TI clement were. added C AL, Ga,Tn) added CP, As} 54) . \ peice \" yoAm i ~ fre oe gle “eledren pote ve PRIOR ae : Smrpurity hao five valence ¢7 a Smparity haa valence o7 Feeur valunce €7 axe tm Cavalewk- | + three valunice €7 ave Uo bend + Me energy veypuired to Covalent bend. One bend detadh {4th em ds very lew & incomplte¢ Aole) . + The numbers “bebe e- with | 4 The numbers { tole ust increases: Cmajenty), increases Cmajorty ) . + Zbtled Joke Ep obey Ey Oley dee Ge, oer ed fers + Feu wumben 4 hele will be | + Fas numbers { e7oill Present. Cdue to Heme.) be Present Cminarity ) + cleumically nenthal . + electricallya Rese iens forms the depleten region and no male charge carrier wilh be insicle depletion riien. The height of this bowler do 0.7 der S204 bee. So tere GL be ne Current flow. Fevusurd Bioo’ Here tive, aide — battery Js conneckd to Paice eee Se aes ond ive sida 4 batter 0 Cannested to n-type 4s SSSI 16, SO Se the Bele from p-sida itt be forced te comme “the junc an) eledser bo pr side Abt be forced *° cross Khe dunckor and Little current will be din. As dee -eetemol batter Ls abac than OAV Cer 5) Hen, he barner wilh be Naniged ook ond wepidly current” uh {sw Se [lence 8d ° oy Ve Reverse biased prijunction sn tis case ive side d battery He added te n-type and Are polenty id added top types shen from the eflerk gf these pdenby ev and Qe wit be vrove ausog from dhe Sunchion and odie { deplehin lager ult be increacte 2B. Trik. there oil be uerg Little current {lewd Reverse. Sakurai Gsrink) due 40 minerity Cawier Conendrahin, After same dime, the breakdewn mechanigm be Rappen. TH suvente Saturation Lwntat for Ge Lite feo 14 One fer nano ane” for of duvclt®a N-Z choractemsticn . , te Om Ta (ied Efleck of Temp. on U-L charactenshco | A See ne Te TR Ts . TLD Ts, Ve Ve T, T2T3, ery As Bunchion semperture increases, wore e Ebola pairs are generated which diffuse inde dupletin leyer and dec ceses the Utdte of the deplehon layer a = 2 N/0¢ Hence, temp: inceeateo , the derevrd cursent increases . ~The Revesse Saturation Current increases a0 Bsc der Se dye der Ge / Collecbyely, we take Py. Joc aiee in Reverse faboretion curren fer Se £ Ge loot os 2 (hep et Jo, & Revesse Suturabin Current appreximately cloubles ju evertbarse do'c ride in temperature” » =*wE Ve Ta Cina Eleck of Temp. on U-E charactenchico . WP Ve v TTT = ee AS dunchion semperture increases, wure eh fula pairs ave generated whe, ciffuse inte depletion layer ond dec senses cthe Uidth 4 the depletion layer BU = a eN/ec Heme, emp. increased , the Jepoxed cursent increases . + The Reverse saturn Cusrentk increases aa zr, a SB le dee Wh Pe fer Ge Cillecbvely We take Fy./oc'aive in Reverse {uburaion Curren fer Se £ Ge loot, os | Cro er. Jo, © Reverse Suburahin Gurret apprrnimately cloubles fa wert barge doc rise 2 temperature” »a | | | Baeaksswn Mechsnigns These are tere breakdown Mechanism | G) Zener Grealateem’ ry. brealadewn occurs beleas 6V. dicdes are heavily doped ,Se the width 4 depletion lage are ver marrese Due to Wis the electric fjelh_ across the depleKin Leger Js vert high Cre 2210 Ylem) Yk causes an Merease to the number of free carrion’ ond Sn Zener, Bence ci werent en the weyeme Current. bes! Breakdown’ id Avalanche breakdown! this brealideasn cts cabore 6. Sn Avalanche , diode, are Righty doped . A Ahermally genensted cawier falls desn Ahe Aurckion bawiey wltege and acpuire ener t from the applied potembiad . the caviens callides attr A Cryat® ion and impuntt sufident enexgy 4° dieuiph O eavalent bond. The cummulalive poocess ub referred to Ayaloncha mubtigveation and Kean urmrenk starts (leo: Efleck 4 Temperature o> Break sem * GQ) Zener Fleet’ An increase um emp. incverseo -Hhe enegis { velene elechens, and Bence makes Lt ensiew for These —* ~s => OFF” ‘open: The dead diode io “ON” wher ik so forward bian ond “ore” when sk Js veverte bias , hehce « Sdea® Avods ewrerles ao a Surteh. fe VE cane A Meda shows gore Current be unvesse drettion, >We : a e Ie : Loy ‘ - UR + Seay hae Te 3 pow => per Ne ident ve de a 0 OF © (uz cows 4 8” apr]a “Diode. Copaeitences | tn diode then are dove capatitie fleck Melts Keynes a capacitemee are Preserk in FO an! AB regions, huk one so cudweighs other i cach reyien W) Transition capacihance Cor depletion Neos Capacitance \ &~ SD RE wegion, Mhewe ke a depletion Noyes tree. of cartier) chek behave Mae Aleleckic beteseen he lagers A Oppecite change - Se Ue shocus He effect 4 Copautence . simce cA ‘c= Binca debleHan cuidlth Ca) wiAL Wereane, With, increased Fevene biay polentigy re whe ‘s 4 . . renlNrg feels Crarsitien) Capaitence uit decease cr Chansiivn oe) Cy C niffusion Caparitence ) Ve ° > Ve AWS Diffusion Cstevaged Copacitana§s iy) dorwerd! Weise) junction Us suddenly reversed, fewing dome majenty chee earners in tha depletion vepien These chenge comers murk low hack ouk of depletion vepion, “Whe effest moy be kere? te the Adkhuge f a capacitor, and so ok is represented by o capacitance knewn ow We Aitusion capasitence . he equation diffusion expauitence Ja!. Chu reece \Ca TIVE a meen Life tine gwy Dc POWER SUPPLY Ae. Soput BP Fang pa > — eo ice af , cos free] —eteh pe re step: up} don @ dhe, ac & en > Provides @ Gis eee Staking np He pata OF AE FC outpu Conslont putaut voltage (de } See-Up ,step-dacan — Hadfrwsave Fall cheke-Snpvt, Sag eeakhess, Arann former ware Aether Caprei tor Sop isda. iter Helf-Wave Rechifier * Rechlier ts a cave which converts an ac signed de pulsating ole Agra. The vrechiies are too *Qpeo: Wall wave Rechifier (HWA) on? Full Wave Reckifier CE WR). 4 An BWR , the veckifier Ls ‘on? only during one Bul) eyele, The output is suppressed im other bed cycle - \Bin Lost Pate: . = +2Np bsitve 2 AAP }— ‘nn, [ clampur | ee] ee a CRE Bs ae we A Ayo Np Foe paste ely Snpet! ve ku hayes pte Vp ome he peak vutpet Joo he crcl WAU be gere For Positive tal( cycled Anpet | “the Capatiter C and inpot adds up ond we ger peak voltage PINp ak RL.‘ *s Negative Cleomper < ave Oho & mye Ne -21y, Peak-*> Peak Debector! ee ‘ “4 2p ave 2 a al 2 —a fy a eo Mey cinput Jitter produces a de eutput AHWR rides cepatites voltage approximately’ equal dothe peak 4 Anpuk algnad . \ hen the Same chr uses 4 armetl signal dicda . Lb in called ‘feak detect’ + Peak te feak detects is cascade af Clam dexestur , a he ovtpak fh Gump Us Used as He inprt peak detertor . per amd peak