Seer eet Na cot ee ea ae GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEMS Eee tees Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) ete) } | \\ i Peseta NilaIER Technical Guidance Locumen GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEMS. Specified in Regulation 9 (a) Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations, 2009 Jv DOE Headquarters April, 2017IER Technical Guidance Document TECHNICAL GUIDANCE ON PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEMS. SS ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS $$. eens Chapter Title Page Table of Contents 2 Foreword 3 Chapter 1 introduction 4 CChepter2 Purpose of Guidance Document s CChapter3 Whats performance monitoring? 6 ‘Chapter 4 Regulatory requirements on performance monitoring 8 Chapter $ General considerations on performance monitoring ° oFIETS processes ‘Chapter 6 Performance monitoring of biological treatment processes 12 CChapter7 Performance monitoring of physical chemical treatment a processes, Chapter Monitoring of final efuent 48 CChapter9 Record keeping 3 Chapter 10. Analysis of performance monitoring data 33 Chapter 11 Solids handing and dewatering operations 6 (Chapter 12. Maintenance of IETS components and performance 6s ‘monitoring instuments Chapter 13. Environmental mainstreaming 6 Chapter 4 Conciuson n References a ‘Appendices 1IER Technical Guiaance Locure FOREWORD Performance monitoring of an industrial effluent treatment system (IETS) is @ ‘proadive and preventive procedure simed at ensuring the TETS is optimally operated thus producing quality fluent at all imes, If practiced vigorously bythe regulated sectors, performance monitoring will enhance their environmental image, improve regulatory compliance and asa consequence, result in enancement of the water quality of our rivers. “The implemeatatin ofthe activities specified in this Technival Guidance Document {alfils the requirement on performance monitoring as stipulated in Regulation 9 (3) of the Industrial Effluent Regulations, 2009 (commonly refered to as the HER). The procedure and specifications on performance monitoring of IETSs described in this Guidance Document represent the minimum requirements that an owner of an industrial premise shall comply with, The owner of the industrial premise shall ‘conduct monitoring of additional process parameters (commonly referred to as performance monitoring parameters) wherever deemed appropriate to further ‘assure all unit operations and wnit processes of their IETS are optimally operated ‘and maintaized, in order to produce compliant effluent on # continuous basis. The Guidance Document wil be reviewed and updated from time to time. “This Guidance Document can be cited as LETS PERFORMANCE MONITORING {GUIDANCE DOCUMENT. Dato’ Dr, Ahmad Kamarul Najuib Che Ibrahim Director General Department of Environment, Malaysia ‘April, 2017tex lechnical Guidance Document (CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION Industrial effluents vary significantly in pollution characteristics hence effluents fom different industries require different unit processes and unit operations to treat them, It isin everyone's interest that the unit processes and unit operations in an industrial effluent treatment system (IETS) function in an optimal manner in order for the IETS to produce an effluent quality that continuously complies with the discharge standards. However, how does one monitor, maintain and ensure that the ‘unit processes and unit operations of the IETS are occurring in an optimal fashion? Performance monitoring of IETS is the answer tothe above question. Performance ‘monitoring isthe practical implementation of the “maintenance culture” that would assure that any facility that has been constructed or installed (ie. in this case, the BTS) will always function effectively and efficiently. Consequently, the performance of the IETS on a sustained basis is ensured resulting in Improvement in regulatory ‘compliance, enhancement in corporate image ofthe industries, and amelioration ‘of water quality, IETS performance monitoring is a systematic, scheduled set of activities carried out with the aim of obtaining information on key parameters controlling the processes occurring in the IETS treatment components. Since it was first introduced by the Department of Environment in 2006, industries which have {implemented IETS performance monitoring have found it to be an effective tool for ensuring optimal performance of the IETS hence maintaining regulatory ‘compliance on a continuous basis. This Document presents general considerations and procedure on IETS performance ‘monitoring so that effective monitoring program can be established for the varied ‘pes of unit processes and operations found in an IETS,ILR echnical GuIaUTIee UL Unies CHAPTER 2 -PURPOSE OF GUIDANCE DOCUMENT In general, the Guidance Document on IETS Performance Monitoring is intended t0 provide a guidance on the practice of performance monitoring a a routine activity ‘and an integral par ofthe operation ofan industrial effluent treatment system (IETS). Specifically, the purpose of this Guidance Document ist stipulate: 1+ The performance monitoring parameters for major eategores of IETS unit Operuions and unit processes commonly being employed to treat industrial effluents in Malaysia, «The sampling location, frequency of sampling and analysis of the performance monitoring parameters. © The recommended optimal range of values for typical performance monitoring parameters to be maintained for various unit operations and unit processes by the IETS operator or supervisor to ensure optimal operation of the IETS. © The record keeping requirements. ‘Monitoring and recording of the IETS performance is required to demonstrate that the IETS is functioning optimally and the effluent standards are being complied with, Additionally, the Guidance Document also recommends usefil practical procedure for perfrming data analysis and IETS performance reporting format that can be used by the IETS operstorisupervisor to communicate with the factory management on TETS perfomance sats, There is an urgent edo msstreas the cavironmenal and regulatory compliance concerns into the industrys management ‘and decision-making process. Environmental mainstreaming (EM) has been opted by the Department of Baionment ss sate management approkch Gevelpingsl-eplation cult within he eulted sectors “The procedure ani specifications mentioned in this Guidanee Documents represent ‘he minimum that an industry shall comply with. In @ particular situation, if deemed appropriate, the industry may expand their performance monitoring activites or ‘monitor aditional parameters in order to ensure closer monitoring of the IETS processes to achieve the desired effluent quality on a sustained basis.tex 1ecrnicat Guidance Document (CHAPTER 3 -WHAT IS PERFORMANCE MONITORING? Performance monitoring of an IETS can be understood to mean the proactive and Preventive monitoring of all the major IETS components to ensure that each ‘component is working properly and optimally operated as designed. This roquires one ‘0 monitor certain key process parameters characteristic of the unit process or unit ‘operation of the IETS (commonly refered to as the performance monitoring Parameters) on a scheduled basis to provide a diagnostic indication of the “health ‘iatus” ofthe treatment processes occurring in those treatment components, Eventhough some industries are routinely conducting various tests to monitor the Performance of the unit operations and unit processes which make up the effluent ‘treatment system in their premises, by en large, the practice of performance ‘monitoring of the IETS in many industries is an exception rather than the norm. For the most pat, IETS performance monitoring has aot fully been incorporated into the Standards operating procedure (SOP) for IETS operation. IETS performance ‘monitoring has not yet developed into a culture, ‘Over the years, experience gained indifferent parts of the world shows that treatment Processes within the IETS can be optimally controlled by maintaining certain key [Parameters within the recommended ranges. Performance monitoring concentrates on the processes oceurring within the IETS itself, while comp! concentrates on the final effluent. Performance monitoring can be viewed as an “upstream activity” while compliance monitoring, is viewed as a “downstream sce monitoring activity”, Although performance monitoring activities can also include the monitoring of dhe Sil effuent, the focus is not on the monitoring ofthe final effluent as being ‘misunderstood by some industries, Focusing only on the final effluent may lead to a «* where things have gone out of hand and consequently difficult to control or get back on track, “toosatesituat In summary, IETS performance monitoring enforced through the Industrial Event ‘Regulations 2009 (IER) is the "maintenance culture in action” in the field of ‘industrial efMuent treatment. It will develop ownership of the IETS among the IETS ‘perating/supervising team as well as ability to have a control aver the processesIER Technical Guidance Lucien occuring within the IETS. As a result, IETS performance will be enhanced and cffluent quality ensured on a sustained bass. Performance monitoring is also one of the environmental mainstreaming (EM) tools that will help to pave the way for the cultivation of self-regulation culture within the industrial premises in Malaysia,tex echnical Guidance Document ‘CHAPTER 4-REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ON PERFORMANCE. MONITORING ‘The requirement on performance monitoring is stipulated in regulation 9 (+) of the Industrial Eflvent Regulations 2009 (IER). The industries are required to adhere to ‘the procedure and specifications on performance monitoring stipulated in this ‘Guidance Docimnent. 42 Deviations trom the procedure and specifications stipulated inthis Guidance Document shall be allowed only if documented evidence can be substantiated to justify the use of more relaxed procedure without compromising the sesired degree of control of the IETS unit operations or unit processes. The ‘evidence shall be docamented and kept for inspection by the DOE inspectors, Performance monitaring of unit operations and unit processes discussed in this Guidance Document ‘The types of unit operations and unit processes of IETS discussed in this Guidance Document are mot exhaustive, For those unit operations and unit processes which are not discussed, the IETS engineer or consultant shall decide on the following: the ey performance monitoring parameters for the TETS teatment processes in question; the sampling and monitoring frequency of the parameters; and the acceptable range of values for the parameters for optimal IETS operation, In deciding the shove details, the owner and the IETS process consultant shall be guided by the industry standard best practices and technical evidence forthe particular treatment process, The references used the IETS engineer or consullant shall be documented forthe inspection by the DOE inspector.IER Technical Guidance Document CHAPTER 5 — GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT PROCESSES 'A successful effluent treatment is dependent upon all components ofthe industrial cifflent treatment system (IETS) being operational in optimal condition, Problems ‘vith any part of the system componeats will affect the overall efficiency of the TETS resulting in poor effluent quality. To ensure successful treatment and regulatory compliance, each of the treatment components (je. unit processes and unit operations) and must be closely monitored ona regalar basis. The following are the ‘pencral considerations and activites associated with the conduct of performance ‘monitoring of an IETS. Sa Influent monies For successful operation of an IETS, routine influent monitoring is usually performed, At a minis, the incoming raw effluent (ie, the influent to the TETS) ‘must be monitored for its flow and quality, Additionally, raw effluents from major effluent streams ftom different production floors may also be monitored at several points within the factory. Infuents are preeiably sampled at points of highly turbulent flow in order to ensure good mixing. 52 Effluent monitoring ‘The net result of the effective operation of the all the unit operations and unit processes within the IETS is reflected in the quality of the final effluent, For peeformance monitoring flow measurement most be made and effluent samples at the final discharge point (FDP) must be collected for analysis. The quality of the final effluent must comply with the discharge standards all the time, The requitements on final effluent monitoring are discussed in detail in chapter 8, ine monitoring of certain parameters at the final discharge point (FDP) such as pH, COD, TOC, ammonia, fluoride, and suspended solids may also be performed to ‘obtain discharge compliance on areal time basisIER Technical Guidance Document 53° Sampling criteria To assure smooth operation of an IETS, a sampling and analysis plan must be ‘established and implemented, Among the criteria to be considered in effluent sampling are: (Samples taken must be representative (ii) Location of sampling points must be safe and easly accessible (Gi) Whenever possible and where itis not burdenscee economically, 0- Aine continuous measurement should be implemented. For some parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids ($8), instead of grab sampling, composite sampling may be used. A gral: sample may be defined as an individual discrete sampling over a period of time not exceeding 15 minutes. It can be taken manually using a pump, scoop, pail, oF automatically by using an automatic sampler. Composite samples from ponds with Jong detention times may not be representative. Conveniesce, accessibility and practicability ae important factors but they must not be compromised with the need for representativeness of sampling. Preferably samples shall be analyzed as soon as possible, If necessary, preservation protocols recommended in the Sta Methods must be adhered to. Parameters such as pH, D.O. and temperature shall be tard measured in-situ SA Analytical requirements For the purpose of IETS performance monitoring, analysis of the effluent can be ‘accomplished by in-situ measurements using portable equipment widely available in the matket. Equivalent methods modified from the Standard Methods are totally ‘acceptable. Under Regulation 9 (b) of the Industrial Eluent Regulations 2009 (IER) the industries are also required to provide cilities, relevant equipment, or instruments for the purpose of conducting performance monitoring, An on-site luboraiory equipped with basic facilites to conduct routine measurements and equipment calibration is required to facilitate the conduct of IETS performance ‘monitoring in a technically conducive environment. Eventhough for the purpose of IETS performance monitoring, measurements of parameters using portable analytical ‘equipmentiequivalent methods are acceptable, the analytical requitements for the final effluent samples (compliance monitoring) need to follow the StandardIER Tectiniical Guidance Document ‘Niethods as the results are required tobe reported tothe Department of Environment. “The industries are required to maintain and submit monthly discharge monitoring reports (MDMR) to the DOE to demonstrate complianse with the discharge standards 6 stipulated in regulation 7 (3) of the IER. The on-tine reporting of discharge information applicable to all types of effluent discharges is commenly known asthe On-line Environmental Reporting (OER). 55. Flow measuring devices Flowrate measurements of th influent ard fluent shall be made hy the se of flow meters which are available in various types. This requirement has been mentioned in sections 5.1 and 52. The use of digital flow meters is generally preferred but altematively, in limited cases, other flow messuring devices such as orifice plate, ‘weits, or V notches can also be used, The type of flow meter chosen shall be appropriate for its applicationIER Technical Guidance Document CHAPTER 6 - PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF BIOLOGICAL. ‘TREATMENT PROCESSES (BPs) Biological treatment processes (BPs) employ the service of microorganisms to sccomplish the job of converting the organies which ate present in dissolved and colloidal forms into biological cells and gascous by products. The biodegradation process can occur either in the presence or absence of dissolved oxygen. BPs are Benerally categorized based on the oxygen requirements and they fall into these ‘categories, namely: Aerobic processes (in the presence of molecular oxygen), anaerobie processes (in the absence of molecular oxygen or combined oxygen), and anoxic provess (in the presence of combined oxygen). Different groups of microorganisms are responsible for the differen processes. ‘To operate an industrial effluent treatment system (biological proceses) (IETS-BP) cffciently several (ests have tobe conducted periodically to monitor the performance ‘of the various processes. The “health” and performance of the treatment system can bbe monitored by monitoring the relevant parameters. ‘Three different types of _parameters.can be distinguished for monitoring biological treatment processes (BPs): ‘+ Parameters that are essential to ensure the biological process are functioning optimally such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and nutrients ‘+ Parameters tha provide diagnostic check on the “health” status of the various "unit operations and unit processes such as mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), sludge volume index (SVP) and specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) for an activated sludge process, + Parameters that indicate the efficiency of the treatment system in removing the ‘organics such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), ‘The importance of the various performance monitoring parameters for different ‘categories of BPs is discussed briefly below. The sources subject to the IndustrialIER Technical Guidance Locument [Efuent Regulations are required to adhere to the requirements stipulated in the following paragraphs. 6.1 Performance monitoring (PM) parameters of the biological reactor 6.141 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ‘Aerobie biological unit provsses vequre a sufficient amount of dissolved malecnlar ‘oxygen (DO) for growth and metabolism of aerobic microorganisms. Various technical sources quote that, preferably, for an aerobic system designed for the removal of carbonaceous organic matter, a minimum bulk DO concentration of 2.0 mg/L must be maintained in all areas of the aerobic reactor. Fora system which requires nlrfleaion, a higher DO concentration of more than 2.0 is required. ‘Typically 25 to 3.5 mg/L of DO is maintained. Oxygen limited growth environments ‘may promote the predominance of filamentous organisms affecting the settleabilty of sludge. Low DO also promotes sulfide precipitation of iron and other metals. On the other hand, denitrifieation process requires an absence of DO or a very low DO level. Anaerobic processes occur in the absence of DO. DO shall be measured in-situ at several points in the aeration tank. Typically, in practice three locations in the aeration tank are identified. DO can be measured by ‘using a portable hand-held DO meter or measured continuously by on-line DO probe and transmitter equipped with a recording devie. ‘Table 6.1 summarizes the dissolved uxyyen levels that need to be maintained in the reactors for different BP systems. “Table 6.1: DO level to be maintained for diffrent BP systems BP system [00, mg Aerobic: 3 (minimainy to 20 ‘carbonaceous removal _ ‘Nitrification 25035 Denitrification Zero or Ea ‘Anaerobic Zerotek technical Guidance Document 612 pH Monitoring of pH is important from several standpoints. The optimum biological activity of the aerobic microorganisms for the treatment process is in the pH range from 65 to 85. Low pil is a cause of filhmentous growth resulting in sludge sctleability problems. Besides that, extreme pH values will be detrimental to ‘onciete suivcures ofthe IETS and its components, For an anserobie process, the pH inthe reactor should preferably be maintained in the range of 6.7 o 7.4. When pH falls below 6.7, the methanogenisis reaction will be seriously affected. The nitrification process prefers a pH range of 80 to 9.0 while the denitrification process, 7.010 7.5. For an serobie process such as an acti ted sludge system, pH must be monitored, preferably on a continuous bass, ata minimum at one location at the influent end of the aeration tank. For an anaerobic reactor in the form of @ tans, pH must be ‘monitored at several depths ofthe digester tank, Table 6.2 summatizes dhe plI levels thar need to be maintained in the reactors for diferent BP systems. ‘able 62: pH value io be maintained for different BP systems BP system pHi value “Aerobic: B5wss ‘carbonaceous removal Nitrification B0w90, ‘Denitrification 7.0075 “Anaerobic: 7.01074; Never = 67 Methanogenesis wor suspended Solids (MLSS) und mixed Mquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) ‘The mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and mixeé liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) are commonly used to represent the microorganisms in biological lreatment processes, especially the activated sludge process. MILVSS isthe volatile fraction ofthe MLSS. Solids analysis is important inthe control of biological eMuentIER Technical Guidanee Vecumenr ‘treatment processes where the solids information is used in the caleulation of fond to microorganism ratio (F/M ratio), sludge volume index (SVD, recireutation racio (R), rwasting vate (Qw)s te, In @ long and narrow tank, samples for MLSS and MLSS measurements shall be taken from tree polinis, namely close to the inlet (Gc. influent end) tothe tank, in the middle and atthe outlet (i. effluent end) ofthe tank, MLSS sampling for sequencing batch reactors (SBR) shal be performed during idle stage o its operation cycle. ‘Typically the MLSS concentration shall be maintained within the range of 1,500 to 3,000 mg/L for a conventional activated sludge (CAS) process and 3,000 to 6,000 img /L for an extended aeration activated sludge (EAAS) process respectively. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) employ a combination of the activated sludge process (ie. a suspended growth process) and the membrane filtration system to replace the secondary clarifier. A higher MLSS concentration can be supported where up to-20,000 mg/L has been reported. For upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASBS), typical MLVSS is 3,000 mg/L. ‘Table 63 summarizes typical MLSS levels that are maintained in the resctors for different BP systems. Table 63: MLSS level to be maintained for different BP systems (BF system MISS mg Cenvenional 1,500 103,000 cvs sludge | Extended aeration) — 3000766000 acivted suds Membrane TO,p0 7 20,000 Unflow anaerobic [3000 singe ane 6.14 Sludge volume index (SVI) “The sludge volume index (SV) is used as an indicator forthe settling characteristics ‘of the sludge in the secondary clarifier. The SVI values which show a trend towards ‘poor settling can be an indictor for the onset of IETS (BP) experiencing upsetlt lechnical Guidance Document conditions. SVI measurements also yield information which is used to establish the Proper recirculation ratio for optimum process efficiency and maximum solids concentration inthe waste sludge. Poor setting sludge will result in low concentration of solids inthe return-activated sludge (RAS) hence a drop in MLSS and MLVSS conceatraton in the scraion tank. ‘Consequently, the FIM ratio inthe aeration tank increases which results in a reduced BOD asd COD removal efficiency. Sludges exhibiting poor settling characteristics ate indicated by high SVI values ‘SVI can be computed ftom the 30 minutes setting test by using the following ‘formula Vay «1,000 MLSS oo Where SVI= sludge volume index, ml/g SV setled sludge volume in 30 minutes, mLL. [MLSS = mixed liquor suspended solids, mg/L. (ote: 1,000 isthe conversion factor from mg/g) ‘The settled sludge volume is taken from the 30 minutes sludge settling test on the ‘mixed liquor sample, ‘SVI must be measured routinely to monitor sludge cetleability, A asa guide, typical ‘SVI values indicating the settling charactritics ofthe sludge ae given in Table 6.4 below. Table 6.4: SVI values and sludge setting characteristics [SVE mig] Stuge setting cheracteristios ) 30 Excellet _| 30-100 ‘Good 100-150 | Satisfactory | 3150 ‘poor-bulking oF siulgeARR FOCAMICON UTIL at titans Many industial effluents are defisient in nutrients hence, 1o ensure adequate ‘amounts of nutiens are supplied to the aeration tanks, nutrient balance must be pevidically checked. The primary nutrients, which are commonly found lacking in ‘many industrial eTlents are Nittogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) For aerobic processes, the rule of thumb forthe weight ratio of BODs: N: P to be maintained in the influent to the aeration tank should be approximately 100BOD: SN: IP, For anaerobic processes, a loner ratio of 250BOD: SN: IP is used, Celeulation of autrient availability and dosage required shall be based only on total inorganle nitrogen (TIN ~ ammonie + nitrite + nitrate) and ortho-phosphorus. A practical msthod of checking for nuttient deficiency isto assure that atleast 1.0 mg/l. TIN and QS to 1.0 ‘mg/L ortho-phoshate remsins in the aeration tank effluent at all times. Typical of activated sludge signs of nutrient deficiency are filamentous grows and bel ‘in activated sludge systems. “The nutrient requiements are summarized in Table 6. ‘Table 65: Nutrient rains for different BP systems BPaystem | Nutrient raifo required | Residual nutrient in _ {tank influent, tank effluent, mg/L ‘Retivated sludge | 100B0D: 5N: IP] TIN> 1.0; Ortho: ‘Anaerobic [S0BOD: SN: IP | 0.50 1.0 mg/L 6.4.6 Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) Respirometry measures the oxygen uptake by the aerobic mercorganisms. The utilization of oxygen by the microorganisms indicates the iological activity ‘curing in the aeration tank and is interpreted to mean thatthe effluent is being biodegraded aerobically. Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) 's the amount of oxygen per unit mass of the mixed iquor volatile suspended solids, A sudden rise in ‘SOUR indicates an upsurge of organic load while a sudden decrease indicates a tasie for pH shock, SOUR must be measured on a scheduled basis fo monitor the biological activity in the aerobic reactor such as the aeration tank of an activated sludge system. SOUR ean be computed from OUR by the following relationship:tex recnnical suidanee Document SOUR =OUR ....(62) MLVss Where: SOUR = specific oxygen uptake rate, mg of O: (Lh) per g of MLVSS. (OUR = oxygen uptake rate, mg of Oy/L per h MLVSS = Xv ~mixed liquor volatile suspended solids, mg/L Table 6.6 summarizes typical SOUR values and the corresponding floc settling ‘characteristics, Table 6.6: Typical range of SOUR values and corresponding floc properties. ‘Foc dessription; Settling characierisic | gMLVss iapersel flo; Selling Slow [~ 820 lace farming; Settling normal <8 ‘Pin Foc; Seitling too fast 6.1.7 Food to microorganism (F/M) Ratio Food to microorganism (FIM) ratio expresses the amount of foc! availble to the ‘microorganisms in the aeration tank, Insufficient amount of food or overdose of it will lead to setting problems in the clarifier and poor organics removal efficiency. Food is represented by the BOD while the microorganisms are represested by the MLYSS. Either BOD or COD can be used to calculate the FIM rato, but ence one of them is chosen, it should be used throughout for comparative purposes. F/M ratio ‘must be determined on a regular basis for monitoring the activated sludge process. FIM ratio is calculated by using the following formula: FIM = BOD, (Q)/1,000 (63) Ve) Where: FIM food to microorganism ratio, ke BOD per d kg MLVSS under aerationIER lechnical Uuraance vocuinient BOD = biochemical oxygen demand of influent to the aration tank, mg influent flowrate, ‘Ve * aeration tank volume m? Xy ~MLVSS = mixed liquor volatile suspended solifs, mg/L ‘Note: 1,000 is the fator to convert gto kg) “Typical FIM ratios for different activated sludge system are given ir Table 6.7 “Table 6.7: Typical F/M ratios for different types of activated sludge system “Type of activated sludge TIM ratie, KEBOD perd System wn KgMLYVSS under aeration ‘Conventional activated 021005 Sludge ‘Extended aeration activated D051 0.15 ‘stuage 618 Sludge age (0) Shudge age is a design and an operational parameter which is related to food to microorganism (F/M) ratio. Sudge Age (8) is calculated using the following formula: a= Vv, (66) Quas (was) Where: 8.= sludge age, d ‘Ve aeration tank volume, ‘X= MLSS~ mixed liquor suspended solids concentration, may. ‘Owas ~shudge wasting rate, md Xwas = wasted sludge suspended solids concentration, mg/L. “Typical sludge age range for different processes is given in Table 6.7.lex lechnical Guidance Document Table 6.7: Typical sludge age for different biological processes "Type of proces Sludge age,@ CAS se 10 EAAS wo UASB Tow steagih (COD up to 750 mg/L) 20 > ‘Medium strength (COD from 750 to 1,000 mg/L): 30 igh strength: (COD from 1,000 to 10,000 mg/L): 30 | " Notes ‘CAS: Conventional activated sadge [BAAS: Extended aeration activated sludge ‘UASB: Uptiow anaerobic sludge blanket 6.19 Oxygen reduction potential (ORP) At the biochemical level, the processes occuring in biological treatment reacts treating organic effluents involve oxidation-reduction (commonly known as redox) ‘reactions. Oxidation-teduetion (ORP) measurements can be made easily using a ‘Redox meter. Important redox reactions in biological treatment involving acrobie [processes include the removal of organic matter (C-BOD), nitrification (NH to NOr and NOs), and phosphorus removal. Denitrification (NOs to N3) isan anoxts Process while acidification and methane production are anaeroble processes. Bach oF the above processes occurs within its own range of ORP values which are summarized in Table 6.8 ‘Table 68: Biochemical reactions in biological teatment processes and their ORP ranges Biochemical reactions ORP, mV ‘cBOD + Bio F350 Nitrification +1010 +356 Denitriiation 3010-50 Biological phosphorus removal +2510 50 ‘Acidopenesis = 40%0-250 Methanogeness -175t0- 400TER Technical Guidance Document {6.140 Volatile faty acids (VFAs) and alkslinity For an anaerobic treatment process designed to occur in a tank, apart from the tank liquce pH, two addtional parameters to assess whether the anaerobic process i performing in an optimal féshion are the volatile fatty aclis (VFA) and total aikaliniy, Typically, the VFA concentration should range from 50 to 300 mg/L while total alkalinity fom 2,000 to 5,000 mg CaCOr/L. Combining the information on VFA ‘and alkalinity, the VFA/total alkalinity ratio must also be monitored where the recommended ratio to be maintained is in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. However, a value <0. is preferred beceus it indicates the presence ofa good buffering capacity. 6.1.11 Organic loading rates (OLR) ‘Organic loading ate (OLR) is applicable to ponding systems as well as anaerobic sigester (AD), vpflow anaorobi chug Blankets (IASRs) and expanded sranlar sludge bed (EGSB), OLR is defined asthe amount of BOD or COD applied per unit ‘volume ofthe pnd or digester. OLR i usually expressed in kg BOD or CODIm* [Asa part of perfermance monitoring activity, OLR is monitored ona scheduled basis, by monitoring the infuent BOD or COD and flowrate. For UASBs and EGSBs, OLR depends on the characteristics ofthe raw euent where typical OLR ranges fom Sto 15 kg CODK md) to 10 to 40 kg CODI(an" a respectively. 6.1.12 Sludge depth ‘Shudge depth monitoring is relevant to ponding systems, anaerobic digesters and activated sludge system. Various instruments are available for measuring the sage epth in ponds and tanks which include sludge judge and electronic devices. For ponding systems, sludge depth management may translate into desludging requirement. Sludge depth monitoring in clarifiers of ASTSs is discussed in section 6aaa, 6.41.13 Microscopie examination ‘There are different groups of microorgs so found in the biological treatment systems such asthe ponding system, the suspended growth system (activated sludge process), or the attached growth system (tickling ites and rotting biologicalIER Technical Guidance Document contactors). Because each ofthese groups thrives best under certain conditions, their presence or absence ean be related to the degree of treatment, hence the elfciency of an IETS utilizing biological processes. In activated sludge systems, the bacteria are responsible for stabilization of most of ‘the organic matter contained inthe effluent and also for floc formation which helps in sludge settling, Protozoa can be used as an indicator of the efficiency the treatment process. Although protozoa themselves da not stabilize the organic matter in the effluent, they feed on the bacteria and this helps clarify the efflcn, The ‘Presence of ciliated protozoa in a biological treatment process such as an activated ‘sludge process is indicative of an efficient treatment process. The presence of rotilers, @ metazoan, is indicative of a condition of very low F/M ratio or high sludge age (old sludge) Filamentous organisins when present in abundance in an activated sludge can result in sludge bulking which may lead to sludge carryover in the larifir eluent and ischarge noncompliance. The predominance of filamentous organisms which can be either bacteria or fungi, i usually the result of low pH, low DO, low nutrient levels, septicity, high oll and grease, and high sulfide. ‘Weekly or preferably daily microscopic examinations of the microorganisms inthe ‘mixed liquor sample from the biological reactor (such as the aeration tank of an activated sludge system) ae recommenced to observe: +The bacterial flo size and shape ‘+The presence of filamentous bacteria ‘+ The changes in the number of protozoans (flagellates, ciliates) + The presence of rotifers ‘Typically, a microscope with a magnification power of 100 x to 200 x is adequate forthe above purpose ‘The above discussion is most relevant to a suspended growth system such as the ‘ctvated sludge system. However, for the most par, the discussion is also applicableIER Technical Guidance Locurme: to other biological treatment systems such as the ponding system, tickling fer and rotating biological contactors. 6.1.14 Performance monitoring of secondary Clarifiers ‘Success of «biological treatment process (BP) for removing dissolved and colloidal ‘organic matter depends on efficient biochemical oxidation of organic matter inthe reactors and subsequent sludge separation jn the clarifier. This is particularly true {ot an actvsted sludge treatment system (ASTS). Monitoring and controling clarifice performance is critical for the successful operation of a (BP). Minimum clarifier performance monitoring includes the folowing |+ Monitoring the flowrate, CCaleulate and compare the detention time (DT), surface overflow rate (GOR), and weir overflow rate (WOR) withthe design values ‘+ Monitoring the suspended solids concentration of the clarifier influent and effluent. Calculate the solids loading rte (SLR) and solids capture and compare with the design valu, + Monitoring the pH of the clarifier influent and effiert |A drop in pH indicates septic shudge in the clair. Observe for gassing and ashing. Monitoring the DO of the clarifier influent and ffivent (inside of ‘effluent weir). ‘A large drop in DO indicates biological activity sill oceurs in the clarifier. Monitoring the sludge level (also refered to as sludge depth) in the clarifier. “The recommended sludge depth to be maintained is not more than a third of clarifier depth. Sadge depth can be measured by using a core ‘sampler, sludge judge, an automatic sludge depth meter or sludge gun. ‘© Weir cleaning can be afforded by using water spraying or automatic weir cleaner. + Performing preventive and corrective maintenance of the clarifier ‘weir to keep it in clean and evel condition.tek lechnical Guidance Document The frequency required for the above performance monitoring activities must be etormized on a case to case basis. Clarifier monitoring is not applicable to Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and membrane bioreactors (MBRS). Most ofthe PM activities discussed above are also applicable to primary clarifiers. ‘6.1.15 Jar test Jar testing to determine the coagulant dosage may be required in the operation of a Diolcgical treatment system if coagulants are added to aid inthe seling of activated sludge in the clarifiers {6.1.16 Monitoring the overall performance of a biological treatment process ‘The overall performance of a biological treatment process (BP) in treating an ‘organic effluent can best be monitored on the basis of either biological oxygen demand (BOD) or chemical oxygen demand (COD) or both. BOD test measures the ‘amount of biodegradable organic matter in the effluent while COD measures all Components which can be oxidized by potassium dichromate. the oxidizing agent used in the test. COD is a better IETS operational performance monitoring Parameter because the test results can be obtained within 3-4 hours, compared to BODs which requires $ days. If necessary, changes to the operational characteristics of the IETS can then be made promptly, based on the COD test results. However, ‘BOD valves can be computed from correlation rdationship between COD end BOD. Which can be established for a particular efuent. To monitor the overall organic ‘removal, the BOD of the raw effluent and the final discharge must be measured and BOD removal efficiency computed. Another parameter, which is also ccmmonly ‘monitored is total suspended solids (TSS). TSS ofthe raw effluent and treated effluent is monitored and its removal efficiency computed. If the BP is also designed to remove nutrients, particularly ammoniacal nitrogen, the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen in the raw effluent and treated effluent must bbe measured. The ammonia removal efficiency can then be calculated, Other forms of nitrogen such as nitite and nitrates should be monitored whenever relevant.IER Technical Guidance Document GAIT Summary of performance monitoring reyuirements for biological ‘treatment processes 6.1.17 Activated sludge treatment system (ASTS) ‘Table 69 summarizes the sampling requirements to monitor the performance ofthe activated sludge system (ASTS). The requirements include the parameters which shall be monitored, the sampling locations and the sampling frequency. Figure 6.1 ittstrates a schematic dgram of a typical activated sludge system while Fig. 62 to 644 show the recommended sampling locations for the equalization tank, the eration tank andthe sevondary clarifier, respectively. The sampling requirements summarized in Table 69 are also applicable to all versions of te activated sludge systems such a conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems, extended aeration activated sludge (BAAS) systems, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and oxidation ditches (OD), ‘Table 69: Recommended sampling requirements for an activated sludge syste Parameier Sampling [Sampling [Sample ope ]Sampling | location station in frequency description | Figs. 62 | oes ait 7 Tae Day 305 ete 7 tey wees te06' Real ¥ ‘raeaniy Dal a oat i ri Dal i Hote fT Gab Mon ‘eration tani bo Tinibe aeration tank, | P2,P3, P4 | In-situ Daily fetes ae ial MLSS ine so | am Ba MLSS om WISS - . Rey mays) or a a | Rind P| Geb Day Simo oulers | os ‘rina sak | ound PT al Eom Tati Dai Sear Was ‘Wass bay} Gas RAS Ine ai = WAS i Da Pita 3 wey SOUR in ie son Weel 7 Seven x {Sisson [ints stn tk We| Technical Guidance Document Secondary claritier**** ‘Sludge leveViianlet al | Midale of caer [PP Gab Bally or soli eve, several thes OB ‘Ciscoe’ — | PF Feseabiy Weskiy TOP ‘Casein PP Preferably Daly compose w ‘Caer eit Preenbly Bay 2 ‘Crier eet — [9 inst Dal HTN, (lr efieré [Po Gr Nil ‘Note: * If tere is no equalization tank, tke the samples ofthe influent (ie, raw effluent) ** Move tha one sample and sampling from the aeration tank itself may be required if the aeration tank is long and narrow. ** F/M ratio is computed from BOD or COD of influent and MLVSS data ****IF there is no advanced treatment process, the clarifier effluent isthe final effluent. ‘DO = dissolved oxygen; BOD ~ biochemical oxygen demand; COD = chemical ‘oxygen demand; MLSS = mixed liquor suspended solids; MLVS: iudge volume index; RAS ~ return activated sledge; volatile suspended solids, SV WAS = waste activated siudge, F/M ratio = food to microorganism ratio; TSS =ttal suspended solids, TIN~ AN + nitrite + nitrate Intluent Equalization tank ‘Aeration tank Stutige return ‘Note: assume no primary clarifier and advanced treatment) Sludge wastingIER Technical Guidance Document Fig 6.1: Schematic dagram of «typical activated shudge process Equalization tank (a) nae Faintuen went Fig 62: Sampling location for equalization tank. Aeration ‘ok raps THE AS Fig 6.3: Sampling location for aeration tank Secondary Carin Mig be Z — sv P9 Final vent was Fig 64: Sampling location for secondary clarifier (RAS: return sludge; WAS: Waste activated sludge}IER Technical Guidance Document ‘6.1.7.2 Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) ‘Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) combine activated sludge process (suspended growth) with a membrane filtration system, The latter replaces the secondary convention gravity clarifier, Table 6.10 summarizes the parameters which shall be monitored, the sampling locations and the sampling frequency to be complied with, to monitor the erformance ofthe membrane hiereactors (MBR), ‘Table 6.10: Recommended performance monitoring specifications for ‘membrane bioreactor (MBR) system Parameter ‘Monlioring Frequency Sampling Location ermeate Max ‘Continous MBR ar Daily ctoulaton (cas Requens IF Fow | Talloo ‘aration is low) Shades age Daily calculation Reactor FM Daily calealaton Reactor Transmembrane continous Reactor pressure (TMP) MLSS, MLVSS__| Daliyor weekly Rewer “Temperature ‘Continous Tnfluent and MBR sank Flow Conte Tntluent Dissolved Oxygen | Continous EQ and Reacior ‘CoD Continuous forage systems) or }Tuent & (or akeratively BOD) | weekly if variation i low Pereste ‘Mieobioogy Woakly Reactor NaF ‘Monti (ess requeat i variation in [EQ ‘niluea characteris i ow) eH ‘Coninacus Taveat aad EO 6.1.17.3 Moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) ‘Moving Bed Biofilm Bioreactor (MBBR) is a combination of activated sludge process (aspended growth) and bioflter(atached growth). MBBR syste ullizes the entire tank volume for biomass growth, Biofilms grow on floating media which are kept in ‘motion by the agitation of air bubbles, The sampling requirements as described for the activated sludge ayeter ar also applicable to the MDDRS.IER Technical Guidance Document (6.1174 Trickling filters (TFS) ‘Table 6.11 summarizes the performance monitoring requirements for conducting performance monitoring of tickling filters (TFs). Table 6.11: Revonunended pecformance monitoring specifications for rickling filters crs) Sample pe Parameter [Monitoring *Frequeney | "TF inuent bo on Daily Temperature Seteablesolids ‘Week or monthly BOD Rosie flow DO ag Daity Temperate TF event DO pat Daily ___ [atest “TF tem Fa eae” [DO pur Daily 5s Seeabiosoiee _ 500 Weekly “ote: Monitoring ffequeney may be reduced during normal operations and increased during abnormal conditions 2° O and seteable solids are additonal parameters to thelist of significant parameters for compliance purpose 6.1.17. Rotating biological contactors (RBCS) ‘Table 6.12 summarizes the sampling requirements for conducting performance monitoring of rotating biological contactors (RBCS) Table 6.12; Recommended sampling reyuirentents far sotating biological contactor (RBCS) [Sample wpe [Parameter "RBC influent “TemperntneIER Technical Guidance Document 3 ‘Weekly or monty Setteable solide BOD RBC drum Ration speed ‘Weak "RBC effluent Do, Daly pli Sar test RBC Hsien tral [DO Dally emivet™™ pH Ss Seticabie whe | Weelly | poo’ “Note: Monitoring equeney may bo raved daring nomial operations and increased daring, sbnormal condions. ** DO and setisable solids are additional parameters othe list of significant pasimeters for compliance purpose 6.1.17.6 Upftow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) is a form of anaerobie process which is commonly employed fr the treatment of high strength organic effluents. Table 6.13 summarizes the sampling requirements for conducting performance monitoring of upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASBS). 6.13 Recommended sampling requirements of upflow anaerobic shudge blanket (wasp) Parameter ‘Sampling frequency Flows pay op (nce in wo weeks cop Alternate days pH Daily or continaous Temperature Daily o continuous VPA Daily VENAlkainity Daily on Daily or continous Natiens (9) (Once in two weeks OLR Daily Biogas (ressurcand | Daily ifthe objective is biogas analysis) cantare "Typically the Flewing gases are monitored 0, COs, CHa, ES,IER Technical Curdance Locument 6.1.17-7 Ponding systems ‘Table 6.14 summarizes the sampling requirements for conducting. performance ‘monitoring of ponding systems which include stabilization ponds, facultative pows, ‘maturation ponds, ete, the parameters are appli ble to acrobie systems. ‘Table 6.14: Recommended sampling requirements for ponding systems | Parameter ‘Sampling location ‘Sampling _frequeney Fiow Tle ete Daily BOD Tal eet | Prefeably ‘Monthy [ - " composite COD Til our] Preferably Ones Swe comments | D0 Feimaby athe [nats Daly or weekly locaton? oH Prtebly ae | Ia Daly owe locos” z ‘isin ab Moni Shadge dayne pond’ [Daly Once in oS i thes yeas -* Close to inlet and outlet and middle of the pon For anaerebie ponds, volatile fatty acids CVFAs) and total alkalinity should be ‘monitored, ata minimum, on a weekly bass. {6..17.8 Other Types of biological treatment processes For other types of biological treatment systems, which ase wot discussed in chin Guidance Document, the industry personnel shall determine the details of the sampling requirements based on experience obtained at other premises and information in the literature, The sampling procedure shall be documented for the inspection by the DOE inspectors.IER Technical Guidance Document (CHAPTER 7 - PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF PHYSICAL CHEMICAL. PROCESSES Although some physical chemical treatment processes (PCPs) have well-defined Performance monitoring parameters, several PCPs do not have distinct process parameters due to the nature of physical/chemical processes involved. This fact is particularly true in the case of physieal processes. In such cases, performance ‘monitoring takes more of the form of operation and maintenance (O&M) rather than performance /process monitoring per se. Ths is 8 major difference between the nature of performance monitoring of biological treatment processes compared tothe ‘monitoring of physical chemical treatment processes. In many physica treatment processes, monitoring activities are more focused on the maintenance of the herdware (Ge. the “hardware” aspect) of the IETS operation rather than on the process ‘monitoring (Le. the “software” aspect ofthe IETS operation. ‘The control of physical chemical treatment processes is for the most part accomplished by the use of automatic instrumentation systems or partable ‘measaring instruments providing in-situ readings. AS a general requirement, ‘maintenance of the instrumentation systems and portable instruments including the calibration of the sensors, probes, dosing pumps and ensuring sufficient supply of relevant chemicals, ete. typically forms an integral part of the IETS (PCP) performance monitoring routine. ‘The paragraphs below discuss how performance monitoring is carried out for some physical processes, which do not lend themselves to process monitoring, and for ‘chemical processes which have distinct and well defined process montoring parameters. 7A Bqualization Equalization is commonly practiced te dampen variations in flow and pollution concentrations. Apart from flowrate, some effluent quality parameters are identified and maximum limits are placed on them to ensure optimum treatment occurs in the subsequent treatment processes. These parameters typically inclde pH, $S, BOD, COD, and metal concentration, Monitoring frequency ofthe parameters depends onTER echnical Guiggrice sue ue ‘the degree of fluctuation ofthe parameters and may range ffom once a day to once & week 74 Cooling ‘An effluent generated at clevated ternperatures is often cooled using a cooling pond or tower. Apact frm flowrate, temperature is monitored on a dsily or weekly basis, depending on temperature variability of the raw effet 73. Dissolved alr flotation (DAF) Dissolved air flotation system (DAF) is considered to be one of the most ecst- effective technologies for removing total suspended soli (TSS) from a wide range ‘of industries such as pulp and paper mills, recycled fibre, drink, food processing, aires, textile mills, bakeries, meat processing and animal by-products industry Sometimes the DAF process is preceded by screening, equalization, pit adjustment, and chemical coagulation ‘One ofthe most impertant design and ope ‘Air to Solids (A/S) ratlo. At the operational stage, DAF performance monitoring ‘ims to ensure the A/S ratio is maintained as in the design stage. This can be ional parameters of a DAF system isthe scvomplished by changing the recycle low rate, the operating pressure, or both To ‘enable this operation 0 be made, information on the suspended solids concentraticn is ‘required hence it must be routinely monitored. The monitoring frequency depends on the degree of fluctuation ofthe raw efflunt’s TSS concentration, A/S ratio should be ‘monitored and mainsined within the range of 0.005 t0 0.06 mL si mg SS (or 0.C065 to 0.078 mg aieimg SS). The entire influent low or only the reeycle flow may be prescurized by the ressurizing pump or compressor to 250 to 450 kPa gage. Higher pressures up 10 725 kPa have been reported. Other items to be monitored include the influent and recycle flow rate, operating pressure, influent and effluent SS concentration, skimner speed, snd coagulant and flocculant dose (if coagulant and ‘Aloceulant addition is practiced). DAF systems are als) used to remove oi and grease (O&G) fiom a wide spectrum of {ndustrial sources, When the DAF system is used for O&G removal, the term S inthetex recnnicai Guigance Document (A/S) ratio refers to the O&G. Another version of the DAF system isthe dispersed or {induced flotation system, which uses a revolving impeller to form bubbles by ‘introducing the gas phase directly into the liquid phase. 74 Removal of oil and grease ‘Depending on the sizeof oil particles, oil exists in industrial effluents in two basic forms: + Non-emulstied where the oil floats on the surface of the water, hence itcan be removed easily ‘+ Emulsiiod where oil is dispersed in water as emulsions after it has ‘been subject to chemical or mechanical ation Oil in tis form is more ifficutto remove, 74.1 Removal of nonemulsifed ol (Free oil) Free, non-emulsified oil is typically removed from industrial effluents by us oil Water separators, which work on gravity forces, The gravity separators come in various forms such as oil tank, American petroleum institute (API) separators and plate API separator. The floating ol is skimmed off over the weir of the separator tank, Performance montcring of the oil water separators includes the following: ‘+ Monitoring the influent lowate + Sampling and analysis for oil concentration of the influent and ceffuent, ‘+ Physical inspection and maintenance of the separators for clogging, corrosions, and general equipment cleaning Free oil and oil in a weakly emulsified state can also be removed in coalescing devices which include a variety of cartridge filters and coarse sand pressure filtersIER Technical Guidance Document 742 Removal of emulsified oft Many industries such as automotive and metal parts manufactuing plans, punt, ‘surface coatings, and adhesives manufacturing industries, textile dyeing, oils, fats and waxes manufacturing and dyes and inks manufacturing industries ge oil. The deemulsification techniques for oil in water emulsions include chemical, te emulsified electrolytic, or physical methods. Chemical emulsion breaking usually proceeds with acidification followed by chemical coagulation using inorganic or organic coogulants. Physical methods include centrifuging and eating while in ‘electrocoagulation (EC), an electric curtent is passed through ‘he effivent where cfectolyti coll with an anode and a cathode is placed. The deesmulsified oil is then removed through conventional means such a dissolved air flotation (DAF) systems ‘Sampling and performance monitoring of the deemulsifaction process depends on the ‘emulsion breaking technique used. For chemical emulsion breakirg, the performance monitoring activities include flowrate and pit wonitoring ard determining the optimum dose of the coagulans. For centrifugation, Reynolds numbers needs to be ‘monitored to ensure moderate turbulence (Re between is $0,(00 to 100,000) is maintained. For electrocoagulation, the process is monitored by monitoring the ‘owtae, electrode current, concentration of ferrous ion salt, and oil concentration. 7.5 Cosgulation and floceulation “Total suspended solids (TSS) can either be present originally inthe raw effhent or in tthe form of colloidal metal suspensions generated from chemical precipitation process. TSS is generally removed out of solution by coagulation and fleculation ‘process. Coegulation and flocculation process are also applicable to oil and grease treatment as described previously, pf adjustment commonly precedes the coagulation process, hence pH needs to be monitored, Jar testing to determine the ‘optimum pH and dose ofthe coagulants mus be performed on a routine bai. 7.6 Removal of metals [A wide range of industries generates metals in their effluents. Metals are typically removed from solution by chemical precipitation or ion-exchange, Chemical recitation techniques include hydroxide precipitation, sulfide precipitation,IER Technical Guidance Document ‘carbonate precipitation, chloride precipitation, and xanthate precipitation, Other less ‘commonly wsed techniques for removing metals from industrial effluents include ‘edzorption, cvaporation, mesubrane Aleation, electrodialysis, and photocatalysis 7.6.1 Removal of metals by hydroxide precipitation Removal of metals as metal hydroxides by chemical precipitation is heavily {dependent on pH of the solution, The solubility of metal hydroxides is controlled by the solution pH where the point of minimum solubility dictates the narrow pH ‘range within which the precipitation process needs to be maintained. The optimum ‘PH range must be determined by conducting metal solubility test at different pH ‘using the actual effluent. Ouse dhe pH range Is determined, the pli of the solution in the precipitation tank needs to be monitored and recorded, preferably on continuous basis Included inthe hydroxide precipitation process is the removal of sluoride, which is ‘non-metal, sometimes with the addition of both caleium hydroxide and calcium chloride, Generally, the performance monitoring requirements for a hydroxide precipitation ‘rocess includes the metal solubility testing and pH monitoring 7.6.2 Removal of metals by sulfide precipitation ‘Sulfide precipitation is commonly used to remove metals from metal-bearing effluents ‘especially if complexing agents are present in the raw effluent, Performance ‘monitoring of sulfide precipitation technology includes the monitoring of flarrate, ‘solution pH, and sulfide dosage. 7.63 Removal of metals by other chemical precipitation technologies ‘These technologies include carbonate, sulfate, and chloride precipitation, which are ‘employed forthe removal of certain metals which may mt be akeyuately removed by wing the hydroxide precipitation. Typical performance monitoring requirements fer these technologies include pH monitoring and dosage of the precipitant, wherever rlevant.TER FEC rICUN WsUIUN Ne eure 264 Removal of metals by fon exchange Ton exchange ean be employed for removing high strength meta laden effluents of as a polishing step following conventional hydroxide precipitation technology to ower the metal concentration in the discharge. pH adjustment is performed to ensue the pl is within the operating range of therein and iltration i carried out to remove suspended solids to prevent fouling of te resin, An important aspect ofthe ‘operation of an ion exchange column isthe monitoring ofthe columa breakthrough mn. The onset of time, which will determine the need for column regenera ‘breakthrough is typically monitored via several ways, suchas by monitoring + The conductivity or conductivity ratio «©The metal concentration inthe outlet an inlet ofthe column + Theefftuent volume throughput ‘© The column usage time ‘Another activity associated with the operation of fon exchange columns is the regeneration process and the handling of the concentrated regenerant fluent stream, 7465 Removal of metals by electrowinning ‘An ion exchange process can be combined with an electrowinning process to handle te regeneranteffivent stream, which is highly concentrated with the metal, removed fiom the effluent, Electrowinning is an electrochemical process that can be employed to remove metalic ions fom concentrated rinse water, spent process solutions, and jon exchange regenerant, An advantage of clectrowinning is that the metal removed from the effluent is plated out asa soli metal. Sometimes to enable ‘automated system operation and ensure consistent environmental performance, the clectrowinner is equipped with an on-line metal vensor to provide real-time monitoring of the concentration ofthe metal to be removed To monitor the effcieney of the clectrowinning process other parameters monitored may include pH, current, voltage, temperature, and mets! concentrfen retrmicur suigance Uecument. 7.7 Removal of contaminants using redox process Many of the chemical and the biochemical processes encountered in the treatment of industrial eMuents can be described fundamentally as oxidation-reduction systems, Measuring and controlling oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) levels is especially relevant in the treatment of industrial effluents involving an oxidation-reduction ‘action, Unit operations invulving redox reactions are typically monitored by ‘measuring the ORP level ORD isa measurement ofthe status of an oxidation-eduction reaction, Although it ‘an be used to monitor the degree of treatment in the reaction tank, ORP values fannot be equated to a specific concentration of the metals such as chrome and Uerefore are not used as a final discharge effluent standard. Additionally, by ‘monitoring pH/ORD, chemical usage ean be optimized resulting in cost savings. in the field of industrial effluent treatment using PCPs, ORP measurement has been be utilized successflly to monitor chromate reduction and cyanide oxidation, The ‘ORP measurement can be made electrometrically using the millvolt mode of a pH 7.7.1 Removal of chromium by two-stege process In the treatment of effluents containing chromium, in the first stage, the hexavaleat chromium is reduced to trivalent chromium by the addition uta reducing agent (sodium bisulfite or sulfur dioxide). Inthe second stage, the trivalent chromium is Precipitated as chromium (Ill) hydroxide. The conditions to be maintained in both ‘reaction tanks are given in Table 7.1. The pll and ORP inthe reaction tanks must be ‘maintained and their values recorded. Table '.1: Conditions to be maintained for two stage chromium removal [Paramecer First tank ‘Second tank (Reduction) (hydroxide precipitation) [pir 223 8-9 ‘ORF FDS wi ta + 300m =IER Technical Guidance Locument 7.72 Removal of eyantde by two-stage alka Ditute cyanide effluent streams are typically teated by 8 two-stage process, ‘commonly kaown as alkaline chlorination. In the fist stage, the eyanide is oxidized to cyanate by the use of hypochlorite solution. In the second stage, through the addition of addtional hyrochlorite, the cyanate is oxidized to carbon dioxide, The conditions to be maintined in the reaction tanks are given in Lable 7.2, The values of ppt and ORP must be manitored and recorded. table 72: Conditions to be maintained fortwo stage alkaline chlorination of eyanide C First Tanke ~~ Second Tank | pH > 10, preferably, 11.0 to 11.5 _ ‘ORP +325 mV to +400 mV +600 mV 10+ 800mV | Other sttemative technologies use hydrogen peroxide or calcium hypochlorite as the oxidizing agents. 7.8 Removal of various contaminants by earbon adsorption ‘Activated carbon adsorption is commonly used to remove a variety of contaminants from the effluents such as surfactants, dyes, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, pases, sulfides, metals, color ete. A widely wed application of activated carbon adsorption {n efuent treatment is forthe removal of residual dissolved organics. The presence of residual organies is reflected by the seated effluent COD, which may not sill meet the regulatory discharge standard. 7.8.1 Carbon adsorption columns for continuous operation For cot adsorption process in a carbon column will wntinue uns ofthe carbon has been used and the columns effluent reaches its set point, The time taken to reach this condition is referred as the breakthrough time. This time must be closely monitored to ensure that the carbon is replaced or regenerated before the 1ous operations, the activated carbon is used in adsorption columns. The the adsorptive capacity stipulated time. The performance monitoring of the activated carbon column is focused on the monitoring ofthe breakthrough time of carbon beds, which can be determined via several ways such asIER Technical Guidance Document © By sampling of effluent from the columa and monitoring its COD ‘concentration (© By consideration of the hours of operation ofthe column (© By using total volume of throughput “The records of monitoring of the breakthrough time must be maintained for inspectional purposes. 7.812 Carbon adsorption in batch operation 1 the activated carbon is used ina batch mode (one time application), the amount of activated carbon required for treating each batch of effluent must be estimated via a ‘liable bench scale adsorption experiment, The study results must be docamented {or the inspection by the DOE inspectors. Typical performance monitoring paraneters ‘in bach operations include volume of effluent to be treated and the dosage (volume) ‘of acdvated carbon required, ‘The spent carbon in continuous operation mode must be handled properly, ether for ‘egeneration or for disposal asa scheduled waste according withthe requirements of ‘the Scheduled Waste Regulations, 20S. Similarly, in batch operations, the activated ‘carbon with the adsorbed contaminants must also be managed asa scheduled waste 79 Oxilation ‘Oxidation technologies are more commonly used for the removal of orgonica but ‘some inorganics may also be treated by the technologies. 79.1 Chemical oxidation ‘Chemical oxidation includes the use of chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone asthe ‘oxidizing agent 10 oxidize the contaminants present in the effluent. Typical contaminants, which are destructed by the oxidation processes, are various ganic ‘compounds and cyanide (an inorganic compound). Performance monitoring parameters of chemical oxidation processes are typically pH and ORP.IER TecInical Guidance Document ‘jncluded inthis category isthe bubbling of al into an effluent to oxidize iron and ‘manganese to improve the hydroxide precipitation of the metals, 7.9.2 Ekctrochemical oxidation lectiuvhemical oxidation leo veed to eat concentrated cyanide besring effluents. Typically, the process is monitored by monitoring the voltage applied. 793. Wet air oxidation (WAO) Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) is an oxidation process carried out at clevated temperatures (125 to 320°C) and pressures (30 10 200 bas) typically used for trating, highly concentrated effluents such as spent caustic from oil and gas industry. The contaminants are mineralized to various organic and inorganic end products, The process is enhanced by using a catalyst and strong oxidants such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide, Temperarure and pressure are the controlling parameters which ‘are typielly monitored on a continuos basis. Effluent quality parameters which are frequently monitored include COD and ammonis. 710 Advanced oxidation technologies (AOTS) ‘Advanced oxidation technologies (AOPs) are a group of treatment technologies, ‘which employ chemical oxilation-reduction processes to remove toxic soluble ‘organies, which are resistant to conventional biodegradation processes 7.10.1 Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) AOPs refer to oxidation technologies using UV/Os, Os/Ha0z, UV/ His or the photo Fenton reaction (UV/ Hix! Fe or Fe™”, The most commonly used technology is the A attack by the fee OH radicals generated by the Fenton's reaction is predominant, pHi monitoring i essential. If the effluent from the Fenton’s process will be further tested in a biological treatment Fenton’s process. Since at acidic pH the process, the pHi will be Gurther sjused hence pl monitoring is also required, The ‘lowrate and pH monitoring records must be maintained.IER Technical Guidance Document 743. Filtration [EMluent polishing with filtration technology is quite a commor practice in many industries. The purpose of filtration is primarily to remove rs solids. There are three major technologies which employ Giltraion mechanism to ‘achieve the removal of the suspended solids: membrane filtration, media filtration, and filter bags. suspended 7.13.1 Membrane filtration In effluent treatment membrane processes are increasingly used for removal of ‘residual suspended solids, color and odor. The membrane processes are categorized into the following categories: microfiltation (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration {€NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). Typical performance monitoring activities include ‘the monitoring of the influent pH, transmembrane pressure (TMP), atd chemical leaning ofthe membrane unit, 713.2 Media filtration “Media filtration iz commonly used to remove fine residal suspended solids from a tweated effluent before it enters the carbon adsorption columns for removal of residual ‘organics. Additionally, the purpose of media filtration is to polish the effluent to comply with stringent intemal TSS discharge standard or for water recycling objective Performance of the media filters is monitored by monitoring differential pressure and effluent TSS or turbidity 7433 Bag filtration and cartridge filtration Filter bags are available in different specifications to meet different apy ‘requirements, largely dictated by the type and size of particle aresent in the effluent. ‘As the liquid flows from the inside ofthe bag to the outside, pertculaes are trapped in the bag. Performance of the filter bags is monitored by monitoring the pressure {r0p and emuent 158. 744 Removal of organies by strippingICR Technical Guidance Vecumenr 7.14.1 Air stripping {ir or gas stripping is used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from an industrial effluent. Air stripping includes mechanical surfsce aeration, diffused ‘eration, spray fountains, spray oF tray towers, and packed towers. There isa host of performance monitoring parameters which are generally relevant to air stripping processes. These include effluent and gas flowrates, gas to liquid (G/L) ratio, ‘temperature, pressure, and VOC concentration, 7.142 Steam Stripping Stcam stripping isa distillation process which makes use of process heat or stean to remove fairly soluble, non-volatile organics and inorganics from industriel cffluents. Due to high stripping temperatures, heavier, more suluble organics can be stripped in stream stripping compared fo air stripping, Steam stripping is carried ‘out at temperatures between 90 and 120°C and pressures between 1 and 2 bar. Steam stripping is commonly employed in ol refineries, petrochenical, and chemical plans Examples of seam strippable organics are benzene, alcobol (ethane, propanol, IPA, butanol, MTBE, MEK, while ammonia is an example of inorganic compound. ‘Typical performance monitoring parameters include effluent and gas Mowrates, temperature, pressure, and concentration ofthe organics (or ammonis). TAS. Removal of ammonia [Apart from biological treatment, smmania can also he removed by using physical chemical treatment processes 1 Amn ia removal by stripping In ammonia stripping, lime or caustic is added to the effluent until the pH reaches 108 w 11.5, Ausnouia which exists in aolution ao ammonium hydroxide fons ix Jian gas. Ammonia stripping is typically accomplished in stripping tovers which can be designed ina cross flow or countercurrent converted to ame mode, Ammonia stripping works well with effluents having ammonia concentrations in the range of 10 t0 100 mg/L. Typical performance monitoring parameters are efMuent and air flowrates, eMuent pH, temperature, pressure drop, and ‘ammonia concentration ofthe effluent,IER Technical Guidance Document 7a Removal of ammonia by struvite precipitation ‘This is a chemical precipitation technology where ammonia s chemically precipitated as magnesium ammonium phosphate (AMP) at alkaline pH, typically about 9.0, This process removes both ammonia and phosphate, The optimum pl! and dose of magnesium source such as magnesium chloride (MgCl) and magnesium sulfate (MySO.) must be established by experiment. Typical performance monitoring ‘Parameters inclule effluent flowrate, pH, and dosage of the magnesium salt, 716 Vacuum evaporation ‘Vacuum distillation technology is a unit operation that concentrates an effluent by climinating the water by bolling. Since the evaporator is operated ata pressure lower ‘han atmosphere (vacuum), the boiling temperature is lower taan 100°C. There are several versions of the evaporators: heat pump vacuum evaporator, mechanical ‘vacuum evaporators and mult-ffect vacuum evaporators. Vacuum evaporation resulls in substantial reduction in efMuent volume and possibility of reuse of water. Vacuum evaporators are used in electroplating industry, car and metals industry, D the vacuum evaporation system is typically operated in an automatic mode, there is ting industry, adhesives, paints, and inks manufacturing, and graphic ants, Since ‘minimal performance monitoring requirements. Typically, effluent flowrate, femperature, pressure, nd distillate quality is monitored. 7.17 Monitoring of chemical solids clarifiers Conventional gravity clarifiers or lamella plate clarifiers separate solids generated from physical chemical treatment processes (PCPs) from the aqueous phase. Performance monitoring activtics of the clarifiers ince physical observation of the clarification efcieney (clarity, 9S carry over), monitoring f TSS concentration ‘nthe weated effluent, and ensuring desigu criteria are complied (SOR, SLR, WOR) ‘with a the operational stage. TAR Monitoring of PCPs not discussed inthis chapter: “There exists a wide spectrum of physical-chemical treatment processes (PCPs), which is impossible to be covered in a single guidance document of this nature, If an industry uses @ PCP, which is not discussed in this Guidance Document, theIER Technical Guidance Document performance monitoring (PM) parameters for the PCP must be identified and ‘monitored, An appropriate field log sheet (Sce the examples in the Appendices) mst tbe developed and the reoord of performance monitoring activities maintained for inspectional purposes. 719° Summary of performance monitering requirements for physical- chemical treatment processes “Table 73 presents a summary of the performance monitoring parameters which are typically monitored in the operation of common physical-chemical treatment processes (PCPS) ‘Table 73: Performance monitoring requirements for physical chemical reat procestes Proce “TesiCheskTObrervaton | FrequenSy Remar @relere) Float asian [= Bqusiaton 2H Conta ‘cop Dailekly | Cn be rapa By TOC, HOD ean abo be _ eared ‘| Neal BaalyWeskiy | irleent Fewsts — Connnaaasl Coating Temperate Cetinvoas ly Flow, eiclion | Continuously | Focal AS aa Disalved Air Flotation | Now " oan $5 or ORG, elevant | Daley | Prosure Daily “To clue AS a Oitand Grease "Removal war Flowate Coatiuous ta ‘ORG ‘Weekiyinenthiy [= Pail bain oF | Monty sulpment al (pmo aking "Chama addon | PHL continuous | Coogi dae Dally week Danyecky -Cetiigation i -Eloetrconpiaion | Floweaie Contos | Coment Contino]IFR Technical Guidance Document Fao to ‘Danes ‘Oia grease ‘Weekly Flow Conta | Coupunion and oH Cortnuosiiy |= Preeti Sarit Weellyiontiy ‘Chemica dango — | Dalek eal removal (Hydronise Flom Cetin pH ‘Cetin Chenicaldoving ie Dally re “Mel sonenaation—[ Deodsd on a |= sect basis ete Flows Continuous | = a ‘Coninoaed | Chena dosing stem —[ Dy meek Giptonexchange [Hote ‘Cones |— rc Regenoant dog me “ieal cncenrstion ‘Breairoagh ie ‘Fowata Coatiamari | Bectowining ‘Cue ‘Cortiaosidiy 1 Vola Coninaouily [= Tenperstre Coninaculaly |= L Metal onsen | Dave Redox poses Flowrte Conia ()Cheomiam removal [pr Contin ORF ‘Conia | Cava Decided ona [= [ai Confnaoaaly (i Cyanide weatmen Concnsoul OF Cotioa ‘Cason adoro [Fae Cotiuon rs ifvat | Coninsoadi COD Decide ona |= oe pce basis Bealeoaghtine Biel owrat, ‘mont ‘wage in, ood COD Orsi (© Chemical oxidation Fara Tonsnooaa cu Continous OW, Cater = (Wet AirOridaion a ToateJER Technicul Guidance Document WAS | Tempe Cama T= Fase Coninaswly T° + [Foie [orang [= (i) Abvanet Onatin Seino f= Frocos(AOM, - [Blas (0 Metre fon Comma 1 Conical ‘onic [= (Mes fiteatin cei Goninsll iw Dalyinesy | (jp bagstiaion | Fnwaie Comcast [ Fees ‘Soamsesty [> Sing (aie sping a Pe [estas [Tenpesine Contac woe Desdotons |= Cuero base (oseamseiping | Fw Een A) —| Conamacia =] France Cortney [— “| Teper Cosinestaly [= vor Dasdetons > i) Ammonia siping | Home (Eael A— Caninoasay_= oq os mint | rnure Cormy Tempe Cea 7 “amen Desiedons |= - oe ehat "Var eigation | Rawat ‘Contiaeu'y T= Daa a Deion fur cas hast ‘CTempanize Conus [Prem Snncasdaly T= We Processes ited in in Tle 7.3 ac ot exhaustive, Thi ia minimum sampling gue and is subject 0 Imotifeaton depending on size of premise an IETS, complexity of operation, and problems comer.IFR Technical Guidance Document CHAPTER 8 MONITORING OF FINAL EFLUENT. ‘The ffuit of rigorous implementation of IETS performance monitoring md i the final discharge point (FDP). A success story of effluent treatment is jware maintenance program is the excellent quality of the effluent produced at ‘demonstrated inthe generation of compliant effluent ona sustained basis. 8.1 Compliance monitoring, ‘Compliance monitoring isan integral part ofthe overall performance monitoring plan of any IETS. Compliance mouitoring of the treated efMiuent at the final dscharge point (FDP is dictated by regulation 7 ofthe TER which focuses only on significant parameters. Significant parameters may be determined by examining the raw ‘materials and auxiliary chemicals used and the manufacturing process utilized by the industry. Experience from similar Industries and information from the literature Will elso be useful in identifying the significant parameters. Table 8.1 gives a guide on the significant parameters for different categories of ‘industries while Table 82 summarizes the typical industrial sources discharging ‘metals i their eluents, 8.1.1 Compliance monitoring of sources with continuous discharge ‘As understood from the Tenth Schedule of the IEK (eegulation 7), industries ate ‘requited to perform weekly sampling ofthe final effluent, which must ke analyzed by ‘an accredited laboratory. Only significant parameters are required te be analyzed, ‘Many industries are performing more frequent sampling and analysis oftheir final cefTuent, even on a daily basis. Additionally, the whole set of regulated parameters are also analyzed from time to time to provide assurance that the effuent is fully complaint. 8.1.2 Compliance monitoring of sources with hatch discharge ‘The general requirement for final effluent monitoring, which is applicable to both ‘continuous and batch discharges is weekly sampling and analysis. There are two seenaris for batch dischargers. The sampling requirements for each semario are ‘described below.ICR lechnical Guiguniee ue aie 8.1.14 Discharge frequency of once or more than once in a particular week “Only one representative sample of th effluent discharged on any one ofthe days in “the week is required tobe taken for analysis to represent the sample for ‘he particular week. £81.22 Discharge frequency of once a month oF more frequent than ance a month ‘Again in this case, only one representative sample of the effluent discharged is ‘required tobe sent for analysis to represent the sample for that particular week that the discharge was made. IF the discharge was also made in another week within tht ‘month, another representative sample for that particular week will also be required to ‘be taken for analysis, “Apart trom the above minimum requirements, preferably, for butch discharges, the cetTlucn: to be discharged can be sampled for each batch to ensure compliance with the discharge standards before the discharge i allowed. Anelysis can be performed on significant offvent parameters by using rapid measurement techniqués, Such parameters typically include pH, COD and metals. The name of the CePIETSO suthorizing the discharge, the time of discharge and the discharge quantity and quality must be recorded for the inspection by the inspectors of the Departinent of Envirenment For ease of reference, the monthly discharge monitoring report (DMR) as stipulated in the Tenth Schedule to the Industral fluent Regulations 2009 (IER) is reprodiced in the Appendix. The requirement on submission of monthly discharge data sipulated in regulation 7 (3) of the IER is applicable to continuous discharges ‘as well as batch discharges, AS an additional requirement, tatch dischargers are required to maintain discharge data every time a batch discharges made as expltined {nthe previous paragraph. The format for revordng batch discharges is given inthe Appendix,tex 1ecnnical Guidance Document Table 81+ Significant efMuent parameters for different industice Industry Type ‘Typleal Significant EMuent Parameters ‘Choate (eran Caly 7, pl TSS, conde ornated hydrocarbons ‘ChlorAkali Diaphragm Ce) TT, pH, TSS, chloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, zine, asbestos ‘Chior Alkali (Membrane Ca 7, Sullates, Conte, Bromate “Meta finishing and electroplating T, pH, TSS, O8G, aluminam, areal, cada, chromium (valent), chromium (hexavalent, lad, ikel, mereuy, silver, zine, Auordes cyanides eriizar (igen) T,pll, TSS, AN, COD- Fesilizer Phosphate) T, pH, TSS, AN, COD, funide, aluminium, seni, cadmium, chromium, mercury, led, zine, ickel Pulp and Paper TT, pli, BOD;, COD, 758, chromium, wulides, copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc, chlorinated organi compounds, dioxin ‘Oil & Gas exploration and production T, pH BODs, COD, TSS, ORG, phenolic] compounds, aluminum, arsenic, eadmin, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zine, boron, selenium, ‘mereury, fluoride, ammonia, cyanide, formaldehyde, corde, sulfides, cyanide Tie ndsey | Spies Fer T. pif, COD, TSS, chromium (eivalen), ion, 8G,” cadmium, "copper, arsenic, Mure, chromium, mercury, lead, nickel, manganese, amide pH, BOD, COD, TSS, OG, Suides “Tannery and Lester Finishing TT. pH, BODs, COD, phenolic compounds, TSS, sulfide, 8G, chromium (ivalen), chromium (hexavalen), boron, manganese, chloride Textile roseiing Pigments and Dyes — | pil, BOD., COD, TSS, O&G, chromivm, copper “Temperature, pH, TSS, COD, Lead, Copper, Zine “Thermal Power Panis TT, pil, TSS, ORG, chvomium, zinc, biocides,] chtring Rubber Bos 'BOD,, COD, TSS, zing, cima Pints, Vanishes & Lacquers pil, TSS, COD, lead, chromium, cadmium, Zine, barium Psi ll, COD, mereuy arate Printing DH, TSS, COD, 4G, lead, adiniam, Sian, _| copper silver, in, color Tadsal shemale PH, COD, “TSS, AN, phenolie compounds, suminom, ‘cadmium, lead, chromium, mercury, _ sick, zine, arsenic, eanide Petrochemicals T, pi, BODs, COD, TSS, ORG, phenol compounds [Fad veal rosin T, pH, 30D; COD, TSS Food and Beverage T.pil-30D,, COD.TSS, 08 Glass manure pH, COD, TSS, O4G, barium, boron, cada, chroma ‘Sugar prodetion T, pH BOD; COD, TSS, OG, pestis, I nigoses —IER Technical Guidance Document [Deszgent manuetae TBH, COD, ONG, ae-onie erg eam] [Phtograpic industry [pH COD: sive, cyanide, Morde Give manufecture DH, -BOD;, COD, ~ phenolic compounds, formaldehyde ‘Vegiabie ol prosessing 7, pl, BODs, COD, TSS, CRG, gyeeine Solr panel manufacture 7. pl, BODs, COD, TSS, touride a "TSS, endocrine disruption: | pi, TSS, OOD, Phenolic empounds Gecroniss | T, pH, TSS, BOD; COD, OG, Tead, compe lel, chromium, tn, mecury, Durie, cyanide, Suse, noneblornated solvents, AN, Poaley proces "7, BOD:, TS5, COD, O8G, AN Dairy industry 7 BOD., COD, TSS, O&G, AN, chlorides Pharmaceutical "T-pH, BODs, COD, TSS soar ie Bah Wi a Faison gin priest rene exkauve; Sigil ‘toca garamcters depend on aul proces and aw mater ed Se coms aivopes, T0S~ Total suspended sles, COD = Chemie oxygen demand ‘BOD "Biocumeloxypen demand O8G ~ Oi ad ress “Table 82: Typical industrial sources discharging metals in effluents Meal Industrial souree [aisenie | Metalargical” indus glasware and eerie productions tannery operation; dyestuf manufacture; pesticide manufacture; ‘petroleum refining; some organic and inorganic chemical manufacture; rare earth industry Barium Paint and pigment industry; wetallurgial industry; lass ‘manufacture; ceramics industry, dye manufacture; robber ‘vuleanization process; explosive industry | Metallurgical alloying process; ceramics industry, electroplating | industry; photographic industry; pigment works; textile printings chemical industry ‘Copper ‘Mia pickling bath and plating baths; chemicals mancfacturing ‘employing copper salts or copper catalyst; printed wire board industry; solar sell manufacture Fiuoride [Glass manufacture; electroplating industry. steel and aluminum | industry, pesticides manufacture; fetilizer manufacture; photographic industry; silicon wafer industry; cathode ray tube ‘industry; tee industry; solar panel manufacture in Mining operation; ore walling chemical indusiye dye “OeToad IER Technical Guidance Document J manufactare; metal processing; textile industry; petroleum ] refining | Lead acid battery manufacture; printed wire board industry Manganese Steel alloy industry; dry cell battery manufacture; glass and ‘ceramics industry; paint and varnish manufacture; ink and dye works; tannery Newury Chlorallali industry; electrical and” electronics industry explosives mamufscture; photographic industry: chemical and petrochemical industy; laboratory effluents; incinerator; batery ‘manufactore; bulb and lamp manufacture Nickel Meial processing industry; steel foundries; motor vehicle industry; sir craft industy, printing industry; chemicals industry; Aickeleletroplating industry; printed wire board Selenium Fiyash pond from fossil fuel combustion; sulfide ore processing; ined powerplant cooling water discharge Siver Porcelain works; photographie industy, Clectroplating industry; ink manufitur; printed wire board Tine ‘Steelworks; rayon yam and fiber manufacture; rubber glove industry; wood-pulp production; recirculating cooling water using cathodic teatmentIER echnical Guiguniee Wat uiiere CHAPTER 9- RECORD KEEPING Industries are requited to maintain the records of performance monitoring (PM) sctivities ofthe industrial effluent treatment systems (IETSs) and corrective actions taken to sddress upset conditions encountered in the daily operation of the TETSs “The recommended tables to be used for recording IETS performance and activites corrective actions taken to address IETS upset situations are given inthe Appendin, |All the taales can be modified to capture more PM activities and data cotleted 10 sit individu situations and requirements, The modified tables are acceptable as Tong as the major performance monitoring activites and essential parameters ae captured nd recorded. The items specified in the tables are the minimum requirements, which mst be met, Additional ectvities and more frequent data collection are recommended wherever relevant, The tables must be maintained and made available to the DOE, inspectos for inspectional purposes 9.1 Records to be maintained ‘The performance monitoring (PM) record keeping requirements are summarized as follows: All performance monitoring activites must be recorded and the records maintained «© The minimum records to be maintained are the information and entries made in the tables shown in the Appendices. The records include records of corrective actlons” and “calibration loge” of performance monitoring instruments, «+ In cases where performance monitoring parameters are monitored by on-line sensors, the records of PM data must be saved in a computer file, or on a ‘compact disc, or compiled in handwritten or printed form. ‘st the end of each month, the performance monitoring data collected must be plotted, ata minimum as an X-Y graph shown with the upper contol and lower cont! limits,tex 1ecAnical Guidance Document ‘9.2 Maintenance of performance mon The performance monitoring records must be kept in a dedicated file and made available for the inspection by the DOE inspectors during their enforcement duties. The records must be maintained for a minimum of three years after they were Prepared, Maintenance of the records also constitutes compliance with the requirement on maintaining records of operation, maintenance and performance ‘monitoring ofthe IETS as stipulated in regulation 27(1) ofthe TER. ring recordsJER Technical Guiaance Lowurim CHAPTER 10 “ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE MONITORIN ATA “This chapter is dedceted to the discussion ofthe analysis ofthe data obtained feom te performance monitoring activities. The methods of data analysis discussed inthis chapter ae only minimum recommended procedures to asist the IETS operators supervisors on how to tabulate, interpret and present data to the factory management ‘or the Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee (EPMC) in a systematic and technically acceptable fashion, The industry personnel who are in charge of she analysis of the IETS performance data ar at liberty to modify the procedures to suit the indusay's specific requirements and style 10.1 Biologial treatment processes (BPS) 10.14. From raw data to deseriptive statistics “The data that has been ebtained from the performance monitoring activities fall into two different categories, namely “direct measurements” and “computed data” Direct measurements iestude data on flowrate, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), settled sludge volume in 30 minutes setting test (SVon), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The above data is obtained either from equipment readings, field tests, flow readings or ffom measurements or laboratory tess. Computed data include sludge volume index (SVD, oxygen uptake rate (OUR), specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), food to mieroorgenism (F/M) ratio, return flow (Qx), percent return flow (Qui), hydraulic retention time (HRT), solids inventory (SI, sludge age (02), and waste sludge (Qu). ‘The next important stp is to transform the “raw data” that has been collected through IETS performance monitoring activities into some useful {inform Statistical analysis is a means for effective interpretation of the raw data Descriptive statistics helps us 0 simply summarize large amounts of data in @ sensible way. Each descriptive statistic reduces lots of data into a simple summary. Descriptive statistics ean include graphical summaries that show the spread of the data, an numerical summaries that either measure the central tendency of a data set or describe the spread of the data, Graphical summaries include the histogram,tex 1ecnnical Guidance Document ‘lispersion graphs and trend charts while measures of central tendency are commonly reported as the mean, median, and mode. Today with advancement in ‘computers, statistical analysis can easily be performed by using statistical packages, ‘which can produce results quickly and will minimize the chance of committing errs 10.12 Comparing the computed statistics with the recommended ranges ‘The statistics computed earier must be presented in a suitable format for reference, ‘ase of comparison, and effective communication between the IETS personnel and the others, The recommended table by which the ecmputed statstcscan be presented is shown in Table 10.1, The performance monitoring data which includes data on pH, ssolved oxygen, MLSS, MLVSS, BOD, COD, nutrients, SVI, OUR, SOUR SV, SVL, FIM, Qn, QuQ, HRT, SI, 0, and Qu as well as the recommended ranges are shown in this table, The recommended ranges for most of the PM parameters have been highlighted in Chapter 6, Any parameter which falls outside the recommended ranges is caily noticed, thereby prompt attention can be given. Sometimes, the situation calls for immediate corrective actions to be taken. In other situations, it calls for furthe restigation to determine or confirm the cause of the problem, ‘Whatever the circumstances are, forthe most part, prompt action is necessary in order ‘toavoid the worsening of sinuations leading to efflvent noncompliance problems, 10.13 Process control charts (PM Charts) Process control charts in IFTS operation referred to simply as performance toring charts (PM Charts) can be easily plotted by using statistical package ‘commonly available on a personal computer. Typically, the PM chart has a central line for he average, an upper line forthe upper contral limit (UCL) and a lower line forthe lower control limit (LCL). The contol limits are generally dicated by the ‘echnical characteristics of the treatment process to be controled. PM charts of various parameters auch as F/M rats, DO, MLSS, influent HUD and COD, eluent BOD and COD, SVI, SOUR, and 0, versus time ean be plotted to evaluate treatment Process control performance and its stability10.14 Summary and Status Reports IER Technical Guidance Document Its highly recommended that a Summary Report and a Monthly Status Report at prepared to summarize the status of IETS performance based on the descriptive statistics that have been tabulated in Table 10.1 and 10.2. Such reports can be regularly submitted to the Environmental Performance Mo ring, Committee (EPMC) or factory management. Examples of Summary Report and « Monthly Status Report are illustrated in the Appendices. “Table 10.1: Example of performance monitoring est results for an activated sludge syst “Type of process: Conventional Activated Sludge System Operator's name: ‘Competent person's name: Shift number Date: Time. ‘Sampling — Location) Parameter Units | Value” Recommended Parameter Remarks | range fluent or @ wa Design ve™ Equalization tank — [HOD met Denia vane” OD, na ‘Design valve" a etal enon” T os ‘Aetial enaion Tr ao ‘Aca conditon™ ? mp ‘Atal codon ™ HODTINT 10051 ‘Reraiion tank DO eT SE an a x = (1500 9 307 Xe me a0 1920007" a ‘at Sv ae Gore Ty a 7 o5@Rs Xe mat ‘Atul coon Kone matt ‘al conan os wie “Aca conion| Oud % Sw 19) Oe 7m FRR Tae Twas ‘OUR mg 010 5) SOUR ‘gO per Teme eMLvss Tap > ‘Secondary clarfier* [BOD mr Sanda Aor (CoD ai Sandia AorIER Technical Guidance Document = ma Sinise A oh 7 > SuaniardA or Ti a 70 F mei os@io ‘Gren BOD eawval |e ‘Shade Blanket = E ‘Weir len = Nore: 1 Considered at sign stage of ETS, Depends onthe acl condition of the imcoming event © DO. opically I~ 2mgiforCAS and 103.5 mal fr EAAS with itication| {1 Typical age fc convention! activa sadge system © Xrissesomed to be 08 of Sir 50100: Good sting characteristics 1 Typical ange foros efMacts 1 Compute OUR trom grin of "DO vers Tims” praph. SOUR ~ OURINLSS TIN =ansnona + ntste + nat; P sort phosphate X= mixed liquor suspended seis Ny ~ mined liquor vole spend slide Xe sanpended solid of tum activated lodge, Xyas~auspended soli of wase activated hage {Qe =retu ow; Qu ~ rate of rn ew Qe = waste sage flow ‘OUR’ oxygen spake rate: SOUR ~ specie oxygen pak rate Discharge standards: BOD (20, Sundar A [S850 Standard A} pt [6-9 Standard A] Tenpertre [=a0°C) + Secondary clarifier DO may aio be monitor ‘Table 10.2: Example of daily performance monitoring tat result or uplow anaerobic shadge blanket (UASB) “Type of proces: upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) Operator's name: ‘Competent person's names . ‘Shift umber Date eee Time Parameter Unit Value | Recommended range Flowate we Design vale B00 mgt Design alue cop mg/l Design ale pH malt 6575 Tempersture ¢ 301038 (mesophilic): [5010 52 (thermophile); “Temperature change <0. CODNratio oor 100.5101 oven g/t Sow 900 Alkali smgCacor/L. 2.00010 5000 VA/ADtiny - 105 203.25, preferably <0.1IER Tec! mica! Guidance Document a “SiO SHO (lor mathanogeneis stay |] rents) mg 250 800-5 oun asta) Desig value (“1810 139) Ming Blogs (presureand | = . * Vole eis. INSURE Sani toating rt, A source quotes ve of 1.06 103.53 ke CODY ler (Youn: rd MeCany, 1965) 10.2 Physical chemical treatment processes (PCPs) 10.2.1 Performance monitoring from e In genera, physical chemical treatment processes (PCPs) are monitored by observing and recording equipment readings directly, The data obtained from performance monitoring activities depends on the type of unit operations and unit processes of the IETS. The physical treatment processes do not usually have well defined ment readings performance monitoring parameters while the chemical treatment processes do. The performance monitoring data of PCPs include: flowrate, SS, T, pH, COD, ORP, P, metals concentration, color, chemical dosing rate, and metering pump setting. Other PM activities alse inside jar test experiments conducted to determine the optimum coagulant dosing and observations of floc formation in the coagulation process 10.2.2 Comparing measured data with the recomme “The performance monitoring data obtained fom equipment readings are then compared directly with the recommended ranges or set points. The ranges are specified based on the treatment processes involved. Additionally, a recommended led ranges practice is to set @ more conservative value for each PM parameter to serve as ‘warning lever" to alert the IETS personnel to initiate response actions when the warming level is reached. The recommended ranges for most of the PM parameters have been highlighted in Chapter 7. Far some parameters the recommended ranges or set points are typically interlocked with the values specified for chemical dosing ‘pumps to deliver the chemical reagents forthe treatment processIER Tochnical Guidance Document 10.2.3 Process control charts (PM Charts) ‘As discussed in section 10.13, a statistical package can be used to plot the Performance monitoring charts (PM Charts) which have a central line forthe average, an upper line for the upper control limit (UCL) and a lower line for the ower control limit (LCL). The control limits ae treatment process-specific. Typical 'PM parameters for physical-chemical treatment processes (PCPs) include T, pH, P, COD, ORF, and metal concentration. The control charts can serve as a tool for ‘monitoring the PCPs Ww ensure the control parameters are maintained within the acceptable ranges, hence the processes are gecuting in an optimal manner. 102.4 Su Fy and status reports Its strongly recommended that a Summary Report and a Monthly Status Report ‘are regularly propared and be submited to the management or Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee, The reports are based on the descriptive ‘tatistcs that have been tabulated in Table 10:3. Examples of a Summary Report and '8 Monthly Status Report are illustrated in the Appendices Table 10.5: Example of daily performance monitoring est results for several PCPs ‘Type of proces: Conventional Activated Shudge System Operator's name: Competent person's ne: Shif number Date: Time Process Test CheckiOvservation | Unit | Value | Recommended range Fowra a Desig lus Fguatienton fu = Desig vibe — | CoD a Design ve Meat mel Design vale Flown wd Design vale ooing Temper c Design vale lowat; ecealaion flow — [7 = Dissolved Air Flotation [SS ag : oar) ress ‘ar mas ‘Oitand Grease "Removal oar Flomte aia Desig rue 8 gt :IER Technical Guidance Decument Pal specton (onbmason wreaking | yy Desig vale ~Chemica adn slat dase La evened by ~Ceneritgaton — -eysiasaaner HOw TOOT - Electrocoagalation [we w|i als alge oT" [ston vik ero ne net Deeeniaed by iland pose ag 5 Fowrate Te Dageae———| Congulaton ane — [ph Demise by fceutaon [F sa Tarte 5 Thapecton of coon ong _ sysem ‘Mtalsremoval ( Hydrosae I [Fle wa Desig we i ‘Bete by ee - ‘esting Cal doing TE Met eanceaton aE = Suite Floware wd Desolace by | a Deieine By Taps of een daing |= —e stem 7 twytoncrhange [es Daigle Inspection oeaenen > >| Met sncesuaon ‘mel Balen vale [Brektroogh oe ‘month | Flows — a Dasige ae lectrowiniog Cire co Determined by aa ¥ ~PDeseminedoy | 7 _|sting _| Temperate e Determined by sexing Meal ansonaon ag, Flowrte is Desig vat i ‘Deter singIER Technical Guidance Document on av Taig] ata oa : | en cymisetratmert | ove i Dest aae at : Design ox av Desir Canton (9 carom sorption [Fava wa ala ae re «a cs | regan CoD. = ay Desig aie Bre ne on (9 Batch operaon | Rowe —a [ie ASE rae eerily feng canes a Saeed ae xenon (Chemica ovation | Fone wa Danae a Det roar av Denil Fr wa Dene ne Teas Ss Daninaoy ine [ree oF Thaioy L sing [Fowin i ag we Advanced Sadat Prcenes [PE = Decisd by aon, eng ‘est Membrane fration [Foss wa Dea ae a : Sessa i ar Seip Pasta cee ing | eat ——| = Maia ration as Dagan ——| ” Sar Desig —he Designs iu asgrae (i) Bag et wa Tape \_ sr Dag ie Sipping 0 Air sripping a OSIER Tecnica! Guidance Document : Faas co saber [Temersiae % Design vl Roe ~ [ada : ty Stamstripping | _| o a Desa Prowere br Des vale [esperar cs Desi vale vor roy | Fioomie(Efioon, Aig [m7 Dali ae uy Ammonia siping PPSSHE ber Desig vale a Teme = Daigrane | [Serie precip 7 loweate EME) re De ae co Determined by Magician costs orate | mB Paice ty | _ tein ‘Vazauas evaporation [Float =a [Designate Dita aly a Design vale Tener ka Desig ae - Pres he sien Nae Processed inthe Table 102 ad parameters dete ae not exhaustive. The indy pesonnel ‘may oon more parameters when necessary, Ips ~O.1 it OOIER Technical Guidance Document ‘MODULE 11: SOLIDS HANDLING AND DEWATERING OPERATIONS ‘A fill package of an industrial effluent treatment system (IETS) will invariably include @ sludge handling and disposal system (SHDS), In effluent treatment ‘sceniios in Malaysia, whether an IETS(BP) or IETS(PCP) is employe, the shudge is, ‘comronly dewatered using one ofthe several mechanical dewatering technologies available in the market. These include pressure filters, belt presses, rotary presses, ‘Screw presses, centrifuges, or less commonly, sludge drying beds, ot drying lagoons, for dryers. Before undergoing the mechanical dewstering process, the sludge may be conditioned to improve its dewatering characteristics. chem 11.1 Polymer selection and dosage determination Laboratory tests should be conducted to select the right polymer and determine its ‘optimum dosage. Such fests include the capillary suction test or the Buchner funnel test, Tests performed and results obtained must be maintained, 11.2 Performance monitoring of sludge dewatering systems ‘Typically, sludge volume generated, operation hours ofthe sludge dewatering system, polymer use, feed solids, cake solids, solids capture, and sludge generation are monitored,IER Technical Guidance Locuri ‘MODULE 12: MAINTENANCE OF IETS COMPONENTS AND PM INSTRUMENTS “To accomplish a success story in the treatment of industil effluents, not only the LIFTS must be designed adequately, but the IETS hardware must also be maintained in smooth working conditions and the processes occuring in the various treatment components must be operated optimally. All the above factors must be given adoquateatenion in order to ensure quality effluent is produced ona sustined bass 12.1 Maintenance of IETS hardware components ‘Whether an IETS is a small, simple system or & large, complex, state of the art wenance (O&M) plan must be drawn system, a comprehensive operation and m: up and implemented. O&M plan must include both aspects of maintenance: preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance, The preventive maintenance jn tum consists of periodic ms structural, mechanical and electrical engineering components and equipment to prevent structural, mechanical and electrical failures from ovcurring. Corre: ‘maintenance addresses and fixes the problems after they have oocurred. The O&M ‘must cover both the IETS structural, mechanical, and electrical components and enance and predictive maintenance of the performance monitoring equipment and instrumentation system, ‘The TETS hardware includes a whole range of stmctural and mechanical ‘components such as pumps, sereens, aeration tanks, aeration system (blowers, compressors), mixers, skimmers, equalization tank, pH adjustment tank, precipitation tank, carbon adsorption column, dissolved ar flotation system, piping system, valves, motors, chemical dosirg systems, chemical storage tanks, clarifiers, te, Plestrcal ‘components may als Form an essential part ofthe IETS. Successful achievement of the goal to treat the raw effluent and produce compliant effluent on a continuous basis depends on the uninterrupted operation of all the IETS components, The later in tum depends on rigorous implementation ofthe O&M plan 122 tenance of performance monitoring instraments ‘Another group of hardware components i the PM equipment and instrumentation system installed for the purpose of monitoring the processes occurring inthe IETSJER Technical Guidance Document ‘treatment components. Table 12.1 summarizes the typical PM equipment and their ‘use in monitoring the operation of IETS, ‘Table 12.1: IETS erformance monitoring instruments and ther use ‘Tnstrument [Used principally for monitoring PCP or BP? pH meter ~ ‘Boi BPs and PCPs DO meter BPs ORP meter ‘Both BPs and PCPs BOD associated squipment and on Tine | BPs BOD analyzers ‘COD reacior and specrophotometer ‘Both BPs and PCPs TOC meter and associated equipment | Both BPs and PCPs SSmeter Both BPs and PCPS "Sludge Judge” or automatio sludge depth | BPs eters Graduated cylinder, seteometer, lnbolt | BPs ) Respuomieter - BPs Spectrophowometer Both BPs and POPS “Thenmometer Both BPs and POPS Turbidity meter ‘Both BPs-and PCPs Ton specific cletroces Both BPs and PCPS Pressure gage Both BPs and PCPS Flow meter and wialzer Both BPs and PCPs ThterfaceTevel analyzer Both BPs and PCPS Colormster POPE 123 Mamtenance of IETS hardware ‘manufacturers? recommendations Proper functioning of the TETS hardware and PM instruments according to and PM instruments ie a prerequisite to achieving success in the operation of the IETS, Proper fusctioning of the hardwareIER Technical Guidance Document performed in accordance with the procedure specified inthe manuals produced by the ‘manufacturers: The importance of instrument maintenance and calibration cannot be ‘overemphasized, 124 Record keeping requirements “The industries must maintain records of the OAM of the IETS components and PM instruments for management purposes and the inspection by the DOE officers. file must be kepl foreach piece of equipment or instrument which contains the operator's manual, the preventive and corrective maintenance schedule, and records of all maintenance and repairs performed, including exact nature of the problem, the date of repair, wha: was done, and who did it, Examples of meter caisration logs and instrument maintenance and repair records are shown in the Appendices.IER Technical Guidance Document (CHAPTER 13-ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING With the lofty goal to develop an industrial society that has an intrinsic culture of Pride in environmental excellence (ER), the Department of Environment (DOE) has ‘embarked on a program entitled “Guided Self-Regulation™ (GSR). To assist the ‘regulated sector to achieve the state of self-regulation, the DOE has formulated a set of environmental mainstreaming (KM) tools tobe implemented inthe organizations ‘and industrial premises. The EM (ools include: ‘+ Environnental policy (EP) ‘+ Environnental budgeting (EB) ‘+ Environmental monitoring committee (EMC) ‘+ Environmental fclity (EF) + Environmental competency (EC) ‘+ Environmental reporting and communication (ERC) + Buvisoueutal eansparency (ET) ‘The EM tools ar briefly explained in the following sections 13.1 Environmental policy (EP) ‘The environmental policy (EP) of successful organizations uses strong and ‘unequivocal statements to convey their environmental commitment 0 their ‘employees, clients, stakeholders and the public, The EP is disseminated to all relevant ‘parties and translated into action in the organization's work procedures, materials ‘purchasing policy, business decision making process and cascades down tothe supply chain, 13.2 Environmental budgeting (EB) Sulicient budget must be set aside solely for the purpose of taking measures to comply with the environmental regulatory requirements and other environmental: related efforts, At the design stage, budget must be available for the design and installation of the pollution control facilities, while at the operational stage, budget ‘must be allocted for proper operation and maintenance of pollution control systems ‘and management of waste generated by the industry. The environmental budget alsoIER Technical Guidance Locumen includes the cus for setting up of laboratory facilities, provsion of personnel, and purchase of performance monitoring equipment. 133 Eavironmres ‘monitoring committee (EMC) “The success of an organization to comply with the environmental requirements is ‘contingent upon the relevant personnel in different departments in the organization playing their role in an effective manner. To promote colletive responsibilty 0 be cavironmeatally compliant, two monitoring committees ae setup: one atthe working evel, the other atthe policy level. At the working level, the committee known asthe environmental performance monitoring committee (EPMC) is chaired by a senior “offical of the organization and it meets on a monthly bass, oF ata minimum, once in ‘a quarter. At the potey level, the committee is known as the enviromental lance monitoring committce (ERCMC), which meets at a ‘minimum, once a year. The ehiet executive officer or ehitman of the organization chairs the ERCMC, regulatory com 134 Environmental taciity (EF) ‘The primary componetts of the environmental facilities (EFs) include industrial cffluent treatment system, a pollution contol systen aux! essociated support facilites such as laboratory, performance monitoring equipment, on-line instrumentation system, and waste management infrastrecture. The above form an frastructural planning, which cannot be integral past of the company's overall compromised. 135 Environmental competency (EC) “The elevant personnel irvolved in discharging various environmental responsibilities within an organization need to possess the required competencies. The personne! {include those who have been assigned the task to perform DOE-reyulated functions to manege waste and supervise the operation of air pollution controt and effluent treatment systems. The organizations must draw up a comprehensive training, program to produce competent persons and trained support staff to ensure full ‘compliance with the DOE requirements inthe regulated activities.IER Technical Guidance Document 13.6 Environmental reporting and communieaton (ERC) ‘A formal communication channel must be established for reporting environmental foncems and system upsets which warrant prompt actions to be instituted, Internal "reporting can be initiated to report on a regular basis the regulatory compliance status of the organization to the chief executive officer (CEO) and vatious heads of the ‘department within the organization. Updates of new environmental requirements and ‘heir implications can be disseminated to the relevant company personnel. ERC requires systemati alysis of PM data, which must be sumnmatized in appropriate ‘format for easy understanding and communication and maintained for management review purposes 13.7 Environmental transparency (ET) To foster rapport withthe immediate neighbors, promote green image, and improve public confidence, companies are encouraged to be more transparent in their ‘environmental compliance and achievement. Compliance status can be displayed on company website or billboard located atthe boundary or entrance fo the company's Premise. An environmental sustainability report can be prepared for the company {to showcase its success in managing the environmental concerns of the company

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