Journal of Geophysics and Engineering

J. Geophys. Eng. 14 (2017) 1283–1289 (7pp) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2140/aa7f4e

Application effectiveness of the microtremor

survey method in the exploration of
geothermal resources
Baoqing Tian1,2, Peifen Xu1,2, Suqun Ling3, Jianguo Du4, Xueqiu Xu4 and
Zhonghe Pang1,2

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1
Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
2
Geothermal Research Centre, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
3
Geo-Analysis Institute Co. Ltd, Tokyo 184-0012, Japan
4
Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210049, People’s Republic of China

Received 9 January 2017, revised 6 June 2017

Accepted for publication 12 July 2017
Published 18 September 2017

Abstract
Geophysical techniques are critical tools of geothermal resource surveys. In recent years, the
microtremor survey method, which has two branch techniques (the microtremor sounding
technique and the two-dimensional (2D) microtremor profiling technique), has become a
common method for geothermal resource exploration. The results of microtremor surveys
provide important deep information for probing structures of geothermal storing basins and
researching the heat-controlling structures, as well as providing the basis for drilling positions of
geothermal wells. In this paper, the southern Jiangsu geothermal resources area is taken as a
study example. By comparing the results of microtremor surveys and drilling conclusions, and
analyzing microtremor survey effectiveness, and geological and technical factors such as
observation radius and sampling frequency, we study the applicability of the microtremor survey
method and the optimal way of working with this method to achieve better detection results. A
comparative study of survey results and geothermal drilling results shows that the microtremor
sounding technique effectively distinguishes sub-layers and determines the depth of geothermal
reservoirs in the area with excellent layer conditions. The error of depth is generally no more
than 8% compared with the results of drilling. It detects deeper by adjusting the size of the
probing radius. The 2D microtremor profiling technique probes exactly the buried structures
which display as low velocity anomalies in the apparent velocity profile of the S-wave. The
anomaly is the critical symbol of the 2D microtremor profiling technique to distinguish and
explain the buried geothermal structures. 2D microtremor profiling results provide an important
basis for locating exactly the geothermal well and reducing the risk of drilling dry wells.
Keywords: geothermal detection, microtremor survey method (MSM), applicability

(Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)

Introduction belongs to one of the most prospective geothermal develop-

Geothermal resources are one kind of renewable and
environment-friendly clean energy which are gaining people’s
attention. Jiangsu Province is located at the high heat geo-
thermal anomaly zone on the eastern Chinese coast, and has
good geothermal potential and geological conditions. It
mental regions (Pang et al 2012). However, the geothermal
resources of Jiangsu Province are controlled by tectonic
structures so that their spatial distribution is highly uneven.
Because of the complex thermal storing background and
kinds of reservoir (Yang et al 2012, Luo et al 2015), geo-
thermal exploration faces enormous practical difficulties in

1742-2132/17/0501283+07$33.00 1283 © 2017 Sinopec Geophysical Research Institute Printed in the UK

J. Geophys. Eng. 14 (2017) 1283
determining the geothermal drilling location; thus, we still
have to manage high risk to get a successful well. Geophy-
sical probing methods provide an important basis for the
location of geothermal wells and improve the success rate of
geothermal drilling wells. Among the many geological
probing methods that can be used in geothermal surveys, the
microtremor survey method (MSM) is a completely new kind
of geophysical technique. It has gradually become the com-
mon technique for geothermal surveying (Tian et al 2016).
Using ambient noise to probe underground structures has
been applied worldwide. It is used to investigate the upper
subsurface structure (Christian and William 2017), which can
help to understand better the geometry and velocity structure
of the survey region (Sabra et al 2005, Christian and William
2017). Using seismic noise can achieve the S-wave velocity
field, and so it is also used to define the Vs model in the crust
and upper mantle (Shapiro and Campillo 2004, Yang et al
2007, Nunziata et al 2009, Costanzo and Nunziata 2014,
2017). In the geothermal field, Lyer and Hitchcock (1972 and
1974) used ambient noise as one kind of geothermal
exploration tool, analyzing the eruption cycle of intermittent
spa by using the recorded 48 h ambient noise. The abnormal
ambient noise is associated with geothermal zones by ana-
lyzing the ambient noise of Yellowstone National Park. Ran
and Wang (1994) probed the geothermal reservoir success-
fully in Beijing Huaxiang Park by using a longwave micro-
tremor survey method. Ye (2004) and He et al (2007) did
much field study of the microtremor sounding technique (one
branch of MSM) and provided a velocity structure of 0 ∼
3 km for geothermal development in Beijing. Based on the
traditional microtremor sounding technique, Xu et al
(2009, 2012a, 2012b, 2013a and 2013b) developed a 2D
microtremor profiling technique (another branch of MSM). It
has been applied to probe buried faults of deep layers in
several places of Jiangsu Province and enabled finding
the deep structures of geothermal reservoirs. Moreover,
Maximilien et al (2017) used ambient noise tomography to
depict deep geothermal reservoirs.
The MSM includes the microtremor sounding technique
and 2D microtremor profiling technique. The former is
applied to divide strata and achieve the one-dimensional
S-wave velocity structure. The latter is used to detect the
buried structures. MSM has played an important role in the
surveying of geothermal resources and locating the geother-
mal wells of several places in Jiangsu Province. Hence, large
original data and detection results are accumulated. However,
the effectiveness of MSM is different because that different
region has different geothermal reservoirs, geological struc-
tures and working method of MSM. In this paper, we use the
drilling achievement data of geothermal resources’ develop-
ment in Jiangsu Province to compare with microtremor
detection results in order to analyze the relation of micro-
tremor survey effectiveness, geothermal reservoirs and heat-
controlling structures. This research provides a technological
demonstration for better geothermal exploration and location
of drilling positions for geothermal wells, here, and in other
similar areas. Moreover, it has important instructional
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B Tian et al
significance in developing geothermal resources and
improving the success rate of geothermal well drilling.
Theory and method of MSM
The MSM is based on stationary stochastic processing theory.
It extracts the Rayleigh wave dispersion curve from the
microtremor signal (Xu et al 2009) by applying the SPAC
method (Cho et al 1999). Its observation array is introduced
below (Aki 1957, Okada and Ling 1994, Ling 1994,
Okada 2003).
Under the assumption that the microtremor signal of the
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observation points is stationary in the spatial domain, we
know the azimuthal average of the spatial autocorrelation
function S(ω, r, θ) of the center observation point of the cir-
cular array and the observation point whose azimuth is θ
under the angular frequency ω.
1 2p
S˜ (w , r ) =
2p ò0 S (w , r , q ) d q
1 2p
= h 0 (w ) ⋅
2p 0 òexp {ikr cos (q - f)}
= h 0 (w ) ⋅ J0 (kr ) , (1 )
where k represents the wavenumber, J0 represents the first
kind zero-order Bessel function.
Else
S˜ (w , r ) = S (w , 0) ⋅ J0 (kr ) , (2 )
where S(ω,0) represents the autocorrelation function of the
center observation point. We get the equation below by
normalization of the upper equation and definition of the
spatial autocorrelation coefficients ρ(ω, r).
r (w , r ) = S˜ (w , r ) S (w , 0)
= J0 (kr ) = J0 (wr c (w )). (3 )
Since ω=2πf, equation (3) is transformed into
⎡ 2pfr ⎤
r ( f , r ) = J0 ⎢ ⎥. (4 )
⎣ c( f ) ⎦
In the circular array with the radius r, the spatial auto-
correlation coefficient is related to frequency and displays the
change of the first kind zero-order Bessel function.
With the upper equations, c( f ) is calculated to fit out the
phase velocity dispersion curve.
Microtremor data acquisition
In this case, we use Suzhou in Jiangsu (location is shown in
figure 2) as an example to show the microtremor signal. Using
SPAC to extract the dispersion curve requires putting in the
three station points of every triangle, shown as the small
circles in figure 1. Figure 3 shows a sample of thre recorded
signal at the survey point. Each trace represents the vertical
component of the surface particle motion at each sensor’s
location.
J. Geophys. Eng. 14 (2017) 1283
Figure 1. Observation array of SPAC (Xu et al 2012a).
Application of MSM in the detection points and its
comparative analysis
Comparing the drilling well materials of geothermal resour-
ces’ development with the microtremor detection results, we
analyzed and made a conclusion of the relation between
detection effectiveness, geothermal reservoirs and heat-con-
trolling structures.
Analysis of microtremor sounding technique
The southern Jiangsu geothermal resources zone has excellent
undestroyed strata. It mainly has six series of geothermal reser-
voirs and cap rocks. The analysis is shown below of the drilling
achievements and results of the microtremor sounding technique.
We take one microtremor survey point in Suzhou from all
66 survey points in Jiangsu Province as an example to illustrate
this analysis. In the Suzhou national tourist vacation resort, the
observation radius is 300-150-75 meter which is determined by
the field condition. After obtaining the dispersion curve, the
underground S-wave velocity structure is achieved by using the
genetic algorithm inversion. The dispersion curve and under-
ground S-wave velocity are shown in figure 4.
Based on the data of table 1, the analysis is shown below.
In the Suzhou national tourist vacation resort, the detection
target reservoirs are the shale and limestone of the bottom of
the Permian and the top of the Carboniferous. The micro-
tremor sounding technique effectively detects the depth of
bedrock, such as the boundary between the Quaternary and
Cretaceous in this area. In the strata of the Cretaceous,
mudstone and sandstone are the main components. However,
there is ruptured limestone in the top of the Triassic which has
small velocity differences between the mudstone and sand-
stone. Because the microtremor sounding technique is based
on the velocity differences of rock, it cannot divide them into
different layers. In the different neighboring geological ages,
the microtremor sounding technique distinguishes the depth
of the interface exactly. The microtremor sounding technique
exactly detects the interface if the velocity difference is large
enough. In the same geological conditions, this technique
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B Tian et al
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Figure 2. Survey location: Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (Xu et al 2012a).
cannot divide the different layers, although the rock properties
are different. In the geothermal resources exploration, it
always exactly probes the depth of geothermal reservoirs
because the geothermal gap rocks and reservoirs always have
a large velocity difference.
We obtain the inversion results from 66 microtremor
survey points. These results are further compared with the
drilling results in 13 areas. We finally verify these results with
actual geological materials. The microtremor sounding tech-
nique effectively probes the depth of the bedrock surface,
which means that the interface is clear between Cenozoic and
Mesozoic. The S-wave velocity of Cenozoic is about
0.4–0.5 km s−1; in several areas, the velocity reaches
0.65 km s−1. The relative error of the detected layers of
Cenozoic and Mesozoic is small, only about 0–3%. In the
Cretaceous and Jurassic, the layered effect is relatively poor,
mainly because the components of these two geological strata
are sandstone, mudstones and conglomerate. Nevertheless,
the microtremor sounding technique can still divide the
interfaces. The relative error is about 10–15% in these two
geological times. The S-wave velocity of the bedrock surface
is more than 1 km s−1. However, in some areas the S-wave
velocity is as low as 0.85–0.97 km s−1, which is mainly
affected by the stratum of the Cenozoic.
The layered effect is good between the Triassic and the
Permian. At the bottom of the Triassic, the main component is
limestone and a small part mudstone. On the top of the Per-
mian, the main component is shale and mudstone, which is
different to the Triassic. As a result, the layer is clear and has a
high accuracy. The relative error between these strata is about
3–8%. The layered effectiveness is clear between the Dalong,
Longtan and Gufeng formations and the Qixia formation of the
Permian and Chuanshan, Huanglong, and Hezhou formations
of the Carboniferous. The main components of the Dalong,
Longtan and Gufeng formations of the Permian are shale,
mudstone and sandstone. The main components of the Qixia
formation of the Permian and Chuanshan, Huanglong, and
Hezhou formations of the Carboniferous are limestone and
J. Geophys. Eng. 14 (2017) 1283 B Tian et al

Figure 3. Sample of recorded microtremor signal in Suzhou.

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Figure 4. Dispersion curve and S-wave velocity of Suzhou national tourist vacation resort.

Table 1. Contrast table of the drilling achievements and microtremor sounding technique results in Suzhou national tourist vacation resort.

(Data in the shaded area is the result of the microtremor sounding technique)

dolomite, which have a significant wave velocity difference. layers exactly when the S-wave velocity contrast is more than
This determines that the technique has a good layered effect 0.7 km s−1 and the relative error is about 5–10%. When the
and the relative error is about 6%. In the same geological time, S-wave velocity difference is less than 0.5 km s−1, the layered
it is hard to layer. In parts of the areas, this method divides accuracy is worse and the relative error is about 20–25%.

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Figure 5. The microtremor Vx cross-section. The geologic column from a well drilled later, between survey points C and D, is displayed on
the right for comparison. (The fault/fracture related low velocity anomaly is indicated by the white dashed line.)

Figure 6. Curve showing temperature of geothermal aquifers changing with depth.

In the areas which have complex structures, the micro-
tremor sounding technique has bad detection effectiveness
because the complex structures destroy the strata. It leads to a
mixture of rocks and the resulting velocity contrast would be
small, which does not satisfy the application prerequisite of the
microtremor sounding technique. In the areas invaded by
magma, it is hard to layer because the velocity contrast is too
small between the volcanic rocks, such as andesite, basalt and
carbonate. The interfaces which are divided by the microtremor
sounding technique are interfaces where the velocity contrast is
apparent. These interfaces sometimes are not consistent with
the geological interfaces.

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J. Geophys. Eng. 14 (2017) 1283 B Tian et al

Table 2. Result of pumping test. (Vx-profile). Figure 6 is the T-D curve of this geothermal
well. Finally, we chose the best aquifer according the result of
No. 1 2 3
the pumping test which is shown in table 2.
Depth of static water 803.42 803.42 803.42 From the microtremor survey section, we see that the
level (m) section is divided into four layers. The first layer has rela-
Depth of dynamic 1136.07 1009.46 939.42 tively uniform rock. In this layer, the apparent S-wave velo-
water level (m) city of the left and right side of point D are significantly
Drawdown of water 332.65 206.04 136.00
different. The apparent S-wave velocity below A-D is lower
level (m)
Water yield m3 h−1 15.94 11.25 8.56
than D-I. The thickness and Vx of this layer changes slightly.
m3 d−1 382.56 270.00 205.44 In the second layer there appear some local Vx anomalies and
Unit out of water 0.01331 0.01517 0.01748 the bottom boundary shows large undulations. The rock
(l s−1 m) property of this layer has horizontal localized changes. Near
Water temperature of 55.0 54.0 53.0 the steep Vx shape there is a low velocity anomaly in the third
well head (°C)

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Pumping duration (h) 77.30 31.30 41.00
Stabilization time (h) 43.30 24.00 35.30
Analysis of 2D microtremor profiling technique
In the process of detecting structures, it is not necessary to
invert the S-wave velocity value. We can detect structures just
by achieving the velocity changing discipline in the S-wave
velocity section. An empirical formula (equation (5)) is
applied to calculate Vx directly after achieving the surface
wave dispersion curve of each microtremor detection point.
After transforming the phase velocity dispersion curve (Vr-f )
into the curve which is the apparent S-wave velocity changing
with depth (Vx∼H), the apparent S-wave velocity colorful
section is achieved by interpolation and smoothing among all
the survey points.
⎛ ti ⋅ V 4 - ti - 1 ⋅ V 4 ⎞1/4
r,i- 1
Vx, i = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ,
r,i
(5 )
⎝ ti - ti-1 ⎠ the microtremor apparent S-wave velocity section, which is
Where Vr represents the velocity of the Rayleigh wave, ti is
the cycle.
The apparent S-wave velocity Vx is a surface wave
parameter which is different from the phase velocity Vr and
S-wave velocity Vs. The result of the 2D microtremor pro-
filing technique reflects the change in the layer’s rock prop-
erties and structures because it avoids the effect of setting the
initial model in the inversion and the choice of inversion
results, which is done by manual work. This section is used to
explain and infer the geology (Xu et al 2009, 2012a).
In the Jurong Chishanhu area, a total of 9 microtremor
survey points (A–I) were arranged along a 2D line. The
spacings between each adjacent pair of points are:
AB=100 m, BC=50 m, CD=50 m, DE=50 m, EF =
50 m, FG=50 m, GH=100 m, HI=100 m. At each sur-
vey point, we used a multiple circular array with four
observation circles. Their corresponding observation radiuses
are 400, 200, 100, and 50 m, respectively. We achieved the
2D microtremor survey section of Jurong. The geothermal
well was drilled at a location between C and D. The well
successfully produced 382 m3 d−1 of hot water with a temp-
erature of ∼55 °C, meeting our customer’s design require-
ments. Figure 5 is the apparent S-wave velocity profile
layer. The bottom boundary shows large undulations. These
appearances show that structures develop in this stratum. In
the fourth layer, the Vx change is small and the rock is uni-
form, structures are agenesis. The successful geothermal well
is located at the middle low velocity geobody of the three low
velocity geobodies.
We analyze eight 2D microtremor profiling sections and
compare them with drilling results in three areas. Our method
had high accuracy in probing structures. In the Vx section, the
layer with stable deposit can be tracked laterally with con-
tinuous comparison. At places where there are strong lateral
changes in rock properties, such as heavily faulted, fractured,
and damaged zones, the distorted dispersion curves will
generate considerable errors in the inverted S-wave velocity.
Even though its absolute values may not make sense, the
lateral velocity changes are used to identify anomalous geo-
bodies, for example fractured zones.
By comparison and analysis between microtremor pro-
filing sections and drilling results, the buried faulted and
fractured zone shows significantly low velocity anomalies in
the critical signature to explain and identify the buried geo-
thermal structures. It shows high effectiveness and accuracy
in detecting controlling-heat structures by using the 2D
microtremor profiling technique. Hence, it provides critical
information for developing convective type geothermal
resources. This method has better detection effectiveness
when the target is a normal fault which has a fractured zone.
Conclusion
The microtremor sounding technique has high accuracy to
probe the depth of target geothermal reservoirs if the stratum is
good within the geothermal anomaly region. We have shown
that the microtremor sounding technique was effective in
probing the target geothermal reservoir in the southern Jiangsu
geothermal resources zone. The accuracy is high in probing the
interface between the Cenozoic and Mesozoic. In the Meso-
zoic, the layered effectiveness is relatively bad between the
Cretaceous and Jurassic. The layered effectiveness is relatively
good between the Triassic and Permian. The S-wave velocity
of the Cenozoic layer is about 0.4–0.5 km s−1. In small areas,
the velocity reaches 0.65 km s−1. The S-wave velocity of the
bedrock surface is above 1 km s−1. If the signal has low

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J. Geophys. Eng. 14 (2017) 1283
frequency information, the microtremor sounding technique
accurately probes geothermal reservoirs by adjusting the size of
the detection radius in the areas which have better layers.
The microtremor sounding technique provides the
S-wave velocity structure of the underground media and
determines the velocity interface with an error of 5–10%. The
S-wave velocity structure of the survey point can infer and
explain the depth of mainly geological interfaces. By com-
bining the known materials, we determine the depth of the
target geothermal reservoir, which provides critical instruc-
tion to drill the geothermal well.
In the area chosen as the pre-concentration geothermal
well, we achieve both several sounding results of microtremor
survey points and apparent S-wave velocity section by the 2D
microtremor profiling technique. This helps us to know the
exact position of buried fault structures in horizon. The 2D
microtremor profiling technique effectively divides the velo-
city layer in the section of the geothermal well and finds the
structure-abnormal zones.
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to the reviewers and the editor
for their critical review of this paper. The first author thanks
Difu Fan, Keqi Ji and Pengfei Zou of the Geothermal Center
of Geological Survey, and Kangming Dai and Zuohong
Zhang of the Geological Exploration Technology Institute of
Jiangsu Province, for their cooperation in providing the sup-
port and permission to publish this work. The support for this
work was provided by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China (Grant No. 41474044).
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