Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tlmjv0kftjy7kszci4ji Signature Poli 160528123707
Tlmjv0kftjy7kszci4ji Signature Poli 160528123707
Secondary PEM:
the need for growth is greater than can be supplied.
decreased nutrient absorption
increase nutrient losses
Linear growth ceases
Static weight
Weight loss
Wasting
1. Kwashiorkor
2. Marasmic-kwashiorkor
3. Marasmus
4. Nutritional dwarfing
5. Underweight child
Classification of PEM (FAO/WHO)
Body weight Oedema Deficit in
as percentage weight for
of standard height
Kwashiorkor 60 – 80 + +
Marasmic < 60 + ++
kwashiorkor
Marasmus < 60 0 ++
May be masked by
-WEIGHT FOR HEIGHT Very low edema
-APPETITE
Usually good Poor
-DIARRHOEA
Often Often
-SKIN CHANGES
Usually none Diffuse pigmentation,
sometimes ‘flaky paint
dermatitis’
-HAIR CHANGES
Seldom Sparse, silky, easily
pulled out
-HEPATIC ENLARGEMENT
None Sometimes due to
accumulation of fat
MARASMIC-KWASHIORKOR
A severely malnourished child
with features of both
marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
• The features of
Kwashiorkor are severe
oedema of feet and legs
and also hands, lower
arms, abdomen and face.
Also there is pale skin and
hair, and the child is
unhappy.
• There are also signs of
marasmus, wasting of the
muscles of the upper arms,
shoulders and chest so that
you can see the ribs.
NUTRITIONAL DWARFING OR
STUNTING
• Some children adapt to prolonged
insufficiency of food-energy and protein by a
marked retardation of growth.
• Weight and height are both reduced and in
the same proportion, so they appear
superficially normal.
UNDERWEIGHT CHILD
– Clinical
– Anthropometric
– Dietary
– Laboratory
Investigations for PEM
• Full blood counts, inflammatory markers;
• Blood glucose profile, lipidic profile
• Iron, vitamin levels;
• Microbiology: septic screening,stool & urine for parasites &
germs;
• Electrolytes, Ca, Ph & Mg;
• Serum proteins, protein electrophoresis;
• immunological status: cellular immunity - decreased T cell,
interferon, IDR lack of response to tuberculin; humoral
immunity - low IgA (secretory IgA), IgM - high, low IgG.
• Decrease complement C3;
• Exclude HIV & malabsorption.
Investigations for PEM
In essence:
• decrease serum albumins → edema;
• decrease apoproteins (lipoproteins carrier);
• storage of fat in the liver (fatty infiltration);
Clinical outcomes: oedema, hepatomegaly
(fatty liver), changes in hair growth and skin
(areas of hypo-or hyperpigmentation, fissures),
diarrhea (villous atrophy), predisposition to
infection (humoral and cellular immunity
disturbed).
Anthropometric assessment of
malnutrition
anthropometric criteria :
percentiles method (normal 10-90).
standard derivations method (normal + / - 2 SD).
ponderal index (PI)
PI = actual weight of the child / ideal weight (W of child of
the same age located on the 50th percentile of the growth
curve).
After the PI values : 3 degrees of PEM(Gomez)
degree I (PI = 0.89 to 0.76);
degree II (PI = 0.75 to 0.60);
degree III ( PI = 0.60).
PI = 0.90- underweight or child at risk of malnutrition.
Anthropometric assessment of
malnutrition
The protein malnutrition are two degrees:
degree I PI = 0.8-0.6 - KWASHIORKOR;
degree II PI= 0.6 – MARASMIC KWASHIORKOR
Head circumference (HC) - highlights the true growth in the first two years.
Midarm circumference (measured at the ½ distance between the acromion
and olecranon) pathological - under 13 cm - available in children over 2
years.
Assessment of malnutrition- functional criteria
1. Hospital Treatment
The following conditions should be corrected. Hypothermia,
hypoglycemia, infection, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, anaemia
and other vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
2. Dietary Management
The diet should be from locally available staple foods - inexpensive,
easily digestible, evenly distributed throughout the day and increased
number of feedings to increase the quantity of food.
3. Rehabilitation
The concept of nutritional rehabilitation is based on practical
nutritional training for mothers in which they learn by feeding their
children back to health under supervision and using local foods.
TREATMENT
General principles:
The recovery of PEM (II and III degree) :
I. The initial phase
•Correction of water & electrolyte imbalance;
• Treatment of infectious complications.
II. Repair phase
• Dietary therapy;
• Correction of deficiencies (anemia, rickets, hypovitaminosis, etc).
III. Convalescence phase
• Restoration of body composition;
• Enhancing healing.
Optimal objective is to resume growth after 2-3 weeks of starting the
diet and clinical recovery in 6-8 weeks.
TREATMENT
I)Parenteral nutrition for 2-3 days → enteral nutrition with
flow probe using hyperproteic and hypercaloric solutions ;
II) Early initiation of oral nutrition :
– hypoallergenic preparations rich in proteins and calories, low
osmolarity: Alfare, PeptiJunior, Pregestimil, Nutramigen,
Pregomin or amino acid formulas, such as Neocate .
– Keep in parallel parenteral intake of carbohydrates, amino
acids, lipids.
– Simultaneously treating infections, hypoproteinemia, anemia,
multivitamins deficiencies .
– This variant is also little used because it requires specials
dietetics and carefully monitorization of nutritional therapy .
TREATMENT
III) after fluid replacement and electrolyte - digestive tolerance :
- with carrot soup or rice mucilage (in various concentrations ) in a dose of
150-200 ml / kg ( not exceeding 1000 ml / day)
- carbohydrates were obtained from glucose 5%, 7 %, 10 % and chicken
mixed proteins ( hypoallergenic, 100g , 17g protein).
- after normalization of the stools ( 7 days) :oil gradually (3-4 ml / day ) and
after 10 days from the beginning of enteral diet →hypoallergenic
preparation can be inserted (!preparations lactose free- can induce cow's
milk protein intolerance ) .
- week 4 :sugar (restoring lactose tolerance is difficult , 3-4 months);
- flour products containing gluten will not enter until full recovery;
- increases in protein - calorie intake by parenteral administration of
carbohydrates , amino acids and proteins;
- treat the infection , iron or vitamin deficiencies .
Education
• Patient
• Family
• Community
• WHO
PREVENTION
• Promotion of breast feeding
• Development of low cost weaning
• Nutrition education and promotion of
correct feeding practices
• Family planning and spacing of births
• Immunization
• Food fortification
• Early diagnosis and treatment
Complications
• Hypoglycemia
• Hypothermia
• Hypokalemia
• Hyponatremia
• Heart failure
• Dehydration & shock
• Infections (bacterial, viral & thrush)