1. Describe the statement of ―the changing winds and shifting sands of foreign language teaching method!

d! What factors which

contribute to the change in trends? From what fields does foreign language teaching method owe some insights for
method?
Answer : Language teaching methods are just like fashions. They come into existence, used, and replaced. This is a sketch of these changing
winds and shifting sands of foreign language teaching over the years In the early history of foreign language teaching methodology there emerged
Grammar Translation Method, Reading Method, Direct Method, Situational Language Teaching, Audiolingual Method, and Cognitive Code
Learning. The factors which contribute to the change in trends are:
- Traditional Linguistic
- Structural Linguistic
- Generative Grammar
- Communicative Competent Theory
- Sistemic Functional Linguistic

The changing winds and shifting sands can also be seen in the emergence of a number of new theories of learning. Among these theories have
been popular and become the bases of the theoretical foundations in the field of education. They are socio-cultural and constructivism.

2. What does Classical Method, designer methods, Communicative Approach, and scientific approach mean and their
characteristics!
Answer : Classical method or at the end of the 19th century known as the Grammar Translation Method is Learning just focused on
grammatical rules, and syntactic structures, along with rote memorization of vocabulary and translation of literary texts. There was no provision
for the oral use of the languages under study.
Characteristics:

Designer methods, on the grounds that they took a "one-size-fits-all approach.

Characteristics : As a result, new methods were proposed, which attempted to accommodate the importance of psychological factors in foreign
language learning These innovative methods were not widely adopted as standard methods; however, they were symbolic of professionalism in
the invention of a new method. These methods emerged to fill the vacuum created by the discrediting of Audiolingualism.
NFS was clearly a precursor to Communicative Approach. This emerged as reaction against methods that strongly focused on grammatical
form. NFS tried to focus its attention on the pragmatic purposes of language use.
Characteristics : The distinguishing characteristics of NPS, were its focus on function as the organizing elements of English language
curriculum.
Scientific approach includes effective teaching procedure that promotes students' involvement in thinking deeply about the subject at an
appropriate level Meanwhile teachers monitor that thinking process and guide them to be more scientist-like.
Characteristics:
3. Based on the concept of beyond method, the nowadays teachers should be enlightened, eclectic. Explain
Answer : The nowadays teachers should be enlightened they are trying to get learners develop linguistic fluency, not merely accuracy. They are
concerned with ways to facilitate life long language learning among the learners and treat them as partners in a cooperative work. These
theoretical interests underpin the communicative language teaching.

4. According to Anthony, approach, method, and techniques are interrelated and hierarchical. Explain briefly and give
examples of the terms (in Anthony‘s view)
Answer : Approach is an axiomatic or theory is the basis of language teaching and learning that describes the nature of the subject matter to be
taught. while it relates to the method is treated at the level of design in which the roles of teachers, learners, and instructional materials are
specified. Thus, the method is theoretically related to an approach and is organizationally determined by a design. Within one approach, thus,
there can be several methods. The third level is technique. It is "implementation which actually takes place in a classroom. It is a particular trick,
strategy, or contrivance used to accomplish an immediate objective. Technique must be consistent with a method, and therefore in harmony with
an approach as well. Examples of these terms include:
- Approach: axiomatic
- Method: procedure
- Technique: implementation
5. What is Grammar School? Why w a s Latin taught in schools in England during the 16th, 17th, 1nd 18th centuries? What can
students benefit from literature?
Answer : The Grammar School was a school where children in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries in England were taught
Latin.
Because it was believed that learning Latin can develop intellectual abilities, especially to train logical reasoning. The study of classical Latin, on
which the classics of Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero were written, is also intended to study his great philosophy.
Benefit from literature: Literature can introduce the student to a rich language, helps them develop and discover good skills and words, discover
a new self, sense the problems in society by a critical view, explore texts with new perspectives, read about culture, understand the value of
poetry, gain the literary skills of classics, and develop a good writing sense. From the literature, students can have a good vocabulary gives good
improvement to communication skills.
6.What is GTM? What is its main goal? Briefly describe its main characteristics and the classroom techniques.
Answer : GTM is Outline the characteristics of GTM as follows: (1) Classes are taught in the mother tongue, with little active use of the target
language; (2) Focus on elaborate explanations of grammatical parsing (i.e. the form and inflection of words); (3) Reading of difficult classical
texts starts early; (4)) Much vocabulary is taught in the lists of isolated words; (5) A typical exercise is to translate sentences from the target
language into the mother tongue and vice versa; (6) Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated as exercises in grammatical
analysis; (7) Little or no attention is given to pronunciation.
Classroom Technique:
1. The Roles of the Teacher and the Student
2. Translation of a Literary Passage as the Main Classroom Activity
3. Reading Comprehension Activity
4. Vocabulary Activity
5. Grammar Activity
7. Explain the emergence of the Reform Movement in French and Germany and explain the three basic principles of the Reform
Movement.
Answer : The last two decades of the nineteenth century led to a new age of foreign language teaching. C. Marcel a Frenchman referred to child
language learning as a model for language teaching with specific emphasis on the importance of meaning in learning. F. Gouin , also a
Frenchman, is perhaps the best known of these mid nineteenth century reformers.
three basic principles of the reform movement is 1. principlex the primacy of speech
First, the primacy of the spoken language is Vietor's leading theme in Der Sprachunterricht. Linguistic classroom was nonsense when neglecting
speech.
2. the centrality of the connected text as the kernel of the teaching-learning process
Second, though still an infant science, psychology had begun to emerge as a distinctive discipline in 1880 and one of its central concepts was the
notion of association.
3. the absolute priority of an oral methodology in the classroom
Third, oral method was very important in the classroom, especially in the early stages of learning. The text provided the starting point for
question and answer work, retelling etc.
8. Explain the basic principles of the Direct Method and its classroom activities.

Answer : (1) The goal of the DM is to make students learn how to communicate in the target language. In order to do this, students should learn
to think in the target language; (2) Students taught using DM need to associate meaning and the target language directly. To do this, the teacher
introduces new target language words or phrases by demonstrating their meaning through the use of realia, pictures, or pantomime. He never
translates it into the student's native language (3) The syllabus used in the DM is based on situations (for example, at a Bank, Going Shopping, in
a Classroom, etc.) and topics (such as geography, money, or weather); (4) Language is viewed as primarily spoken not written. Therefore,
students study everyday speech in the target language; (5) Vocabulary is more emphasized than grammar. Reading and writing exercises are
based on what the students practice orally first. Pronunciation is also received special attention.
9. Explain the background of the emergence of Situational Language Teaching! What have Palmer and Hornby developed for the
scientific foundation for the SLT?

Answer : Origins with the work of English linguists in the 1920s and 1930s they develop vocabulary control and grammar control. Is the most
important aspect of future language learning Harold Palmer produced a guide to the English vocabulary needed to teach English as a foreign
language. Palmer views grammar as the sentence patterns that underlie spoken language It is based on the ONE UNIVERSAL logic base of all
languages and the teacher's responsibility is to show how each category is expressed in a foreign language. Palmer views grammar as the sentence
patterns that underlie spoken language With the efforts of Palmer and Hornby, the Oral Approach was founded.

10. The two main aspects in SLT are vocabulary and grammar. Explain why!

Answer : because, The first aspect of method design was the role of vocabulary since it was regarded as one of the most important aspects of
foreign language learning Vocabulary was also seen as an essential component of reading proficiency. This view led to the development of
principles of vocabulary control, which brought a practical impact on language teaching and then The second most important aspect of method
design was the grammatical content of a language course the problems of grammar for the foreign language learner. He made several studies in
order to develop classroom procedures suited to teaching basic grammatical patterns through an Oral Approach. His view on grammar was
different from that of traditional grammar.

11. What is meant by situation in SLT and how to bring the situation in the classroom?

Answer : What is meant by situation in SLT is a medium of teaching English learning that must adapt to conditions and situations that aim
to get a fast and appropriate response in speech situations with automatic control of basic structures and sentence patterns and then bring
up the situation in class with perform the act of receiving knowledge or material, Repetition to improve knowledge or material in memory,
The use of knowledge or material in real practice until it becomes a personal skill.

12. The emrbio of Audiolingual method is ASTP? What is ASTP and the teaching method used in ASTP?

Answer : The Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) is an English course program in the US which aims to train its students to
achieve conversational fluency in various languages and is used to understand Indian tribes because at that time it was not the goal of
foreign language courses in the US at that time (ie. reading skills), so a new method emerged called the informant method. the
informant method is a method of studying the unwritten languages of American Indians.

13. The theory of language learning underlying ALM is behaviorism, explain in brief.

Answer : The theory of language learning that underlies ALM is behaviorism, Behaviorism in this method tries to explain how external
events (stimulus) cause behavioral changes (responses) of individuals without using concepts like "thoughts" or "ideas" or any kind of
mental behavior.

14. Discuss the m a n i n principles of Audilongual Method, and give examples of the type of classroom techniques in Audilongual
Method.

Answer : Principles of Audilongual Method is (1) Learning a foreign language is basically a process of forming mechanical habits. (2)
Language skills are learned more effectively if the items to be learned into the target language are presented in spoken form before being
seen in written form. (3) Analogies provide a better basis for language learning than analysis. (4) The meaning of the words of a language
for native speakers is only studied in linguistic and cultural contexts and not in isolation.
Examples of the type of classroom techniques in Audilongual Method.
(a). Repetition :
I am an English teacher-1 am an English teacher
She is an engineer. - She is an engineer
(b) Inflection :
I bought the ticket. - I bought the tickets.
He bought the candy-She bought the candy, etc.

15. Community Language Learning is developed by Currant and Forge based on psychological counseling technique. How does this
technique apply in foreign language teaching?

Answer :

1. The recording session

2. Transcription
3. Reflection period
4. Lestening 5. Practicing and free convertation
 16. How does Currant compare the development in language proficiency to the birth and growth of a new self in language
learning, and his concept of security is known of the formula SARD.

Answer :
CLL Procedure
The class usually begins with an informal meeting where everyone introduces himself while the teacher states the general goals and
guidelines of the approach.the class,which consists of 12 students,is put in a circle with a tape recorder in the center and the microphone
easily accesible to the participants.

*The class proceeds through four stages =

1) THE RECORDING SESSION
-Student sit in a circle with a tape recorder in the middle,the knower is outside the circle.
-After the first students say,the knower repeats this in English using a non-threatening and encouraging tone of voice
-Another students who wishes ti reply then repeats the process
-this continues until a full conversation has been recorded.
-it spends about 20-30 minutes
2)TRANSCRIPTION
-the teacher transcribes the complete conversation on the board,and then the students listen again to the tape while following the
transcript.
-the students can copy the transcript after it has been completely written on the board or on large,post sized paper.
-student are encouraged to copy sentences on the board into their own note books,in order to have a record of the material and
grammatical points.
3)REFLECTION PERIOD
-instructor writes sentences on the board in order to familiarize the students with spelling,pronunciation,and grammatical problems.
-student are encouraged to ask about the specific content or grammar.
-the teacher's job is not to tell them were they went wrong but to help them discover.
4)LISTENING
Students relax and listen to their own voices speaking the target language on the tape recorder or the teacher read the transcript.
5)PRACTICING & FREE CONVERSATION
-the students choose some part of the transcript to practice pronunciation
-the teacher does not correct their mispronunciation,instead the student self-correct.
-the class ends with free conversation

TEACHER'S ROLE
The teacher initial role is primarily that of a counselor. The counselor's role is to respond calmly, in a supportive manner, and help the
client try to understand his or her problems better.It was the model of teacher as counselor that Currant attempted to bring to language
learning.
LEARNER'S ROLE
In CLL learners become members of a community and they learn through interacting with members of the community. Learners are
expected to listen attentively to the knower, to freely provide meanings they wish to express , to repeat target utterances, to support
fellow members of the community, and to become counselors to other learners.

17. Describe CLL procedure, the teacher’ roles and learners’ roles!
Answer : (1.) the whole person process
(2) the educational process,
(3) the interpersonal proces.
(4) the developmental process,
(5) the communicative process and
(6) the cultural, process
18. Total Physical Response is considered as a comprehension method and a natural method. What does comprehension
approach say? Explain the naturalistic process of language acquisition?

Answer : three hypotheses about learning by asher :

a) bioprogram : there exsists a spesific innate bio-program for language learning, with defines an optimal path for first and second language
development.
b) brain-lateralization : brain lateralization is the division of function within the brain; the left and the right brain has its own function.
c) reduction of stress : stress (an affective filter) intervenes between the act of learning and what is to be learned; the lower the stress the greater
the learning.
19. Asher proposes three influential learning hypotheses: Bioprogramming, Brain Lateralization, Stress reduction. Briefly explain this
hypothesis!

Answer :

1. Explanation of the first hypothesis Bioprogram,

namely the hypothesis about a specific program for language learning, determining the optimal path for the development of the first and second
languages. The sequence is listening before speaking and the mode is synchronizing the language with the individual's body.

2. Brain-Lateralization

This hypothesis means that a person's brain function has its own function, so motorists can adjust their respective brain functions.

3. Reduction of Stress Stress

a hypothesis that discusses how to find someone to reduce the stress experienced when that person is in a panic condition, whether it is panic in a
condition or lessons that corner the person so that the stress level experienced increases.

20. Describe the main characteristics of TPR and its classroom practice!

Answer : Characteristics in this method, in essence, the instructor gives commands in the target language; indicate the appropriate action, and
direct students to perform the same action. Learners respond to commands through physical movements. This learning strategy not only makes a
second language accessible to most people but also fun. In practice in the classroom, students will enjoy getting up from their chairs and
moving around. Proponents believe that TPR is talent-free, working well with mixed ability classes. This is great for kinesthetic learners who
need to be active in class. Class size is not an issue, and works effectively for both children and adults.

21. The Silent Way was developed by Caleb Gattegno based on his experiences in literacy and mathematics pedagogy. How is it applied in
foreign language teaching?

Answer : Gattegno claims that the process of learning a second language is radically different from that involved in learning a first language, A
second language learner "cannot learn another language in the same way because of what he now knows about his mother tongue Natural or
Direct Methods for teaching a second language. misguided and artificial approaches will replace the Natural/Direct Method Self-commitment
consists of two systems learn and maintain System activated only by intelligent awareness The learner must constantly test his power to abstract,
analyze, synthesize and integrate Silence is the best vehicle for learning, because in silence students concentrate on the task to be completed.

22. What facilitates learning according to Gattegno and What is the basic teaching aid used and the function in teaching?
Answer : Gattegno invented a learning method called the Silent Way. The Silent Way learning method is a learning method in which students
are active in the learning process. The teacher is more silent, but the teacher actively uses aids or movements, and designs to provoke and form
reactions. The tools used are teaching aids, their function is through the use of teaching aids, abstract things can be presented in a concrete form
that can be seen, held, tried so that students can easily understand them. The teacher creates an environmental atmosphere that encourages
students to try and provide facilities in the learning process.

23. Mention different materials used in the Silent Way!

Answer :
The different materials used in the Silent Way:
a. Ad hoc Drawing. It is a material in the form of picture which can be used in such a way that functional vocabulary already met can be
practiced in new situations.
b. Transparences. These can be prepared for general presentation.
c. Worksheets. The worksheets are used to capture most of the vocabulary (from the transparences and pictures) which will bring the
words back into use.
d. Films and Television Programs. There are different types of film to be used for this purpose such as films specially made for this
approach and films made for public.
e. Printed texts. Printed texts. They maybe less powerful than films, but they are more handy. Texts can be used as bridgehead to extend
the territory already conquered
24. Suggestopedia is developed by Georgi Lazanov based on Suggestology, how human brain works effectively in learning. How does this
apply in foreign language teaching?

Answer : Sugestology helps students learn foreign languages by memorizing the words they want to learn which are then stored in the memory of
the brain, a brain that can accommodate 5 to 10% if only by reading method then if added memorized it becomes 50%, whereas if it is added with
practice it can be up to 80%. The idea method also uses classical music to help a student learn a foreign language with a beat rhythm of 60 beats.

25. Key features of Suggestopedia are Class settings, Class decorations, music and Placebo system. Explain

Answer : The purpose of this component is a supporting component so that learning outcomes can be maximized, such as classroom decorations,
classroom arrangements, a placebo system that allows teachers to also control and gain authority for students or students. these components are
also the key to get positive suggestions to students.

26. Explain the ways to remove the psychic tensions used in Suggestopedia!
Answer : Suggestopedia uses various strategies to remove the psychic tension that would hinder learning. There are two ways to reduce
the tension:
A. The design of the materials; the material consists of printed text in parallel native language and target language versions and the teacher
give direct translation when needed,
B. The behavior of the teacher, the students uses alternative identity in the classroom. For example, a student might be "the actress Anne
Mackey from Kansas". With this new name, the student can use it as a mask to hide behind. He is safer from feeling evaluated,
embarrassed, and anxiety. It brings an enjoyable learning experience.
27. Explain the classroom procedures using Suggestopedia!
Answer : The procedure of classroom presentation in Suggestopedia uses four main stages as follows:
A. Pre-Session Phase
It is a preparatory stage in which students are helped to relax and move into a positive frame of mind, with the feeling that the learning is
going to be easy and fun.
B. Explicative Reading
This involves the active presentation of the material to be learnt, for example, a story. The teacher reads the text while trying to explain the
content of the text The teacher should read the text with modulation (like in story telling), the intonation and volume rise and fall
gracefully
C. Intonational Reading
The teacher reads the text the second time but this time without explanations. This time the students are invited to relax, close their eyes,
and just listen. This stage helps learners to visualize context for the material and aids in memorization. All the tone, rhythm, and the
intonation are coordinated with the musical background.
D. The Séance Session
After a short break the students are supposed to put away their dialogues, reclined on their seats, closed their eyes but not sleep and enjoy
the concert of music that is played from a tape recorder. At the end, the students silently leave the room. There is no homework to do,
only they are expected to read the lesson cursorily once before going to bed and once again before getting up in the morning