Tensile Properties of Material

Dr. K. Devendranath Ramkumar

School of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction
 Mechanical properties are the important measure of
product quality, and tensile testing is just one way to
certify the product.
 Otherwise known as “Tension test” – destructive mode
of test to estimate the properties as compared to
hardness
 A tensile test is a fundamental mechanical test where a
carefully prepared specimen is loaded in a very
controlled manner while measuring the applied load and
the elongation of the specimen over some distance
 Tensile Test Apparatus

Electronic Tensometer – Vertical type

UTM – Structural Materials

Tensile studies

Specimen is held in the Clear plastic deformation Ruptured sample

grippers is witnessed
ASTM Standard Specifications for
Tensile Sample
Stress – Strain Curve
Stress – Strain Curve of a Ductile
Material

Strain Hardening Necking & Fracture

Tensile properties
 Elastic Deformation
◦ When the stress is removed, 100% strain recovery is possible
◦ Elastic deformation in metals commonly occurs by (small) changes in the shape of the
atomic lattice (mainly by shear). Such elastic deformation is linear and therefore obeys
the Hooke's law, which allows the determination of Young's modulus
◦ Elastic Limit - Elastic limit is the maximum stress that a material can sustain without
permanent deformation after removal of the stress
Elastic Deformation is otherwise termed as recoverable, reversible or Temporary
Deformation
 Plastic Deformation
Permanent, irreversible deformation (otherwise termed as Set Deformation).
 Permanent deformation is irreversible i.e. stays even after removal of the applied forces,
while the temporary deformation disappears after removal of the applied forces
 Microscopically it can be said of plastic deformation involves breaking of original atomic
bonds, movement of atoms and the restoration of bonds i.e. plastic deformation is based
on irreversible displacements of atoms through substantial distances from their
equilibrium positions.
 For crystalline materials, deformation is accomplished by means of a process called slip
that involves motion of dislocations.
 In amorphous materials, plastic deformation takes place by viscous flow mechanism in
which atoms/ions slide past one another under applied stress without any directionality.
Cont…
 Proportional limit – The proportional limit is the
greatest amount of stress a material is capable of
reaching without deviating from the linear relation of the
stress-strain curve, i.e. without developing plastic
deformation.
 Yield Strength – As the load in the test piece is increased
beyond the elastic limit, a stress is reached at which the
material continues to deform without an increase in load.
The stress at point y is termed as yield point. Most non-
ferrous and high strength steels do not possess a well
defined yield point. To evaluate the value of yield
strength for these materials, 0.2% offset method is
adopted.
 The yield strength is the stress at which a material
exhibits a specified deviation from a linear stress-strain
relationship
Cont…
 Offset Yield Strength or Proof Stress - The stress
corresponding to the intersection of the stress strain curve and a
line parallel to the elastic part of the curve offset by a specified
strain. Usually 0.1 to 0.2 percent. ε = 0.001 to 0.002
 Resilience - The ability of material to absorb the energy when
deformed elastically and to return it when unloaded is called
resilience.This is measured by modulus of resilience.
 Modulus of Resilience - It is defined as strain energy per unit
volume required to stress material from zero stress to the yield
stress. UR = y2/ 2*E.
 Ultimate Tensile Strength - Ultimate tensile strength, or UTS, is
the maximum tensile stress a material can sustain without fracture.
It is calculated by dividing the maximum load applied during the
tensile test by the original cross sectional area of the sample
 Rupture Strength / Breaking Strength - The strength of
material at fracture/rupture is called Rupture Strength. It is also
called as the breaking strength of material.
 Cont…
 Toughness - The ability of a metal to deform plastically and to
absorb energy in the process before fracture.

 Percent Reduction in Area - The reduction in cross-

sectional area of a tensile specimen at fracture = ((initial area
- final area)/ initial area) x 100.
◦ Percent reduction in area / Percentage elongation in length is also a
measure of ductility.
Cont…
Ductility
 It is indicated by the amount of plastic deformation that is
possible until fracture.
 The ductility of a material is a measure of the extent to
which a material will deform before fracture.
 The amount of ductility is an important factor when
considering forming operations such as rolling and
extrusion.
 It also provides an indication of how visible overload
damage to a component might become before the
component fractures.
 Ductility is also used a quality control measure to assess
the level of impurities and proper processing of a material
Stress Strain Comparison of
Class of Steels

Stress Strain Comparison of

Class of Materials
Identify the Properties from the
Stress – Strain Curve
High Strength, Low toughness and
Low Ductility

High Strength, High toughness and

High Ductility

Low Strength, Low toughness and

High Ductility