Effects of Nationalism:
Module 3: The Challenges and
Responses of the 19th Century and
the Philippines of Rizal’s Times
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY
ABOUT THE CHALLENGES AND
RESPONSES OF THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY?
 To better understand and
appreciate the role of Jose Rizal in the
making of the Filipino nation (when
viewed within a time-frame and its
proper historical context)
 To know the developments in
the century when Rizal lived, the
period he worked
19TH CENTURY
 "an era of challenges and
responses" "period of major
changes which affected men
and society"
Six Important Changes of the
Country:
I. The struggle for nationalism I
II. The gradual spread for
democracy
III. The modernization of living
through Industrial Revolution
IV. The advance of science V
V. The march of Imperialism
VI. The new current in the
movement of thought and
growing confidence on
progress
NATIONALISM
 Is a feeling of oneness by a
group of people who believe that they
possess common traditions culture,
and common Ideas or goals
 When people become aware
that they are different from
another group, they become
proud of theirgroup.
 People become willing to
serve their group.
 People become patriotic.
•People develop pride in their
country.
 However these are possible,
only if the people know their
own country. This is the main
reason why Rizal would
encourage studies about the
Philippines
 Two great upheavals that
occurred in the last quarter of
the eighteenth century: the
American Revolution (1775-
1783) and the French
Revolution (1779-1789) had
Influenced the thinking and
development of thenineteenth
century.
LIBERALS VS. CONSERVATIVES
 The liberals and conservatives
disagreed on the rights and
the way governments should
be run.
LIBERALS
A country should be free
from domination by another
and the people should enjoy
liberty, equality, and
opportunity.
CONSERVATIVES
 They believed in the "good
old days" when monarchs and
kings ruled overther subjects.
OTHER EVENTS
 The Greeks with foreign aid
won their independence from
the Turks in 1830.
  The Norwegians won their
freedom from the Swedes in
1905.
 In 1861, after a long period of
disunion, Italy through the
work of Camillo Cavour,
Joseph Mazzini, and Joseph
Garibaldi, became a free and
united nation with the
exception of the City of Rome
which remained under the
Pope and Venetia, Trent and
Trieste under Austria.
 Through the leadership of
Otto von Bismarck who
adopted a policy of "blood
and iron" Germany was
united in 1871.
Outside of Europe:
 In 1867, Canada became a
self-governing nation.
 The movement for
nationalism in Latin America
kept pace with the progress
in Europe and North America.
 Spain's colonies in Latin
America revolted and won
their independence
between1800 and 1825.
 Simoun de Bolivar, "the
liberator", freed Northern
South America the territory
which is now Venezuela,
Colombia, Bolivia, and part of
Peru.
 Jose San Martin a patriotic
upperclass Spaniard freed
Southern South America.
In Asia:
 Nationalism developed in
Japan during a long period of
seclusion under the
Shogunate.
 Nationalsm in India arose
because of Brtsh exploitation
of the country and racial
discrimination. In the
Philippines, it began to be felt
under the unjust execution of
Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano
Gomez y de los Angeles and
Jacinto Zamora on February
17, 1872.
IL. MEN FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRACY
 A system of government in
which power is vested in the
people and exercised by them
directly, has constraints on
the power of the executives,
and provides a guarantee of
civil liberties.
Democracy in other countries:
In France
 France was able to achieve
democracy through a
revolution.
 Following the establishment
of the Third French Republic
in 1875. The country has
created laws which paved a
way in the advancement of
democracy in their country.
 They also gave everyone a
right to vote.
In England
 Democracy was established
through a series of reforms
passed by the Parliaments.
 Reform acts of 1832, 1867,
and 1884 enhanced its
progress. • The right to vote
was extended to more people.
New election districts were
created.
 Cabinet system was adopted
under which the ministers
were made responsible to the
House of Commons and not
to the King or
 House of Lords.
 Slavery was abolished.
 Funds were provided for
public education.
 The employment of children
and women under ten years
was prohibited.
In Belgium
  A very liberal constitution IIL THE EFFECTS OF THE
was adopted in 1831. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ARE
In Switzerland
MULTIFARIOUS
 In 1848, the complete

Began in England in the 17th
manhood suffrage was
century or earlier, until the
approved. The complete
19th century
manhood suffrage refers to
 Spread to the United States
the right of all adult males to
and much later to other
vote.
countries of Europe, Asia,
 The "referendum" which
Latin America, Canada,
allows a bill to be passed by
Australia and parts of Africa
the legislature to be
presented to the people for CHANGES IN INDUSTRY:
approval and the "Initiative" 
Shift from hand work to
which gives the voters the machine work.
right to propose laws for  Coal, iron, and steel became
approval of the legislature the basic materials of
were also adopted. industry.
In Australia REVOLUTION IN
 They introduced the secret MANUFACTURING
ballot system, the system of 
Spinning, jenny, spinning
voting in which voters mark frame, spinning shuttle,
their choices in privacy on cotton grin, and sewing
uniform ballots printed and machine.
distributed by the
REVOLUTION IN
government or designate
their choices by some other TRANSPORTATION
secret means. 
Steam boats, steam
 Adopted the manhood locomotives, airplanes,
suffrage in 1885. automobiles and balloons.
In New Zealand REVOLUTION IN COMMUNICATION
 The manhood suffrage was  Telephone, telegraph,
also adopted. wireless telegraphy, cable,
In the United States postal service and
 Democracy made remarkable newspapers
progress when two men from  Effects of the creation of
the common people, Andrew machines( industrialization):
Jackson and Abraham  Establishment of factories
Lincoln, were elected  Thousands of workers were
president. employed in the beginning
 The American Civil War  Manufacturers went into large
ended slavery. scales of production of goods
In the Philippines  Commodities became cheaper
 Jose Rizal led the crusade for  Towns and cities grew
democracy by working for the  Wealth of nation increased by
rights of man in which he leaps and bounds
wrote, "We... fight so that  Factory system improved the
there may be more justice standards of living
and more liberty and for the  Two social classes arose:
sacredrights of man." capitalists and laborers
Effects of industrial Revolution:  new producers who finance
 ENCOURAGED mills and factories.
MIGRATION Capitalism increased the
number of banks and the
 People moved to new places
amount of credit, promoted
where they could improve
insurance and multiplies
their social, economic, and
corporations.
political conditions.
 Industrial Revolution brought
 INCREASE IN
about the victory of middle
POPULATION CAME class. The middle class
ABOUT dominated society and
 A result of advancement in dictated its social, moral, and
medical knowledge and political standards.
public hygiene, opening of  LABOR PROBLEMS FACED
more lands for cultivation, DURING THIS PERIOD:
improvement in the
 Disputes between labor and
production of goods,
capital wherein the former
development of new
demands for an increase in
industries and increase in
wages, shorter hours of
national Income.
work, Insurance benefits,
 NATIONALISM WAS compensation for injury met
STIMULATED during working hours and
 People felt the need for closer wholesome working
union in solving their conditions.
problems and attaining goals IV. RESPONSES TO THE GROWING
 Rizal confirmed this in his SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE CREATED BY
writings that: "The people go THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
from one island to another, LIBERALS, SOCIALISTS,
naturally communication and COMMUNISTS
exchange of ideas have
LIBERALS
increased and realizing that
they were all menaced with  Suggested proposals to
the same danger and their remedy the evils of the
common sentiments are hurt, industrial Revolution. •
they become friends and they Adopted laissez-faire policy.
unite".  Allows everybody to expand
 GROWTH OF LIBERALISM as much as they wished in
their industrial enterprises,
WAS FORESTED
which resulted into
 Laissez-faire- a new unemployment and misery
economic philosophy -"let with industrialists being
well enough alone" or "hands powerful and rich, and
off - A policy that prevented working men being poorer.
the government from SOCIALISTS
interfering in private trade or
 Believed that the government
industry except with its role
should own and manage the
of protecting the nation
means of production for the
against any kind of threat.
benefit of all and not only for
 INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
a few individuals.
DEVELOPED -CAPITALIST
  "As long as the capitalists 2.Centralization of all the
controlled the economic life means of production in the
of the people, there could be hands of the state.
no democracy." 3. Abolition of all rights of
 Believed that reforms could inheritance.
be achieved gradually and 4. Confiscation of the property
peacefully through normal of all emigrants and rebels.
political methods and with 5. Universal and equal
compensation for the private obligation to work.
owners. RERUM NOVARUM (The conditions
 Some of the earliest of Labor)
socialists:
 Contained Christian
CLAUDE HENRI
principles advocated by the
Proposed a new and Catholic Church and
positive reorganization announced by Pope Leo XIII,
of controlled by the reacting to the evils of
chiefs of Industry, with industrialism.
scientists in the role of  Rights must be religiously
priests, which aimed to respected.
produce things useful to  It is the duty of public
life, and peace would be authority to prevent and
assured by universal punish injury.
association.  The poor and the helpless
FRANCIS FOURIER have a claim to a special
 Advocated a consideration whenever there
reconstruction of society is a question of protecting the
based on communal rights of individuals. Since
associations producers private property is as
known as phalanges. universal as human nature,
 Fourierism the State has the right to
ROBERT OWEN regulate the use of private
property and to protect it.
One of the most
 The preservation of life is the
influential early 19th
bounden duty of each and all
century advocates of
members of society. The
Utopian Socialism.
worker is entitled to a just
COMUNISTS
and decent living wage which
KARL MARX will enable him to live in
 co-author of Communist reasonable comfort as a
Manifesto human being, to develop his
 Advocated revolutionary faculties, and to attain his
communism. ultimate goal in life.
 Believed that only a violent  The State has the duty to
revolution could improve the lot of provide favourable working
workingmen. conditions. • The workers
 Also advocated: have the right to form unions.
1. Abolition of private property V. ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY+
in land. JOHN DALTON
  Formulated the atomic theory  To the Jesuits the Philippines
which explains that all matter owes her dawning system of
is made up of invisible instruction in the natural
particles sciences, the soul of the 19th
MARIE CURIE century - Jose Rizal
 Discovered radium, an VI: MODERN IMPERIALISM
important element STARTS A PROCESS OF HISTORIC
 Radium is used to produced CHANGE
Radon IMPERIALISM
Advances in Medicine
 Is the activity of the nation in
LOUIS PASTEUR
extending its control and
 Discovered that germs cause authority beyond its
diseases in man and animals territorial boundaries through
(germ theory) the acquisition of the new
 Became the outstanding territories; the desire of
helper of mankind Came up civilized nations to rule over
with pasteurization weak or "backward" peoples.
ROBERT KOCH Great modern powers acquired
 Discovered the germ that colonies, concessions or spheres of
caused anthrax influence for several reasons:
 Inhalation anthrax 1. From economic
 Became the greatest standpoint:
bacteriologist of his day  To secure raw materials
DR. JOSEPH LISTER  Markets for manufactures
 Introduced antiseptics which products
Prevents Infection  Additional food supplies
 Began the modern practice of  Outlets for surplus
hospital sanitation. population
DR. CRAWFORD LONG  Fields for investment of
surplus capital
 Demonstrated the anesthetic
2. From political standpoint:
properties of ether in a
 Acquisition of regions
surgical operation in 1842.
necessary for national
DR. WILLIAM MORTON
defense
 First to use the ether to ease  Territories for patriotic ends
pain of tooth extraction in in view
1846. 3. From religious standpoint:
DR. JAMES SIMPSON  To spread a particular region
 Used chloroform for the first Two most common techniques of
time in 1847 economic imperialism:
 The advances in science gave  Economic permission to do
man longer lifespan by business for foreign
controlling or eliminating penetrations by asking
many diseases. capitalists
 Natural sciences brought a  Political control in order to
new understanding of the protect economic interests
world and the place of man in  The Industrial Revolution in
it. the late 19th century
 inspired nations to begin  Human rights was extended
modern Imperialism which to many people
resulted in the building of  Large investments for public
empires. education • Higher education
 The 19th century for women
imperialism supporters  Improved public health •
believe that imperialism had Literature and art
done the conquered  Architecture and music
countries many good things INDIVIDUALISM
such as:
 Belief that every human life is
 Sanitation
sacred; the government exists
 Education
for the welfare of all citizens
 Better means of
 Rizal believed that the
transportation and
inextinguishable passion and
communication
capabilities of the Filipino
 Scientific methods
people can overshadow the
of agriculture
tenacious. Ignorance of its
 Improved ways of
dominators and the forces of
Iving
which deprives them to truly
 Progressive ides on
live.
religio
THE PHILIPPINES OF RIZAL'S
 Government and
recreation TIMES
Imperialism also abolished practices  The Filipino people agonized
such as cannibalism, slave traffic, and beneath the yoke of Spanish
slavery. misrule, for they were
 Those opposing imperialism unfortunate victims of the
believe that it had done more evils of an unjust, bigoted,
harm than good: and deteriorating colonial
 Exploitation of natural power.
resources to enrich the  Problems encountered by
colonizing country Filipinos under the Spanish
 Racial discrimination Government
 Promotes disunity  instability of Colonial
NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY Administratio
 Corrupt Colonial Officials
 Modern Imperialism aroused
 Philippine Representation in
the spirit of nationalism
Spanish Cortes
among the peoples People
 Human Rights to Filipinos
demanded for independence
 No Equality before the Law
• A process of historic change
Maladministration of Justice
had begun
 Racial Discrimination
GROWING CONFIDENCE ON PROGRESS
 Frailocracy
INSPIRES OPTIMISM
 Forced labor
Developments in the late 19th
 Haciendas owned by the
Century:
friars
 Man made considerable
 The Guardia Civil
advancement in various fields
Instability of Colonial
 Democracy made significant
reforms in government and Administration
social relations
 King Ferdinand VII (1808-
 
1833)
 Spanish Government
 How it affected the
Philippines
 The turbulent reign of King
Ferdinand VII (1808-1833)
marked the beginning of
political chaos in Spain
 The turbulent reign of King
Ferdinand VII (1808-1833)
marked the beginning of
political chaos in Spain
 From 1835-1897, the
Philippines was ruled by 50
governors-general, each
serving an average term of
only one year and three
months.
 The frequent change of
colonial officials restricted
the political and economic
development of the
Philippines.
 No chief executive, no
matter how able and
energetic he was, could
accomplish much for the
colony.
CORRUPT COLONIAL OFFICIALS

Spanish colonial officials
were of the same evil bred of
men as the corrupt and
degenerate governor-general
mentioned above.
GENERAL RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO
*1871-73)
 A boastful and ruthless
governor general who ordered
the execution of Father
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora.
ADMIRAL JOSE MALCAMPO(1874-
77)
He was a god Moro Fighter,
but was inept and weak
administrator.
GENERAL FERNANDO PRIMO DE
RIVERA(1880-83 AND 1897-98)

Governor General for two
terms eriched himself by
accepting bribes from
gambling casinos in Manila
which he scandalously
permitted to operate.
GENERAL VALRIANO WEYLER
(1888-91)

A cruel and corrupt governor
general of Hispanic-German
ancestry, arrived in Manila a
poor man and returned to
Spain millionaire.
GENERAL CAMILLO DE
POLAVIEJA (1896-97)
 An able militarist but
heartless governor general,
was widely detested by the
Filipino people for executing
Dr. Rizal.
Philippine Representation in Spanish
Cortes • Cortes
 The Philippine was granted
representation by Spain to
win the support of the
overseas colonies during the
Napoleonic invasion.
1810 TO 1813

The Philippine's first period
of representation in the
Cortes.
CONSTITUTION OF 1812

Spain's first democratic
constitution
 Extended to the Philippines
VENTURA DE LOS REYES (1810-
13)
 1" Philippine delegate who
took active part In framing of
the Constitution of 1812 (one
of the 184 signers) Abolition
of the galleon trade
  1820-1823-2 period of  Freedom of Speech
representation of the  Freedom of Press
Philippines  Freedom of Association
 1834-1837-3rd period of  Other human rights (except
representation of the Freedom of Religion
Philippines SIMBALDO DE MAS
 Both were less fruitful than  Spanish economist and
the 1* period of diplomat
representations the Philippine  Acknowledge the lack of
delegates were not as freedom of Filipinos
energetic and devoted in  "Why do we fall into an
parliamentary work as De los anomaly, such as combining
Reyes. our claim for ourselves, and
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA our wish to impose our law to
 One of the patriots who remote peoples? Why do we
valiantly pleaded for the deny to others the benefit
restoration of the Philippine which we desire for our
representation in the Cortes. fatherland?"
 On October 12, 1883, during NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
the 391" anniversary of the 16TH CENTURY
discovery of America by
 Spanish missionaries taught
Columbus in Madrid, he
all are children of God
implored:
 Most Filipinos are
 "We want representation in
mesmerized by the concept -
the legislative chamberso that
Christians
our aspirations may be
 Luzon and Visayas
known to the mother country
hinterlands, Mindanao, Sulu
and its government."
Actions of Spanish Christian
 Spain ignored his fervent
authorities # Christ's commandment
plea.
of brotherhood
CUBA AND PUERTO RICO
 Emphasized during last
 Granted representation in decades of Hispanic rule
1876  Brown skin - inferior,
 Until the end of Spanish rule different, not brothers
in 1896, the Philippine  Not protected but exploited
representation was never Imperialist way of thinking
restored.  Filipinos and Spanish may be
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT equal before God, but not in
 Launched by Jose Rizal, M.H. law and in practice
del Pilar, Graciano Lopez LEYES DE INDIAS (LAW OF THE
Jaena, and other patriots. INDIES)
Paved the way for the
 Promoted by Christian
Philippine Revolutions of
monarchs of Spain
1896.
 Protection rights and
HUMAN RIGHTS DENIED TO promotion of welfare; natives
FILIPINOS in Spain's overseas colonies
Spanish Constitution of 1812, the
people of Spain enjoyed:
  Good colonial laws; Christian
charity and justice #distant
colonies, Philippines
 Abused, brutalized,
persecuted and slandered
 Law is only for Spaniards
SPANISH PENAL CODE
 Enforced in the Philippines
 Heavier penalties for
Filipinos or mestizos # white-
complexioned Spaniards
 Legal inequality resented by
Filipinos
 Professor Ferdinand
Blumentritt to Dr. Rizal; 1887
 "The provision of the Penal
Code that a heavier penalty
will be imposed on the Indio
or mestizo imitates me
exceedingly, because it
signifies that every person
not born white is in fact
latent criminal. This is a very
great injustice that seems
enormous and unjust that
seems enormous and unjust
for being embodied in law.
WHAT IS MALADMINISTRATION?
 Maladministration is the
actions of a government body
which can be seen as causing
an injustice. The definition of
maladministration is wide
and can include: delay,
incorrect action or failure to
take any action.
MALADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICE
JOHN FOREMEN
 "I was hard to get judgement
executed as it was to win the
case. Even when the question
at issue was supposed to be
settled, a defect in the
sentence could always be
concocted to reopen the
whole affair. If the case had
been tried and judgement
given under the Civil Code, a
flaw could be discovered
under the Laws of the Indies,
or the Siete Partidas, or the
Roman Law or the Novisima
Recopilacion, or the Antiguos
Fueros, Decrees, Royal
Orders, Ordenanzas del Buen
Gobierno, and so forth, by
which the case could be
reopened."
JUAN DE LA CRUZ
 Arrested and jailed in Cavite
for 12 years due to the
suspicion that he killed 2 men
on June 7, 1886 without
preliminary investigation and
proper trial. After the Battle
of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898),
the American found him on
his jail.
DONA TEODORA
 Rizal's Mother was unjustly
arrested and jailed on flimsy
grounds.
RIZAL
 Deported to Dapitan on July,
1892 without a trial.
PACIANO AND RIZAL’S SEVERAL
BROTHERS IN LAW
 Exiled to different places
without due process of
thelaw.
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
SPANIARDS
 Introduced Christianity into
the Philippines with its
beautiful egalitarian concept
of brotherhood of all men
under God the Father.
 Propagated Christian faith,
but seldom practiced its
sublime tenets.
 Regarded Filipinos as inferior
beings who were infinitely
undeserving of the rights and
privileges
RIZAL’S TIME
 A white skin, high nose were
Castilian lineage were a badge
of a vaunted superiority.
INDO( INDIANS)
 Term used by the Spaniards
to call brown-skinned and
flat-nosed Filipinos.
JOSE P. BURGOS
 Bewailed the Spanish
misconception that a man's
merit depended on:
 the pigment of his skin
 the height of his nose the
color of his hair the shape of
his skull
 Complained of the lack of
opportunities for educated
young Filipinos to rise in the
service of God and country.
 "Why for instance shall a
young man strive to rise in
profession of law or of
theology, when he can vision
no future for himself save
that of obscurity and jaunty
unconcern? What Filipino will
aspire to the seats of the wise
and will devote sleepless
nights to such an ideal,
unwelcome atmosphere of
contumely and oblivion, and
when he knows that among
the privileged few are only.
dispensed sinecures of honor
and profit?"
FRAILOCRACY
 Owning to the Spanish
political philosophy of union
of Church and State, there
arose a unique form of
government in Hispanic
Philippines called
"frailocracy" (frailocracia), so
named because it was
"government by friars".
FRIARS
 They were Augustinians,
Dominicans, and Franciscans
 Controlled the religious and
educational life of the
Philippines
 19th century they came to
acquire tremendous political
power, influence, and riches.
 Ruled the Philippines through
facade of civil government.
 Almost every town in the
archipelago, except in
unpacfied Islamic Mindanao
and Sulu and in the pagan
hinterlands, was ruled by a
friar curate.
 Perform priestly duties
 Supervision of the local
elections, the inspector of the
schools and taxes
 Arbiter of morals
 Censor of books and
comedias (stage plays)
 Superintendent of public
works
 Guardian of peace and order
 Jose Rizal, M.H. del Pilar, G.
Lopez Jaena, and other
Filipino reformists assailed
frailocracy, blaming it for the
prevailing policy of
obscurantism, fanaticism, and
oppression in the country.
Rizal, for instance,
denounced the friars as the
enemies of liberal reforms
and modern progress in the
Philippines.
FORCED LABOR
POLO
 During the Spanish regime, all
male Filipinos from 18 to 60
years of age were required to
give their free labor, called
polo, to the government. 40-
15 days
 This labor was for 40 days a
year, reduced to 15 days in
1885.
  It was in various forms, such
as building roads and bridges,
constructing public buildings
and churches, cutting timber
in the forest, working in
shipyards, and serving the
Spanish military expeditions
POLISTA
 One who rendered forced
labor was called a polista.
 The same royal decree
provided that not only native
Filipinos, but also male
Spanish residents from 18-60
must render forced labor, but
this particular provision was
never implemented in the
Philippines.
 The members of the
principalia (town aristocracy)
were exempt from the polo.
Rich Filipinos annually paid
the falla, a sum amounting to
seven pesos, in order to be
exempt from forced labor.
 Evidently, only the poor
Filipinos who had no social or
political standing in the
community were made to give
forced labor.
The Filipinos came to have the forced
labor because:
 White Spanish residents
contrary to law, were not
recruited by the colonial
authorities.
 Filipino polistas according to
law, were to received a daily
stipend of two pesetas (50
centavo) but actually received
only a part of this amount
and worse, they got nothing.
 It caused so much
inconvenience and suffering
to the people because of their
disturbed work in farms and
shops.
HACIENDAS OWNED BY FRIARS
 Spanish friars belonging to
different religious orders
were the richest Landlords
 Best haciendas (agricultural
lands) in the Philippines
 Rural folks who had been
living in these haciendas and
cultivating them became
tenants.
Lands belonged to their ancestors
since pre-Spanish times.
The friars were recognized as:
 Legal owners of the lands
 They obtained the royal titles
of ownership from the
Spanish crown.
 The friar haciendas became
hotbed of agrarian revolts
 Filipino tenants regarded the
friar owners as usurpers of
their ancestral lands
 One of the bloody agrarian
revolts
 Agrarian upheaval (1745-
1746)
AS EARLY AS 1768
GOVERNOR ANDA
 Realized the danger of the
friar-owned haciendas to
Filipino-Spanish relations
 Strongly recommended to the
Madrid govemment the sale
of the friar estates
 His recommendation was
ignored
 Filipino odium towards the
friars (hacienda owners),
persisted unabated until the
end of the Spanish rule. Jose
Rizal
 Family and relatives were
tenants of the
DOMINICAN ESTATE OF CALAMBA
 Tried to initiate agrarian
reforms (1887)
 His advocacy, ignited the
wrath of the Dominican friars
 They retaliated by raising the
rentals the lands leased by
 his family and other Calamba  The character that Rizal used
tenants. to expose the wrong doings
According to Rizal.. of the Guardia Civil in the
 The friar ownership of the Philippines.
productive lands contributed  Rizal's Noli, exposed the
to the economic stagnation of Guardia Civil through Elias as
the Philippines during the bunch of ruthless ruffians,
Spanish period. "Sobre la good only for disturbing the
Indolencia de los Filipinos" peace and persecuting honest
(Indolence of the Filipinos) men.
 His famous essay
SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS
FILIPINOS
 He wrote "The fact that the
best plantations, the best
tracts of land in some
provinces.. are in the hands
of the religious corporations..
is one of the reasons why
many towns do not progress
inspite of the efforts of their
inhabitants."
 He also mentioned..
 "For some time the friars
have deceived many by
making them believe that if
these plantations were
prospering, it was because
they were under their care,
and the Indolence of the
natives was thus
emphasized."
THE GUARDIA CIVIL
 Created by the Royal Decree
of February 12, 1882 as
amended by the Royal Decree
of March 24, 1888 and was
patterned after the Guardia
Civil in Spain.
 Guardia Civil had rendered
meritorious services in
suppressing the bandits in
the provinces, they later
became infamous for their
rampant abuses.
 Rizal actually committed by
the Guardia Civil in Calamba
ELIAS