This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

 
Designation: C78/C78M − 18

Standard Test Method for

Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with
Third-Point Loading)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C78/C78M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of 
original adoption or, in the case of revis
original revision,
ion, the year of last revision.
revision. A number in paren
parenthese
thesess indicates the year of last reappr
reapproval.
oval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Sco
Scope*
pe* C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
C192/C192M Practice
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexural
flexural Specimens in the Laboratory
stre
streng
ngth
th of coconc
ncre
rete
te by th
thee us
usee of a si
simp
mple
le be
beam
am wi
with
th C293/C293M Test
C293/C293M  Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete
third-point loading. (Using Simple Beam With Center-Point Loading)
C617/C617M   Pra
C617/C617M Practic
cticee for Cap
Cappin
pingg Cyli
Cylindr
ndrical
ical Con
Concrecrete
te
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound
inch-pound units Specimens
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in C670 Practice
C670  Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
each system may not be exa exact
ct equ
equiva
ivalen
lents;
ts; the
theref
refore
ore,, each for Test Methods for Construction Materials
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining C1077 Practice
C1077  Practice for Agencies Testing Concrete and Concrete
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance Aggr
Ag greg
egat
ates
es foforr Us
Usee in Co
Cons
nstr
truc
uctio
tion
n an
and
d Cr
Crite
iteri
riaa fo
forr
with the standard. Testing Agency Evaluation
1.3   This standar
standard d doe
doess not purport
purport to add
addre
ress
ss all of the E4   Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E4
safetyy co
safet conc
ncer
erns
ns,, if an
anyy, as
asso
socia
ciate
ted
d wit
with
h its us
use.
e. It is th
thee E6 Terminology
E6  Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
 priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1   Definitions:
1.4   This int
intern
ernati
ationa
onall sta
standa
ndard
rd was dev
develo
eloped
ped in acc
accor
or-- 3.1.1 For definitions
definitions of terms used in this test method
method,, refer
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- to Terminology C125
Terminology  C125 and and Terminology 
Terminology   E6
E6..
izatio
izationn es
esta
tabl
blis
ishe
hedd in ththee De
Decis
cisio
ion
n on PrPrin
incip
ciple
less fo
forr th
thee 3.2  Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
 Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.2.1   flexural strength— maximu
maximumm res
resista
istance
nce of a spe
speci-
ci-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical men subjected to bending.
 Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.1.1   Discussion— In
In this test method,  flexural strength  is
reported as the   modulus of rupture.
2. Referenc
Referenced
ed Documents
Documents
3.2.2   flexural testing apparatus— fixture
fixture used to apply force
2.1   ASTM Standards:2 to the bea
beam m spe
specime
cimenn and consists
consists of loa
loadin
ding
g and support
support
C31/C31M
C31/C31M 
Specimens  Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
in the Field blocks.
3.2.3   loading block— component
component of the testing apparatus in
C42/C42M   Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled
C42/C42M the shape of a portion of a cylinder that is used to apply a force
Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete to the beam specimen.
C125 Terminology
C125  Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
3.2.4   modu
modulus
lus of rup
ruptur e— calcula
ture— c alculated
ted stre
stress,
ss, ass
assumin
umingg
gregates
linear-elastic behavior, in the tensile face of a beam specimen
at th
thee ma
maxi
ximu
mum m be
bend
ndin
ing
g momome
ment
nt du
durin
ring
g a st stan
anda
dard
rd te
test
st
method.
1
Thiss tes
Thi testt met
method
hod is und
under
er the jur
jurisd
isdict
iction
ion of ASTM Com
Commit
mittee
tee   C09   on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 3.2.5   span length— distance
distance between lines of support, or
C09.61   on Testing for Strength.
C09.61 reaction, for the beam specimen, and it is equal to three times
Current
Curre nt editio
edition
n approv
approved
ed Jan. 1, 2018. Published
Published Febru
February
ary 2018. Origin
Originally
ally the nominal depth of the beam.
approved in 1930. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C78/C78M – 16. DOI:
10.1520/C0078_C0078M-18. 3.2.5.1   Discussion— For
F or ex
exam
ampl
ple,
e, fo
forr a 10
100
0 mm [4 in in.]
.]
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
nominal depth beam, the span length is 300 mm [12 in.] and for
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For  Annual Book of ASTM 
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on a 150 mm [6 in.] nominal depth beam, the span length is 450
the ASTM website. mm [18 in.]. See 3.2.6
See  3.2.6.1,
.1, for discussion of   reaction block .

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Apr 27 20:02:04 EDT 2019
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  C78/C78M − 18

3.2.6   support block— component

component of the testing apparatus in 5.1.1.1
5.1.1. 1 The testing
testing mach
machine ine sha
shall
ll con
confor
form
m to the req
requir
uire-
e-
the shape of a portion of a cylinder that is used to provide a ments of the sections on Basis of Verification, Corrections, and
reaction to the force applied to the beam specimen. Time Interval Between Verificat
Verifications
ions of Practice
Practice E4
 E4..
3.2.6.1   Discussion— If
If the testing apparatus applies force to 5.1.1.2
5.1.1 .2 Verify the accuracy of the testing machine
machine in accor
accor--
dance with Practice 
Practice   E4
E4,,  except that the verified loading range
the top of the beam, this block supports the beam. If the testing
shall be as required for flexural testing. Verification is required:
apparatus applies force to the bottom of the beam, the support
(1)  Within 13 months of the last verification,
block may be considered a reaction block because it provides
(2)  On origin
original
al install
installation,
ation,
a line of reaction at the top of the beam and does not support
(3)   After relocation,
the beam.
3.2.7   testing
testing machine— mec
mechan
machine—  hanica
icall de
devic
vicee for ap
apply
plying
ing (4)   Aft
operation After
er the
of making
mak ing applying
force repair
repairss or adjust
adj
systemustmen
ments
or thetsvalues
thatt af
tha affec
fectt the
displayed
force to a specimen.
on the load indicator, except for zero adjustments that com-
4. Sign
Significan
ificance
ce and Use pens
pensat
atee fo
forr th
thee we
weig
ight
ht of lo load
adin
ing
g or susupp
ppor
ortt bl
bloc
ocks
ks or
specimen, or both, or
4.1 Th
4.1 This
is te
test
st me
meth
thod
od is usused
ed to dedeter
termin
minee th
thee fle
flexu
xura
rall (5)  Whenever there is reason to suspect the accuracy of the
strength of specimens prepared and cured in accordance with indicated forces.
Test Method
Methodss   C42/C42M   or Practice
Practicess   C31/C31M   or   C192/ 
C192M..  Results are calculated and reported as the modulus of 
C192M 5.2   Flexural Testing Apparatus— The The third point loading
rupture. For the same specimen size, the strength determined method sha
method shall
ll be use
used
d to dete
determi
rmine
ne the flexural
flexural strstreng
ength
th of 
will var
vary
y if the
there
re are dif
differ
ferenc
ences
es in spespecime
cimenn pre
prepar
paratio
ation,
n, concre
concrete.
te. The loaloadin
ding
g blo
blocks
cks and sup
suppor
portt blo
blocks
cks sha
shall
ll be
curing procedure,
procedure, moisture condition
condition at time of testing
testing,, and designed so that forces applied to the beam will be along lines
whether the beam was molded or sawed to size. perpendicular to the side faces of the beam and applied without
eccentr
eccentricit
icity
y. A dia
diagra
gram
m of the flex
flexura
urall tes
testing
ting app
appara
aratus
tus is
4.2 The measured modulus of of rupture generally increases as
3,4,5 shown in Fig.
in  Fig. 1.
1.
the specimen size decreases.
NOTE  1—The flexural testing apparatus shown in Fig. in  Fig. 1   may be used
4.3 The results
results of this test method may be used to determine
determine inverted. In this case, the loading blocks will be at the bottom of the beam,
comp
co mplia
lianc
ncee wi
with
th spspeci
ecific
ficati
ation
onss or as a babasis
sis fo
forr mi
mixt
xtur
uree while the reaction blocks will be at the top of the beam.
proportioning, evaluating uniformity of mixing, and checking
placement operations by using sawed beams. It is used primar- 5.2.
5.2.11 Th
Thee fle
flexu
xura
rall tes
testi
ting
ng ap
appa
para
ratu
tuss sh
shall
all be cap
capab
able
le of 
ily in tetesti
sting
ng co
conc
ncre
rete
te fo
forr th
thee co
cons
nstr
truc
uctio
tion
n of slslab
abss an
andd maintaining the span length and distance between the lines of 
pavements. loading within 61.0 mm [60.05 in.] of the specified values.
5.2.2 The ratio of the horizontal
horizontal distance between
between the line of 
4.4 For identical
identical tes
testt spe
specime
cimens,
ns, the mod
modulu
uluss of rup
ruptur
turee
application of the force and the line of the nearest reaction to
obtained by this test method will, on average, be lower than
the depth of the beam shall be 1.0 6 0.03.
that obtained by Test Method C293/C293M
Method  C293/C293M..
5.2.3
5.2 .3 The loading
loading blo
blocks
cks and sup
suppor
portt blo
blocks
cks shall not be
5. Appar
Apparatus
atus more than 65 mm [2.50 in.] high, measured from the center or
the axis of the ball or the axis of the rod and shall extend
5.1  Testing Machine— Hand
Hand operated testing machines hav- entirely across or beyond the full width of the specimen. Each
ing pumps that do not provide a continuous loading in one case, the block surface in contact with the specimen shall not
stroke are not permitted. Motorized pumps or hand operated depart from a plane by more than 0.05 mm [0.002 in.] and shall
positive displacement pumps having sufficient volume in one
continuous stroke to complete a test without requiring replen- be a portion of a cylinder, the axis of which is coincidental with
either the axis of the rod or center of the ball, whichever the
ishment are permitted and shall be capable of applying loads at block
blo ck is piv
pivote
otedd upo
upon.n. The ang angle
le sub
subten
tended
ded by the cur curved
ved
a uni
unifor
formm rate wit
withou
houtt sho
shock
ck or inte
interru
rrupti
ption.
on. The tes
testing
ting surface of each block shall be at least 0.80 rad [45°].
machi
mac hine
ne shshall
all be eq
equi
uipp
pped
ed wi
with
th a me
mean
anss of re
reco
cord
rdin
ing
g or
5.2.
5.2.44 At lealeast
st ev
ever
eryy sisix
x mo
montnths
hs or as sp spec
ecifie
ifiedd by th thee
holding the peak value that will indicate the maximum load, to
manu
ma nufa
factu
cture
rerr of ththee fle
flexuxura
rall tes
testin
ting
g apappa
para
ratu
tus,
s, cl
clean
ean an andd
within 1 % accuracy, applied to the specimen during a test.
lubrica
lub ricate
te meta
metal-t
l-to-m
o-meta
etall con
contac
tactt sur
surfac
faces,
es, suc
suchh as inte
interna
rnall
5.1.1   Verification:
concavee surfa
concav surfaces
ces and steel balls and rods of the loadin loadingg blocks
and support blocks (Fig.(Fig. 1).
1). The lubricant shall be a petroleum-
type oil, such as conventional motor oil, or as specified by the
3
Tanesi,
Tanesi, J; Ardani
Ardani,, A. Leavi
Leavitt,
tt, J. Reduc
Reducing
  " ing the Speci
Specimen
men Size of Concr
Concrete
ete
manufacturer of the apparatus.
Flexural Strength Test (AASHTO T97) for Safety and Ease of Handling,   Trans-
"

 portation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board , No. 5.2.5 The support
support blocks shall be free to rotate.
2342, Transportation Research Board of National Academies, Washington, D.C., 5.2.
5.2.66 Th Thee lo
load
adin
ingg blbloc
ocks
ks an
andd susupp
pporortt bl
bloc
ocks
ks sh
shal
alll be
2013.
4
Carrasquillo, P.M. and Carrasquillo, R. L “Improved Concrete Quality Control
maintained in a vertical position and in contact with the rod or
Procedures Using Third Point Loading”,  Research Report 119-1F , Project 3-9-87- ball
ba ll by memeananss of spspri
ring
ng-l-loa
oade
ded
d scscre
rews
ws ththat
at ho
hold
ld th
them
em in
1119, Cente
1119, Centerr For Transportatio
Transportation
n Resea
Research,
rch, The Unive
University
rsity of Texas at Austi
Austin,
n, contact with the rod or ball. The uppermost bearing plate and
November 1987.
5
center point ball in Fig.
in  Fig. 1 may
1  may be omitted if the testing machine
Bazant, Z. and Novak, D. Proposal for Standard Test of Modulus of Rupture
  "

"
of Concrete with its Size Dependence,   ACI Materials Journal , January-February has a spherically seated bearing block, provided one rod and
2001. one ball are used as pivots for the upper loading blocks.

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2
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  C78/C78M − 18

FIG. 1 Schematic of Flexural Testing Apparatus for Third-Point Loading Method

6. Test Specimens supportt blo

suppor blocks
cks.. Whe
When n usi
using
ng saw
sawed
ed spe
specim
cimens
ens,, pos
positio
ition
n the
6.1 The test specimen shall conform
conform to all requi
requirement
rementss of  specimen so that the tension face corresponds to the top or
Test Metho
Method d   C42/C42M   or Practi
Practices
ces   C31/C31M   or   C192/  bottom of the specimen as cut from the parent material. Center
C192M   applicable to beam specimens and shall have a test the loading blocks in relation to the applied force. Bring the
span within 2 % of being three times its depth as tested. The loading blocks in contact with the surface of the specimen at
sides of the specimen shall be at right angles with the top and the third points and apply a force of between 3 and 6 % of the
bott
bo ttom
om.. Al
Alll su
surf
rface
acess sh
shal
alll be sm
smooooth
th an
and
d fr
free
ee of scscar
ars,
s, estimated ultimate force. Using 0.10 mm [0.004 in.] and 0.40
indentations, holes, or inscribed identification marks. mm [0.015 in.] leaf-type feeler gages, determine whether any
gap between the specimen and the loading or support blocks is
6.2 Prov
Provided
ided the smaller cross-section
cross-sectional
al dimens
dimension
ion of the
greater or less than each of the gages over a length of 25 mm
beam is at least three times the nominal maximum size of the
[1 in
in.]
.] or mo more
re.. Gr
Grin
ind,
d, ca
cap,
p, or us
usee le
leat
athe
herr sh
shim
imss on th thee
coarse aggregate, the modulus of rupture can be determined
specimen contact surface to eliminate any gap in excess of 0.10
using different specimen sizes. However, measured modulus of 
mm [0.004 in.] in width. Leather shims shall be of uniform 6
ruptur
rupturee gen
genera
erally
lly inc
increas
reases
es as spe
specime
cimenn size dec
decreases.3,4
reases.
mm [0.25 in.] thickness, 25 to 50 mm [1.0 to 2.0 in.] width, and
(Note 2).
2).
shall extend across the full width of the specimen. Gaps in
NOTE   2—The
2—The strstreng
ength
th rat
ratio
io for bea
beams
ms of dif differ
ferent
ent siz
sizes
es dep
depend
endss excess
exc ess of 0.40.40
0 mm [0.[0.015
015 in.] shall be elim
elimina
inated
ted only by
primarily on the maximum size of aggregate. 5 Experimental data obtained cappin
cap pingg or grigrindi
nding.
ng. Gri
Grindi
nding
ng of late
lateral
ral sur
surfac
faces
es sha
shall
ll be
in two dif
different
ferent studies
studies have show
shownn that for maxim
maximum um aggregate size
between 19.0 and 25.0 mm [3 ⁄ 4  and 1 in.], the ratio between the modulus
minimized because grinding may change the physical charac-
of rupture determined with a 150 by 150 mm [6 by 6 in.] and a 100 by 100 teristicss of the specimens. Capping
teristic Capping shall be in accord
accordance
ance with
mm [4 by 4 in.] may vary from 0.90 to 1.07 3 and for maximum aggregate the applicable sections of Practice  C617/C617M
 C617/C617M..
size between 9.5 and 37.5 mm [ 3 ⁄ 8   and 11 ⁄ 2   in.], the ratio between the
modulus of rupture determined with a 150 by 150 mm [6 by 6 in.] and a 7.3 Load the specimen continuou
continuously
sly and without shock.
shock. The
115 by 115 mm [4.5 by 4.5 in.] may vary from 0.86 to 1.00.4 load shall be applied at a constant rate to the breaking point.
6.3 The specifier
specifier of tests shall specify the specimen
specimen size and Apply the load at a rate that constantly
constantly increases the maximum
number of specimens to be tested to obtain an average test stress on the tension face between 0.9 and 1.2 MPa/min [125
result. The same specimen size shall be used for qualification and 175 psi
psi/min
/min]] unt
until
il rup
ruptur
turee occ
occurs
urs.. The loa
loadin
ding
g rat
ratee is
and acceptance testing. calculated using the following equation:
Sbd 2
7. Pro
Procedu
cedure
re r  5   (1 )
 L
7.1 Moist-
Moist-cured
cured specimens
specimens shall be kept moist during the
where:
period between removal from moist storage and testing.
r    = loadin
loading
g rate,
rate, N/min [lb/min
[lb/min],
],
NOTE  3—Surface drying of the specimen results in a reduction in the S    = rate of increas
increasee in maximum
maximum stress
stress on the
the tension
tension face,
measured flexural strength.
MPa/min [psi/min],
NOTE 4—Methods for keeping the specimen moist include wrapping in
moist fab
moist fabric
ric or mat
matting
ting and kee
keepin
ping
g spe
specim
cimens
ens under limlimee wat
water
er in b   = ave
averag
mmrage e width of the spec
[in.], specimen
imen as orie
oriente
nted
d for testing,
testing,
containers near the flexural testing machine until time of testing.
d    = ave
averag
ragee depth of the specimen
specimen as oriented
oriented for testing
testing,,
7.2 For molded
molded specimens,
specimens, turn the test specimen on its side
mm [in.], and
with
with re
resp
spec
ectt to its positio
position
n as mo
mold
lded
ed an
andd ce
cent
nter
er it on th
thee

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3
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  C78/C78M − 18

 L   = spa
span
n length
length,, mm [in.
[in.].
]. 10.1.8 If specimens were capped, ground, or if leather shims
were used,
8. Measurem
Measurement
ent of Specimens After
After Test
Test 10.1.9
10.1.9 Whethe
Whetherr sawed or molded and defects
defects in specime
specimens,
ns,
and
8.1 To determine
determine the dimensio
dimensions
ns of the specimen
specimen cross
cross
10.1.10
10.1.10 Age of specimens.
specimens.
section for use in calculating modulus of rupture, take mea-
surements across one of the fractured faces after testing. The 11. Pre
Precisi
cision
on and Bias
width and depth are measured with the specimen as oriented
11.1   Precision:
for testing. For each dimension, take one measurement at each
11.1.1   Single-Opera
Single-Operator
tor Precision— The
T he sin
Precision—  single
gle ope
operato
ratorr
edge and one at the center of the cross section. Use the three
measuremen
measure ments
ts for eac
eachh dir
directi
ection
on to det
determ
ermine
ine the ave
averag
ragee standard
0.25 MPadeviation for to
[37 psi] and testbedeterminations
independent ofhasthebeen
beamfound
sizes to be
used
width
wid th and the ave
averag
ragee dep
depth.
th. Take
Take all mea
measur
suremen
ements
ts to the
in the inte
interla
rlabor
borato
atory
ry stu
studydy (IL
(ILS)
S) (No
Notete 7). TheTheref
refore
ore,, the
neares
nearestt 1 mm [0.05 in.].
in.]. If the fra
fractu
cture
re occurs at a cap
capped
ped
modulus of rupture from two properly conducted tests by the
section, include the cap thickness in the measurement.
same operator on specimens of the same material (same batch
9. Calc
Calculat
ulation
ion of concrete), using the same size specimen (100-mm [4-in.] or
150-mm [6-in.] deep beams), is not expected to differ by more
9.1 If the fracture
fracture initiates in the tension surface
surface within the than 0.72 MPa [104 psi].6
middl
mid dlee th
thir
ird
d of th
thee sp
span
an len
lengt
gth,
h, ca
calcu
lcula
late
te th
thee mo
modu
dulu
luss of  11.1.2   Multi-Labora
Multi-Laboratory
tory Precision
Precision— — The
The multi
multilabor
laborator
atoryy
rupture as follows: coefficient of variation for test determinations has been found
PL to be as shown in the third column of  Table
of  Table 1.1.  The coefficient
 R 5   (2 )
bd 2 of variation was found to be similar for both specimen sizes
used in the ILS for modulus of rupture between 4.2 and 5.5
where:
MPa [600 and 800 psi]. A higher multilaboratory coefficient of 
 R   = modu
modulus
lus of ruptu
rupture,
re, MPa [psi]
[psi],, variati
var iation
on was obs
observ
erved
ed for 100100-mm
-mm [4-[4-in.
in.]] dee
deep p bea
beams
ms for
P   = maximu
maximum
m applied
applied load indica
indicated
ted by the testing
testing machine,
machine, modulus of rupture near 6.9 MPa [1000 psi]. Therefore, the
N [lbf], modulus of rupture from two properly conducted tests by two
 L   = span
span length
length,, mm [in.
[in.],
],
different laboratories on specimens of the same material (same
b   = avera
average
ge width
width of specime
specimen,
n, mm [in.],
[in.], at
at the fractur
fracture,
e, and
batch of concrete) and beam size are not expected to differ
from each other by more than the value in the fourth column of 
d    = avera
average
ge depth of specimen,
specimen, mm [in.],
[in.], at the
the fracture.
fracture.
NOTE   5—Th
5—Thee we
weig
ight
ht of th
thee be
beam
am is no
nott in
incl
clud
uded
ed in th
thee ab
abov
ovee
Table 1.1. The acceptable difference between two test determi-
calculation. nations is expressed as a percentage of their average.
9.2 If the fra
fractu
cture
re occ
occurs
urs in the tension
tension sur
surfac
facee out
outsid
sidee of  NOTE   7—The precision of this test method was determined from an
the middle third of the span length by not more than 5 % of the interlabo
interlaborat
ratory
ory stu
study
dy con
conduc
ducted
ted in 201
2016.
6. The stustudy
dy inv
involv
olved
ed thr
three
ee
concrete mixtures with modulus of rupture values of approximately 4.1
span length, calculate the modulus of rupture as follows:
MPa [600 psi], 5.5 MPa [800 psi] and 6.9 MPa [1000 psi]. Two beam sizes
3Pa were used: 100 by 100 by 355 mm [4 by 4 by 14 in.] and 150 by 150 by
 R 5   (3 ) 533 mm [6 by 6 by 21 in.]. Three test determinations were conducted for
bd  2
each combination of specimen size and concrete mixture. The number of 
where: labora
laborator
tories
ies use
used
d for det
determ
ermini
ining
ng the pre
precis
cision
ion var
varied
ied fro
from
m 10 to 17
depend
dep ending
ing on the concrete
concrete mix
mixtur
turee and beam sizsize.
e. The data use
usedd to
a   = averag
averagee distance
distance between
between line of
of fracture
fracture and the nearest
nearest
develo
dev elopp the pre
precis
cision
ion sta
statem
tement
ent wer
weree obt
obtaine
ained
d usi
using
ng the inc
inch-p
h-poun
oundd
support measured on the tension surface of the beam,
mm [in.].
NOTE   6—Th
6—Thee we
weig
ight
ht of th
thee be
beam
am is no
nott in
incl
clud
uded
ed in th
thee ab
abov
ovee 6
This number represents the difference limit (d2s) as described in Practice C670
Practice  C670..
calculation.
9.3 If the fra
fractu
cture
re occ
occurs
urs in the tension
tension sur
surfac
facee out
outsid
sidee of  TABLE 1 Multilaboratory Precision
the middle third of the span length by more than 5 % of the Acceptable
span length, discard the results of the test. Difference
Beam Modulus of
Modulus Between
Coefficient
Depth, Rupture, Two Test
10. Repor
Reportt in. [mm] psi [MPa]
of Variation
Determinations
10.1 Report the following information:
information: (percentage of
their average)A
10.1.1 Identification number,
number,   4.1 to 5.5 MPa
100 mm [4 in.]   6.1 % 17.1 %
10.1.2
10.1.2 Averag
veragee width to the nearest 1 mm [0.05 in.],
in.], [600 to 800 psi]
10.1.3
10.1.3 Averag
veragee depth to the nearest 1 mm [0.05 in.],
  6.9 MPa
10.1.4
10.1.4 Span length
length in mm [in.], 100 mm [4 in.]   11.4 % 31.8 %
[1000 psi]
10.1.5
10.1.5 Maximu
Maximum m applied load in N [lbf]
[lbf],,
10.1.6 Mod
10.1.6 Modulu
uluss of rup
ruptur
turee calc
calculat
ulated
ed to the nea
neares
restt 0.0
0.05
5 150 mm [6 in.]   4.1 to 6.9 MPa
[600 to 1000 psi]
  6.9 % 19.3 %
MPa [5 psi], A
These numbers represent the difference limit (d2s%) as described in Practice
10.1.7
10.1.7 Curing history
history and apparent moisture condition
condition of  C670.
C670.
the specimens at the time of test,

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Apr 27 20:02:04 EDT 2019
4
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  C78/C78M − 18
version of this test method. The precision indexes shown in SI units are MPa [600 and 800 psi], as well as higher multilaboratory variability in all
exact conversions of the values in inch-pound units. Supporting data have mixtures. For the 150-mm [6-in.] deep beams, these machines resulted in
been filed at ASTM Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting higher variability only for the mixture with flexural strength of approxi-
Research Report RR:C09-1050.7 mately
mately 6.9 MPa [10 [1000
00 psi
psi].
]. Ref
Refer
er to Res
Resear
earch
ch Rep
Report
ort RR:
RR:C09
C09-10
-1050
50
NOTE   8—The
8—The resresult
ultss for eac
each
h tes
testt con
condit
dition
ion (sp
(speci
ecimen
men size and (Appendix J) for a discussion of possible reasons why these machines may
concrete strength) include data from 3 to 5 laboratories that used hand have resulted in higher variability.
operated testing machines with paper charts for reading the ultimate force.
For the 100-mm [4-in.] deep beams, these machines resulted in higher
11.2   Bias— Because
Because there is no accepted standard for deter-
single-operator variability in mixtures with strengths between 4.1 to 5.5 mining bias in this test method, no statement on bias is made.

12. Keyw
Keywords
ords
7
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1050. Contact
Contact ASTM Customer 12.1 beams; concrete;
concrete; flexural strength
strength testing; modulus of 
Service at service@astm.org. rupture

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committ
Committee
ee C09 has ide
identi
ntified
fied the loca
locatio
tion
n of sele
selected
cted changes
changes to this test meth
method
od sin
since
ce the last issu
issue,
e,
C78/C78M – 16, that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved Jan. 1, 2018.)

(1)   Revised Sections 

Sections   2   and
and   7.2
7.2.. (7)  Added
 Added Note
 Note 1. 1.
(2)  Added Sections 
Sections   3   and
and   4.4
4.4.. (8) Deleted existing Notes 2, 7, and 8.
(3)  Revised
 Revised   5.1
5.1.. (9) Revised
 Revised   4.2
4.2,,  6.3
 6.3,,   and
and 11.1
 11.1..
(4)  Added
 Added 5.1.1
 5.1.1.. (10) Added
 Added Table
 Table 1  1   and
and Notes
 Notes 7 and 8.
8.

(6)  Revised
(5)  Revised   Fig.
5.2 and
5.2
 Revised Fig.
 Revised  and
1. its subsections.
1. (11) Added
 Added 5.2.4
 5.2.4..

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Ed Webster (Universidad Industrial de Santander) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.