Advantages of dual slope ADC: 1 Disadvantage of dual slope ADC : other ADCs. 8.10.8 | Comparison of A to D Converters : Ae ng NX er output shows a number corresponding to N clock Veles iy [At ty, the cou! period t, 10s nis the time taken for integrator output to re ; N " Thus this i « the desired digital output code proportional to the anja, Hence N mee then the integrator capacitor will charge to a higher ne, gatiy IF V, increases, ierval Ty. Therefore the time T, required to reduce the integrator output to time in ! will be higher. Thus N is pro To Therefore the counter output count (N) Proportional to v, Nx Veer Mist fe ee dey The expression for V, is Va = Txf , hence it is independent of R, Cand T. Thus of the components affects T, and T, in the same Proportion and apc output is IFT, is chosen so that it is related to power supply period, the noise and hum on, the in largely averaged out. Hence, dual slope eet capable of rejecting Noise and hum, Offset correction can be introduced by a relatively simple circuit, facilitating AUto-zerojn Unath Low cost. i" Accuracy of the dual-slope ADC can be of the order of 0.05 %, which is adequate d applications. The only major drawback of a dual slope type ADC is its long conversion time as compe Table 8.10.4 : Comparison of A/D converters Successive __approximation Moderately long Longest time Speed Fastest Faster than dual slope Slowest Accuracy of Less accurate Moderately accurate Very accurate conversion 7 : Input hold time | Almost zero Higher than that of Longest. Therefore flash type ADC. It] sample and hal depends on the number | circuit is necessary. 5 of bits, . | Cost Very costly as a large | Moderately high. Low number of comparators are being used. 6. | A i \dvantages Hig Speed and no input | Constant conversion | High accuracy, 10 time. time, good speed, high | cost. accuracy, medium cost.ial CHS. & Logic Design (ECE-PTU) 8-31 og DIA and A/D Converters Flash type vaniages | LOW accuracy, high | Nae Tiss foes" Y ‘ot many Long conversion time, slow speed, - Jong input hold time. tions | AU hi - [eric aera =a ae al data acquisition | All those applications | storage CRO, fiber optic ; een vey bleh | | es communication etc, pia! Table 8.10.5 : Comparison of dual slope and Ramp type ADCs auaone Ramp type 1, [Conversion time _| Longest Not constant. Depends on V, Lt 2, | Speed Slowest Variable 73, | Accuracy of Very accurate Lower than that of dual slope conversion |inputhold time | Longest. Therefore a sample and | Lower than that of dual slope hold circuit is necessary. 5, | Cost Low Low “6_| Advantages High accuracy, low cost Higher accuracy, low cost 1. | Disadvantages Long conversion time, slow speed, | Variable conversion time, variable Jong input hold time. speed. |. | Applications All those applications which need | Applications needing marginal | very high accuracy. accuracy, and low cost. 41 ADC Characteristics : _ Some of the important characteristics of ADC are : 1. Resolution 2. Conversion time 3. Quantization error ‘M11 Resolution : au Sialar DAC, the resolution of an ADC is defined in two ways : - : | Resolution is defined as the maximum number of digital output codes. This is same as that of a DAC. " (8.1L c. Resolution = 2 : aD Altematively, resolution can be defined as the ratio of the change in the value of the input analog Voltage V,, required to change the digital output by 1 LSB. Vis (8.11.2) 2. Resolution = 5p"y D/A and A/D Converters og g advantages of R/2R ladder DACs : si gosase we need resistors of only two values itis easier to build this circuit accurately | ecan inotease the number of bits just by adding more sections of same R/2R values. 1 the equivalent resistance to the right of each labelled node (A, B, C ..) will be equal to 2R. 3 ence current flowing downwards, away from each node is equal to the current flowing towards al ols Logic Design (ECE-PTU) 8-15 right . we to the small resistance spread, (only 2 to 1) the R-2R ladder can be fabricated + onolthically, with a high accuracy and stability 455 Applications of D/A Converters : in ny digital processing system to convert digital command signal into analog one (e.g, motor speed control). , Inthe A to D converters. Such as counter ADC or successive approximation type ADC. «For displaying information on CRT or XY plotter. 4 Incomputers. 5 Inthe electronic equipments such as curve tracers. 456 Comparison of DACs : + Table 8.5.3 shows the comparison of R-2R ladder DAC and weighted resistor DAC. Table 8.5.3 we Parameter. Weighted Resistor DAC R-2R Ladder DAC Naw 1._| Simplicity Simple Slightly complicated [2 [Range of resistor | Wide range is required Resistors of only two values are values requires | 3 [Number of resistors | One Two per bit 4. | Ease of expansion | Not easy to expand for more | Easy to expand. number of bits. 86 Specifications for DAC : “The designers of D/A converter specify the following important characteristics (specifications) of DIA converter . * Resolution © Accuracy © Linearity * Temperature sensitivity © Settling time © Speed * Long term drift © Supply rejection. Letus discuss them one by one | Resolution : * Resolution describes the smallest possible change in the analog output voltage. Resolution should be as high as possible. Its value depends on the number of bits in the digital input applied to DAC. His ‘number of bits, higher is the resolution.