DankanoE GarbaM J

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/341655107
Drug Abuse and its Effects on Academic Performance of

Secondary School Student in Bali Local Govt
Article · January 2017
CITATION READS
1 48,196
2 authors:
Edwe Dankano Mbave Joshua Garba

Taraba State University Taraba State University
1 PUBLICATION 1 CITATION 12 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
The Doctrine of the Rule of Law; a Necessity to Democratic Governance View project
Paradigm Shift View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Mbave Joshua Garba on 26 May 2020.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Dankano, E. & Garba, M. J.: Drug Abuse and its Effects on Academic Performance
of Secondary School Student in Bali Local Govt. Area of Taraba State, Nigeria.
Drug Abuse and its Effects on Academic Performance of Secondary School

Student in Bali Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria.
Dankano, Edwe*
edweseh@gmail.com
08026954965/07065501160
And
Garba, Mbave Joshua*
joshgarbs02@yahoo.com
08036265207
* Department of Sociology
Taraba State University, Jalingo
Abstract
This study examined the effects of drug abuse on academic performance of
secondary school students in Bali Local Government Area of Taraba State. The
study had the following objectives: to examine the effect of drug abuse on
academic performance of secondary school students and to identify ways of
addressing problems of drug abuse. Differential Association theory was used as
the theoretical framework for this study. Available data shows that drug abuse
among secondary school students has led to an increase in the poor performance
of students in examination and consequent dropout rate from school due to
retarded memory. Conclusively, it is clear that there is a positive link between
drug abuse and academic performance of secondary school students. The study
recommended that secondary schools in Bali Local Government should as a
matter of urgency set up a standard health care unit with the school counselor
within the school for proper administration and monitoring the use of drugs,
particularly when students are ill. Government should also make drug education
compulsory at all levels of education for proper fight against drug abuse in order
to have a better society.
Introduction
Drug abuse has become a global phenomenon affecting almost every country;
though the extent, causes, effects and characteristics vary from one country to
another. A drug refers to a substance that could bring about a change in the
biological function of a human being through its chemical actions (Okoye,
2001:9). It is also considered as a substance that modifies perceptions, cognition,
mood, behavior and general body functions (Balogun, 2006:8). The most
commonly used and abused substances globally are cigarettes, cannabis and
alcohol. Alcohol and other related problems are becoming more and more a
public health concern globally; due to over use and indiscriminate use of drugs
(Acolagbe, 2005).
Taraba State University Journal of Sociology Vol. 2. No. 2. ISSN: 2360-8269 Jan., 2017
117
Hence, the misuse of drugs is considered one of the leading causes of preventable
death; illness and injury as it impedes the peace of the world. Commonly used
substances are inhalants, heroine and cocaine (Acolagbe, 2005).
Notwithstanding, in the context of this research, drug abuse is considered as
taking overdose of a specific drug or substance; or indiscriminate consumption of
such substances capable of upsetting the biological functioning and physiological
behaviour of individuals consuming them (Edeneyi, 1993).
The substance abuse problem in Nigeria is not different from other countries
though there may be variations in the magnitude of the problem. Similarly,
students and youth found in the acts of drugs abuse are often times academically
and socially less developed as they are not respected and recognized to make
reasonable contribution to any development. This is because drug abuse does not
only downgrade the academic performance of students, but also affects the
moral, physical and general buildup of the secondary school students (Kandel &
Chen, 1995). Morally, students are otherwise disobedient to their teachers,
parents and their senior students both at school and at home as a result of drug
influence.
Consequently, drug or substance abuse causes disorder characterized by the use
of behaviour-altering substance in a maladaptive pattern resulting in significant
impairment or distress. These consequences results to failure to fulfill social or
occupational obligations or recurrent use in situations in which it is physically
dangerous to do so; or which end in legal problems or behaviour modification
(Kandel & Chen, 1995; Acolagbe, 2005).
Drug abuse most often begins in early adolescence stage because of socio-
economic problems and cultural practices of this age group (Kandel & Chen,
1995:65). The sequence of usage ranges from tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and
other substances. Secondary school students are increasingly engaging in
prescribed drugs, particularly narcotics which are prescribed to relieve severe
pain and stimulant medications, which treat conditions like attention deficit
disorder and narcolepsy (Turner, 2008). Therefore, youths who are seen as the
leaders of tomorrow and being placed to be trained in secondary schools have
swerved to the use of drugs. This act in no way contributes to the development of
the students and the expected output of these students can greatly diminish their
academic performances because of their tenacity to drug addiction (Turner,
2008). The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) has stated that
drug abuse is a major problem in schools (NDLEA, 1997). For instance, about
20% of the school population in Edo state, Nigeria has taken a psychoactive drug
once in their lives (Alemika, 1998:45).
Many of these behaviours are heavily tied to the peer culture, as children learn
from and imitate the peers they like and admire Kithi (2007). Thus, in a bid to be
attractive to others becomes very important in adolescence, and this factor is
significant in the development of eating disorders, alcohol consumption, tobacco
118
and drug use, tanning, not practicing safe sex, and vulnerability to injury, among
other behaviours (Alemika, 1998). Staff (2012) Avers that Adolescents who
abused substances typically do more poorly in school, and family problems,
deviance, and low self esteem appears to explain this relationship. Parents and
peers influence adolescent drinking by influencing attitude about alcohol and by
acting as role models (Taylor, 2003:78). Secondary school students ignorantly
depend on one form of drug or the other for their various daily activities such as
social, educational, political, and moral among others, such drug include , Indian
hemp, cocaine, morphine, Heroin, Alcohol, Epherdrine, Madras, caffeine, glue,
Barbiturates and Amphetamines ,World Health Organization (2003) . Today,
more Nigerian youths are becoming drug dependants, while Nigeria gradually
transits from the status of a drug-consuming nation to that of a drug-producing
one and Young ones who are mainly from ‘well-to-do homes’ are increasingly
identifying with the ‘big boys’ that practice the use of substance like heroin and
cocaine. Others substances like Indian hemp, which is frequently produced in
Nigeria and other substances like Methamphetamine and tablet with codeine
capable of intoxicating are mostly found in schools (Staff, 2012). To attest to the
global problem of drug abuse, Carol (1983) said “in recent years, the American
people have annually consumed nearly 2.5 million gallons of vitamins, nearly 3
million pounds of tranquillizers barbiturates and the medicine cabinets in
American homes have never been as full”. All formal instituted organization
exists to achieve specific objectives, and the task of educational administration,
therefore, is to plan strategies for their effective attainment. These strategies
include working out details of what needs to be done and the method of doing
them. The details so worked out should include the setting up of a formal
structure which permits the hierarchical allocation of responsibilities and a
communication flow, for accomplishing the purposes of an enterprise (Edem,
1998).
To this end, during International day against drug abuse and Illicit Trafficking of
26th June, 1988, the then United Nations‘ Secretary General, Javier Peres de
Cuellar, noted that drug and drug trafficking had already claimed millions of
lives, weakened national economies, undermined the integrity and stability of
governments and endangered the human society as a whole. He remarked that the
dimensions of such a crisis were painfully clear and that drug related crimes had
reached alarming proportions. In such a global epidemic, he concluded, all
nations were vulnerable (United Nations, 1988).
Statement of the Research Problem
The use of drugs could be beneficial or harmful depending on the mode of use.
The incidence of drugs abuse affects the academic performance of secondary
school students through a variety of ways like heart and liver disease, among
others (Carol 1983). To this end, crime rate, which is related to drug abuse, has
escalated to levels that are very disturbing. We have witnessed numerous
119
behaviour disorders and social mal-adjustments among the youth who engage in
acts such as rape, murder, theft, thuggery among others (Carol 1983). The
culprits of these criminal acts turn out to be very much among young people who
have just entered secondary schools. These abused drugs and other substances,
affects them academically, psychologically and socially, at times they are
expelled from school and they turn up to be delinquents and join street life.
The problems have spread its tentacles to all nook and crannies of Nigerian
society. The youths are roaming the streets with mental problems, dropping out
of schools, wallowing in hospital wards, convicted and incarcerated. The menace
of drug abuse has eaten deep into the fabrics of our society with no effective
counseling programme in our secondary schools to tackle the problem headlong.
As a scourge of moral degradation and societal instability, the efforts by the
Government, corporate organizations and the public to ameliorate the menace are
futile, rather it has become a pandemic. The need to invest in preventive
strategies is therefore needed, rather than the prevailing curative approach whose
impact is hardly felt.
In addition, data on the trends of substance abuse and outcomes of addiction
among secondary school students remain largely un-documented in Bali Local
Government Area. There is therefore need to seek information to contribute to
this knowledge gap, through focusing on establishing the effects of substance or
drug abuse on academic performance of secondary school students in Bali Local
Government Area. The rationale behind selecting Bali Local Government Area
was based on their relative huge population and reported cases of indulging in
hard drugs, and suspension of students from the schools due to issues of drug
abuse as reported by Taraba State Ministry of Education (2013).
Research Objectives
The goal of the study is to assess the influence of drug abuse on academic
performance of secondary school students in Bali Local Government Area of
Taraba State. The following is the research objectives:
i. To examine the effects of drug abuse on students’ academic performance
among secondary school students in Bali Local Government Area.
ii. To recommending strategies of addressing problems of drugs abuse.
Significance of the Study
The importance of carrying out this research are to increase the depth of
knowledge on causes, effects and control of drug abuse so as to give more
understanding of drug abuse to Parents, Teachers, Counselors and school
administrators to reduce drug abuse among secondary school students. The study
also will encourage the People of Bali Local Government Area of Taraba State,
to establish drug rehabilitation centers with the help of the ministry of health and
the role parents and teachers play to prevent drug abuse. Student has always been
the hope of the future development in the society. The recommendations from
this study will thus have a far reaching effect on students within and outside the
120
schools as data generated for the study will also serve as a source of information
and hence become useful to other researchers, Government, non-governmental
organization and civil society group to curb the menace of drug abuse as it has a
devastating effects on the developmental plan of the Nation and the society as
whole.
Perspective on Drug Abuse and Academic Performance
Drug: Is an illegal substance that some people take, smoke, inject e.t.c for the
physical and mental effects it has.
Drug Abuse: A drug is said to be abused when its use is not pharmacological or
physically necessary it can also be used to describe a situation whereby the
dosage of a given drug is exceeded by the user.
Academic Performance: Is the outcome of education - the extent to which a
student, teacher or Institution has achieved their educational goals.
Effect of Drug Abuse
According to Awake (2003) drug abuse cost the United States of America an
estimated 100 million dollars a year in health care, reduces job productivity, lost
earning and instigates crime, but perhaps, it is the young ones that pay the highest
price. The effects of drugs on students are not farfetched. Drugs are chemical
substances that destroy the body cell, depending on how the drugs are used. This
is why Orija (2008) stated that drug dependent person unknowingly damages
his/herself and the society. The effect is a deteriorating health, which may cause
mental ill health, deformed babies and untimely death of the individual involved.
He goes further to say that people who have become dependent on drug becomes
more irritable, moody, absent minded, drop in academic performance and change
in mode of dressing. They become more demanding with regard to funds,
increased appetite and they complain often of aches and pains in the body.
Rebury (2006) enumerates the effects of some drugs abuse as follows:
i. Amphetamine takes away the desire to eat; hence, some persons grow thin
and become easy target for diseases.
ii. Methedrine makes one feel powerful but aggressive, nervous, talkative and
easily excited. The mind becomes deranged due to sleeplessness.
iii. Indeed Indian hemp causes mental disorder, hallucination and cocaine
damages the heart and cause heart attack in human beings.
Toward Theoretical Framework: Differential Association Theory
Differential association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950)
proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values,
attitudes, techniques, and motives for behaviour. Individuals learn how to
commit criminal acts; drives, rationalizations. Their inspiration is the processes
of cultural transmission and construction. Sutherland had developed the idea of
the “self” as a social construct, as when a person’s self-image is continuously
being reconstructed especially when interacting with other people. The theory
predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of
121
definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding. This tendency will be
reinforced it social association provides active people in the person’s life. Earlier
in life the individual comes under the influence of those of high status within that
group, the more likely the individual to follow in their footsteps. There is no
natural, innate manner in which people interact with one another rather; humans
learn how to behave in social situations whether properly or improperly. These
simple ideas are not disputed today, but this was not the case when sociologist
Edwin Sutherland advanced the argument that an individual undergoes the same
basic socialization process whether learning conformity or deviant acts.The
theory is outlined in nine propositions.
The first proposition posits that criminal behaviour is learned. (Sutherland and
Cressey, 1978), just as one learns to tie his or her shoelaces or to prepare a meal,
so too does one learn to pick a lock or copy a credit card. Sutherland is careful,
however, to note that learned behaviour is neither invented nor inherited. The
skills and techniques required for criminal activity are not innovations, and they
are not automatically obtained from birth, or through associations with criminals;
rather, they are acquired through a process of learning.
In the second proposition, Sutherland refutes the possibility that criminals and
drug abusers must witness criminal behavior in order to learn it. Rather, he states
that one learns criminal behaviour through social interaction and communication
(Sutherland & Cressey, 1978). In a family structure one may learn to respect and
obey the law, or to believe in a certain religious world view. This
communication-based discovery and realization also occurs when learning about
criminal activities.
Sutherland’s third proposition begins to explain the observations of Shaw and
McKay (1979), who observed that consistent high rates of learning within
members of similar social conditions. He argues that most learning of crime and
drug abuse takes place in interaction with members of intimate, personal groups,
and that methods of impersonal communication such as television, films or
newspaper are less influential of this effective in learning (Sutherland &
Cressey,1978:123). The greater implication of this proposition is that it locates
trust at the root of social interactions that encourage drug abuse.
The fourth proposition expands Sutherland’s concept of learning to identify what
is acquired through communication with intimate others that enables criminal
activity. He describes how through this learning process an individual gains not
only the skills and techniques required to commit the crime, but also the
“motives, drive, rationalizations, and attitudes” that accompany the behaviour
(Sutherland & Cressey, 1978). Merely learning how to commit a crime is not
cause alone for one to actually engage in the activity. Instead, Sutherland calls
attention to a subjective component: individuals also learn, or assimilate, the
social, cultural and psychological attitudes that drive a violation of the law. Such
rationalization and attitudes also explain the common excuse for criminal
122
behaviour as warranted or deserved. A rapist, for example, may reason that his or
her actions were justified as the victim was “asking for it” by flirting of by
wearing revealing clothing, an attitude he or she likely developed through
association with others of similar beliefs.
The fifth proposition further elaborates upon the issue of criminal motivation: as
individuals are surrounded by a “cultural conflict” of competing ideas from both
law-abiding citizens and criminals, pro-criminal or anti-criminal intentions are
developed based on learned conceptions of the law as either “favorable” or
“unfavorable” (Sutherland & Cressey,1978: 123). In other words, one develops
opinions of the law that either encourage or discourage action.
In the sixth proposition, Sutherland argues that an individual becomes drug
addict only when “definitions favorable to violation of law” exceed “definitions
unfavorable to violation of law” (Sutherland & Cressey, 1978). In other words, it
is not the amount of exposure to criminal ideology that is important, rather it is
the ratio of attitudes (definitions) towards crime-whether pro-criminal or anti-
criminal influences are stronger which determines whether an individual
embraces criminal behaviour or not.
In the seventh proposition, Sutherland avoids oversimplifying the social learning
processes by describing how “excess definitions” (associations, attitude, and
patterns) are affected by four factors: frequency, duration, priority and intensity”
(Sutherland & Cressey, 1978). How often, for how long, how early in life and
from whom an individual is exposed to criminal associations will affect the
relative impact on an individual’s behaviour. For example, a student who is
raised by a drug addicted parent will be exposed to stronger definitions of deviant
behaviour than a teenager who witnesses a cousin snorting cocaine at a party. In
this case, the child would be frequently exposed (frequency) for many years
(duration) in early life (priority) to pro-criminal definitions.
The eight propositions reiterate the logic behind the criminal learning process.
Sutherland explains that, like any other skill or knowledge, the process by which
one attains and develops pro-criminal and anti-criminal patterns is the same as
any other learning process (Sutherland & Cressey, 1978). In learning, one is not
only able to imitate or reproduce behaviour, but rather understands and develops
it. A thief who steals cars or burgles houses, for example, will hone his or her
skills to become more efficient and effective in doing so, learning over time to
become quieter, faster and more precise in such activities. Sutherland’s final
proposition makes the important claim that the motivations for criminal and law-
abiding behaviour cannot be the same, and therefore crime cannot be a result of
general needs and values, such as a desire for wealth or social status (Sutherland
& Cressey, 1978). The actions of a student who plagiarizes an essay or
assignment, for example, cannot be justified by a general desire to do well
academically; this would not explain why all students do not participate in the
same deviant behaviour.
123
Therefore, differential association theory best captures and explains the causes of
drug abuse and its influence on the academic performance of secondary school
student, and the society at large. The theory demonstrated that drug abuse
generally is learned in interaction with others, mostly in intimate groups.
According to the theory acts like stealing, smoking, staying away from school,
missing test and assault are learned in the process of interaction with other drug
addicts in the society. The theory demonstrated that the act of drug abuse is
learned in interaction with others mostly in intimate groups.
Methodology
Research Design
In this study, the cross sectional design was employed because it is descriptive in
nature. This type of study uses different groups of people who differ in the
various field of interest but who share other characteristics such as
socioeconomic status like age, educational background and sex. Emenke (2008)
observes that a survey design generally collects data from a defined population to
describe the recent condition of the population using the variables for the study to
achieve this. This is relatively cheap and easy. It also has the advantage of
collecting large amount of data concerning a given population and it permits the
use of variety of procedure and instrument in data collection.
Methods of Data Collection
Data collection is one of the significant aspects of any research process. This is
because the quality of a research depends on the right choice of instrument for
data collection to be able to elicit the right information. The technique of data
collection for the study is questionnaire. The study exclusively utilize survey
questionnaire in order to give the respondents ample opportunity and
time/freedom to respond to the questions. The questionnaires were administered
on the students, with each randomly selected from a school.
Conclusion
Based on the research findings it was clear that there is a strong link between
drug abuse and the Academic performance of secondary school students in Bali
local Government Area. To this end, during International day against drug abuse
and Illicit Trafficking of 26th June, 1988, the then United Nations‘ Secretary
General, Javier Peres de Cuellar, noted that drug and drug trafficking had already
claimed millions of lives, weakened national economies, undermined the
integrity and stability of governments and endangered the human society as a
whole. He remarked that the dimensions of such a crisis were painfully clear and
that drug related crimes had reached alarming proportions. In such a global
epidemic, he concluded, all nations were vulnerable (United Nations, 1988).
Drug abuse is indeed a menace in secondary schools in Bali Local Government
Area of Taraba State. Today, we are living in the days of advanced technology,
days of drug proliferation, when various drugs are introduced into the society
sometimes unchecked by various government agencies. While the curiosity of
124
these teenagers is being exhibited unabated because often times, secondary

school students like to try or find out anything including drugs which they may
eventually depend on for their survival contrary to their health pattern, there is
the need for a pragmatic and concerted effort by all to curb this menace
plaguing the society as drug addiction especially in the youths, it is a threat to all
sectors of the economy which incidentally endanger the future of any nation.
The abuse of drugs by secondary school students in Bali Local Government Area
need to be discouraged. Therefore, based on the findings of this research it is
clear that there is a strong link between drug abuse and academic performance of
secondary school students in Bali Local Government Area of Taraba state. The
study also shows that the rate of drug abuse among secondary school students in
Bali Local Government Area keeps growing; by implication, the abysmally low
academic performance of students between the years 2010 to 2014 in WAEC
examinations is attributed to lack of student concentration or behavioural change
at school due to substance intake.
Recommendations
The study proffers the following recommendations.
i. The government should make drug education compulsory at all levels of
our educational programme. This will reduce the ignorance level of what
actually constitute drug abuse and the likely causes and effects.
ii. Parents should inculcate the habit of constant monitoring and advising
their children on the implications of taking hard drugs.
iii. Parents and religious bodies should also contribute to enhance
behavioural patterns of secondary school children as regards drug use to
curtail the societal ills associated with drug abuse.
References
Acolagbe J. E. (2005). The youth and drugs abuse. A lecture delivered at the Annual
Youth Convention of the Adventist Society in Benin City, August 7,
Adelanwa, D. (2006). Socio-economic characteristics of NDLEA detainees in Akure.
Unpublished M.Sc.
Ajala, O. A. (2009). A study of some causative factors of substance abuse among
secondary school students in Ibadan. An unpublished M.Ed. dissertation,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan.
Alemika, E. O. (1998). Narcotic Drug Control in Nigeria. Development Policy Center,
Ibadan- Nigeria.
Awake (2003) “Drug abuse there is a solution” Benin City Watchtower Bible and Tract
Society.
Balogun, S. K. (2006). “Chronic intake of separate and combined alcohol and nicotine on
body maintenance among albinorats”, Journal of Human Ecology, 19(1) 21-24.
Carol, G. (1983). In a different Voice: Psychological theory and women’s development.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press,1983.
125
Duarte, R., Escario J. J. and Molina, J.A. (2006) Marijuana consumption and school
failure among Spanish students. Economics of Education Review, 25, 472-481
Eden,W. L. (1998). Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice
Statistics, 2006.
Gatumbi, A. H. (2003) Three-year outcomes of therapeutic community treatment for
drug-involved offenders in Delaware: From prison to work release to
aftercare. The Prison Journal 79(3):294–320, 1999.
Gelinas, M. (2006) Treatment of Drug Offenders: Policies and Issues. NY, NY: Springer,
2002.
Kandel, O. and Yamaguchi, G. U. (1992:98) Gender differences in outcomes from
prison-based residential treatment. J Substance Abuse Treat 24(2), 149–160.
Kandel, U. D. and Chen, W. (1995) Drug Addiction Among Police Secondary School
Students. Paper Presented at the Bi-annual conference of the force education
officers and the first Nigerian training course for NGO’s in the treatment of
Drug Dependent Persons in Benin City, Nigeria, 1 - 20
Kithi, D. A. (2007) Drug abuse and drug trafficking in South Africa: An overview paper
presented at the South Africa Training Course on drug abuse.
Manbe, D.A. (2008). “Crime and drug abuse among Nigerian youths: A critical
examination in World Health Organization (WHO)”, Expert committee on drug
dependence, 28th Report (unpublished).
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (2014). Drug data collection and research,
Lagos: Drug Demand Reduction Unit.
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, (1997): Stages and effects of drug abuse
Odejide, A. O., (1997). Observation on drug abuse in western Nigeria. African Journal of
Psychology, 15(80), 113-128
Okoye, N. N., (2001). The adolescents and hard drugs: A psychological concern in
R.U.N,
Orija S (2008). Dimensions of Mental Health. University of Ibadan Inaugural Lecture.
Rebury, S. U. (2006) Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse, in Proceedings of the
Community Epidemiology Work Group, January 2006, Bethesda, MD: National
Institute on Drug Abuse. In preparation.
Staff, B. N. (2012) Perception of Drug Abuse Amongst Nigerian Undergraduates.
London: The Macmillan Press
Sutherland,E and Cressey,G (1978) A sociological theory of criminal behavior. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Taraba State Ministry of Education (2013) Secondary School Results of Taraba
State.Publish 2013
Taylor, S. E., (2003) Health Psychology (5th Ed.) Indian: McGraw Hill.
Turner, B. (2008), Personal and Community Health. New York: Oxford University Press.
United Nations, "Report of the United Nations Secretariat. Drug Abuse: Extent, Patterns
and Trends", Prepared for the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, thirty-seventh
session, Vienna, 13-22 April 1994. (E/CN.7/1994/4, 21)
United Nations. (1988). World Drug Report. New York.
United Nations. (2003). World Drug Report. New York.
WHO, (2003), Report on Substance Abuse, Deaths Related to Drug Abuse.
126
View publication stats

DankanoE GarbaM J

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DankanoE GarbaM J

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Drug Abuse and its Effects on Academic Performance of

Article · January 2017

Edwe Dankano Mbave Joshua Garba

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Paradigm Shift View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Drug Abuse and its Effects on Academic Performance of Secondary School

these teenagers is being exhibited unabated because often times, secondary

View publication stats

You might also like