ლექცია 4

დაფარნები

sulxan-sabas mixedviT, `dafarna-siwmidis safarebelia~. aseTive ganmartebas iZleva mis

Sesaxeb d. CubinaSvilic: `dafarna_siwmindeT dasafarebeli.
amdenad, dafarna warmoadgens saeklesio daniSnulebis nivTs, romelic ixmareba barZimisa da
feSxumis safareblad wminda saidumlos - `ziarebis~ aRsrulebis dros.
werilobiTi wyaroebisa da muzeumSi daculi masalis Seswavlam gvaCvena, rom dafarnebi
kompleqtebis saxiT iqargeboda. TiToeuli Sedgeboda sami nawilisagan. aqedan erTi gankuTvnili
iyo feSxumis saburvelad, meore _ barZimisaTvis, mesame ki barZim-feSxumis saerTo
safarebels warmoadgenda.
formisa da zomis mixedviT isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. barZimisa da feSxumis
safareblebi SedarebiT mcire zomisaa da kvadratuli an jvruli forma aqvs, xolo saerTo safarebeli
—marTkuTxaa da zomiTac ufro didia.
saboloo saxis Camoyalibebamde dafarnam ganviTarebis sakmaod didi istoriuli gza gaiara. igi
liturgiuli samsaxuris damkvidrebisTanave SemouRiaT xmarebaSi.
rogorc irkveva, jer mxolod patara dafarnebs iyenebdnen. isini Tavdapirvelad sada, mourTav
qsovils warmoadgenda da mxolod praqtikuli daniSnuleba hqonia, unda daecva feSxumsa da bar-
ZimSi moTavsebuli wm. nawilebi _ puri da Rvino mtvrisa da mwerebisagan. simboluri
mniSvneloba maT mogvianebiT SeiZines. didi dafarna SedarebiT gvian, V s-Si damkvidrebula,
imTaviTve simboluri mniSvneloba hqonia da mis SemoRebas wm. saba ganwmendils miaweren.
mTavarepiskoposi germane konstantinopoleli (740 w.) Tavis `litუrgikaSi~. აღნიშნავს, რომ,
dafarna warmoadgens im mesame safarebels, romliTac ifareba feSxumsa da barZimSi
moTavsebuli wm. nawilebi (Rvino da puri) msgavsad haerisa, riTac garemoculi iyo dedamiwa
macxovris gacemisa da `miZinebis~ dRes da, rogorc Cans, am saburvelis saxeli _ aer (ber-
Znulad), воздух (rusulad), caი (qarTulad) aqedanaa warmomdgari.

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simon solunels (XV s.) miaCnia, rom dafarna is tiloa, romelic lodze daafines da jvridan
gardamoxsnili macxovris sxeuli Seaxvies saflavad dadebis win. amitomac berZnebi da samxreT
slavebi mas dafarna-gardamoxsnasac (aer-epitaphios) uwodeben.
dafarna da gardamoxsna, Tanamedrove gagebiT, didxans ar ganirCeoda erTmaneTisagan rogorc
zomiT, ise maTze Sesrulebuli scenebiTac. am azris gasamyareblad aRmosavleTis mTel rig mar-
Tlmadideblur eklesia-monastrebSi Seqmnili nimuSebis moxmobaa SesaZlebeli. amjerad ar Se-
vudgebiT am ZeglTa dawvrilebiT aRweras, mxolod mokled vityvi, rom yvela nimuSze
warmodgenilia gardamoxsnisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli siuJeti _ ardagze dasvenebuli macxovari,
TavTan an ukana planze _ RvTismSobeli an motirali dedani, fexebTan _ ioane maxarebeli, ioseb
arimaTieli da, rig SemTxvevaSi _ nikodimosi, damatebiT sxva personaJebi Tu ciuri sxeulebi _
yovelive, rac ase saxasiaToa gardamoxsnebisaTvis. am tipis Zeglebze dacul warwerebSi yoveli
maTgani dafarnadaa (аег, воздух) moxseniebuli, rac adasturebs da amyarebs Cven mier
gamoTqmul mosazrebas maTi identuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.
saeklesio saburveli, romelzedac `datirebis~ kompozicia iyo gamosaxuli da romelsac Semdgom
`gardamoxsna~ daerqva, istoriulad warmoiSva da Camoyalibda saeklesio daniSnulebis
safareblisgan – saxelwodebiT `dafarna~ da maTi (e.i. dafarna-gardamoxsnebi) funqciuri da
terminologiuri gayofa XVII s-is dasawyisisaTvis sabolood dasrulda.
qarTuli naqargobis nimuSebis mixedviT, zemoT gamotanili daskvnis gameoreba gagviWirdeba,
ramdenadac, gansxvavebiT bizantiurisa da rusulisagan, am tipis arc erT Zeglze dacul war-
werebSi termini _ `dafarna~ an misi adreuli saxeli _ `caი~ naxsenebi araa.
gasarkvevia `datirebis~ garda, romeli ikonografiuli siuJetebiT iyo morTuli adreuli xanis
dafarnebi. saqarTvelos muzeumebSi daculi masala amis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva, ramdenadac
Cvenamde moRweuli yvelaze adreuli dafarna mxolod XVII saukunis II naxevriT da Semdgomi
periodiTaa daTariRebuli, magram garkveulwilad dagvexmareba am vakuumis SevsebaSi. ramde-
nadac qarTuli xelovneba tradiciulad aRmosavlur-qristianuli ikonografiiT sargeblobda, religiuri
Temebis ZiriTadi ikonografiuli sqemebic aRmosavlur-qristianuli samyarodan vrceldeboda,
amdenad, am qveynebis mxatvruli qargvis nimuSTa gacnoba garkveul warmodgenas Segviqmnis
im ikonografiaze, riTac im periodis dafarnebi iyo morTuli.
am mxriv saintereso Zeglia panagudis RvTismSoblis Sobis saxelobis eklesiis (salunikebi,
bizantia) XV s-is dafarna. dafarna sami damoukidebeli scenisagan Sedgeba, sadac centraluri
adgili jvridan ukve gardamoxsnil ardagze dasvenebul macxovris figuras uWiravs. dafarna

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imiTacaa saintereso, rom masze erTdrouladaa warmodgenili is ikonografiuli programa, romliTac
morTuli unda yofiliyo im periodis dafarnaTa kompleqtebi. centraluri siuJetiT, e.i. `macxovris
kuboTdebiT~ didi dafarnebi iyo Semkuli, `puriT ziareba~ amkobda feSxumis dafarnebs, `RviniT
ziareba~ _ barZimisas, rac mTelma rigma am tipis Zeglebma dagvanaxa. kvlevam gviCvena,
rom dafarnebi garda `ziarebisa~, sxva saxis ikonografiuli scenebiTac yofila morTuli. (saubaria
ZiriTadad rusul naqargobis nimuSebze). Segvxvda agreTve `vedrebis~, `basili didis liturgia~,
`jvris Tayvaniscemis~ kompoziciებi. amdenad, rogorc vxedavT,
aRmosavleTis marTlmadideblur qveynebSi Seqmnil dafarnaTa mosarTavad
mravalsaxovani ikonografiuli siuJetebia gamoyenebuli.
rac Seexeba Cvenamde moRweul qarTul dafarnebs, maTze analogiuri sce-
nebi ar gvxvdeba, ramdenadac isini ufro gviandelebia, rogorc zemoT ukve
vTqvi, maTgan yvelaze adreuli XVII ss-is II naxevriTaa daTariRebuli.
did dafarnaze – caიze, yvelaze gavrcelebuli siuJetia `Zlevis jvari~. gvxvdeba
agreTve `xati miZinebisa~, `nu mtir me, dedao~, `didi zraxvis angelozi~
(iSviaT SemTxvevaSi).
feSxumisa da barZimis safareblebze warmodgenil siuJetebSi umTavresad
asaxulia TviT am ZeglTa kanonikuri daniSnuleba: feSxumis dafarnebze
gamosaxulia `msxverpli feSxumze~ barZimis safarebelze _ `msxverpli
barZimSi~ yrma macxovris saxiT. eklesiaSi pirvelad moxvedrili dafarna spe-
cialuri locvis TanxlebiT ikurTxeba da ganiwmindeba.
locvebi warmoiTqmeba agreTve maTi xmarebisas. `ziarebis~ pirvel nawilSi feSxumis
daburvisas mRvdeli warmoTqvams locvebs fsalmunidan.
dafarnebs liturgiis msvlelobisas sxvadasxva simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs. pirvel nawilSi _
kveTis dros, roca xdeba evqaristiuli purisa da Rvinis saziareblad momzadeba, patara dafarnebi
im saxvevTa simboluri gamoxatulebaa, romelSiac axalSobili macxovari Seaxvies da bagaSi
miawvines, didi dafarna (caQ) ki is qsovili, romelSiac jvridan gardamoxsnili macxovris gvami
`wargragnes~.
XVIII s-is 70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde termini `dafarna~ samive safareblis saerTo
saxelad iqca da Cvenc ZiriTadad ase movixseniebT maT.
saukuneebis manZilze dafarnebisaTvis SemuSavebuli Teologiurad ucvleli siuJetebis - `liturgiuli
msxverpli~, `evqaristia~ da `meored mosvlis~ Tema gvian feodalur xanaSi axali ikonografiuli

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saxeebiT, formebiTa da xerxebiT gadmoicemoda, rac umTavresad dafarnebisa da
gardamoxsnebis funqciaTa gamijvniT iyo gamowveuli. gardamoxsnebze ucvlelad darCa `dati-
rebisa~ da `saflavad dadebis~ cnobili siuJetebi, xolo dafarnebisaTvis saWiro gaxda axali
ikonografiuli programebis SemuSaveba, romelic azrobrivad itvirTebda Zveli kompoziciebis se-
mantikas.
am periodis rusma mqargvelebma martivad gadawyvites maT winaSe mdgomi amocana:
gardamoxsnebze arsebuli `kuboTdebis~ mravalfiguriani kompoziciidan ucvlelad datoves
macxovris centraluri figura, romelsac daamates ori `molivlive~ angelozisa da erTi qerubinis
gamosaxuleba. aRniSnuli kompozicia yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe (ar SeucvliaT mcireodeni deta-
lic ki) wlebis manZilze meordeboda sxvadasxva saxelosnosa Tu kerZo piris SemoqmedebaSi.
qarTuli masalis Seswavlisas ki gamoikveTa ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli jgufi
dafarnebisa. pirvel jgufSi gavaerTianeT saxovan gamosaxulebiani (igulisxmeba adamianTa
figurebi) dafarnebi, meoreSi ki – ornamentebiT morTuli dafarnebi.
gviani Suasaukuneebi - XVI_XVIII სs. `aRorZinebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili qarTuli kulturis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi. erovnuli kulturis gamococxleba da winsvla, bunebrivia, qarTul saeklesio
naqargobaSic aisaxa, romelic umTavresad sakuTar istoriul memkvidreobas emyareboda.
paralelurad iTvisebda da erovnul niadagze amuSavebda aRmosavlur da dasavlur kulturათა
miRwevebs da Tavis mxriv saTanado gavlenas axdenda mezobeli xalxebis kulturaze.
Cvenamde moRweuli qarTuli dafarnebis Seswavlamac daadastura, rom am periodis qristianuli
xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi arc Tu cudi mdgomareobaa. piriqiT, SeiniSneba axali aRmav-
lobisa da aRorZinebis mTeli rigi tendenciebi. qarTveli mqargveli ostatebi gamZafrebuli
yuradRebiT ekidebian nawarmoebis Sinaarsobliv mxares, Zveli ikonografiuli formebis gameo-
rebis paralelurad, xdeba axlis Ziebac.
am periodis saxovan gamosaxulebian qarTul dafarnebs aerTianebT saerTo ideuri gadawyveta da
analogiuri ikonografiuli principebi, magram isini Sablonebis gareSea Seqmnili da yoveli maT-
gani gansxvavebul, mxolod misTvis saxasiaTo elementebs Seicavs.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi daculia dafarnaTa sakmaod didi
koleqcia, magram sruli kompleqtis saxiT sul ramodenimea SemorCenili (mxedvelobaSi araa
misaRebi XIX saukunis rusuli gavleniT Seqmnili dafarnebi). მათ Soris yvelaze adreulia
kompleqti nikorwmindidan, romelic, sxva dafarნათა analogiurad, Tavs uyris msxverplisa da
uflis didebis ideiT gaerTianebul liturgiul Temebs, romlebic samive maTganze gansxvavebuladaa

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gadmocemuli: erTgan wminda msxverpli feSxumzea, meoregan - barZimSi, romlebic `ziarebis~
saidumloebaze mianiSneben. mesame დიდ dafarnaze ki warmodgenilia `didi zraxvis angelozi~,
romelic aseve dakavSirebulia RvTaebriv liturgiasTan. aRniSnuli dafarnebi, zed arsebuli war-
weris Tanaxmad, 1667 welsaa Sesrulebuli. kompozicia diagonalzea agebuli, riTac isini
gansxvavdebian da gamoirCevian sxva დაფარნებისაგან.
`meored mosvlis~ Tema yvela dafarnaze gansxvavebuli xerxebiTa da
formebiTaa gadmocemuli. aRniSnuli Tema წინამდებარე პერექელზე cisferi
atlasiს (ზეცის სიმბოლო) jvriTaa miniSnebuli.
CarCod Semosdeვs ტექსტი fsalmunidan qarTul და berZnul ენაზე
შესრულებული. warweras amTavrebs TariRi .(1667 წ)
`msxverplisa~ da `msxverplis Tayvaniscemis~ kompoziciiTaa aseve morTuli
barZimis pereqelic.
did dafarnaze - caize naqargoba Sesrulebulia oqrosfer atlasze. kompoziciuri da azrobrivi centria
oTxsxivian mrgval mandorlaSi warmodgenili macxovris simbolur-ikonografiuli gamosaxuleba
frTagaSlili, angelozis saxiT, jvruli SaravandiT mosili, romelic ikonografiaSi cnobilia `didisa zra-
xvisa angelozis~ an `didisa ganzraxvisa angelozis~ saxeliT. dafarnas CarCod Semosdevs cisferi
zeziT mosiTvul miwarze ganawilebuli berZnul-qarTuli liturgiuli warwera.
macxovris gamosaxva `didi zraxvis angelozis saxiT~ emyareba wm. esaiasa da malaqias
winaswarmetyvelebas. `didisa zraxvisa angelozis~ saxviTi xati, romelsac
safuZvlad winaswarmetyvelTa xilvis liturgiaSi gaazrebuli Ze RmerTis, anu
logosis simboluri saxe daedo, sabolood paleologosTa da gansakuTrebiT ki
postbizantiur xanaSi gavrcelda. `didi zraxvis angelozis~ dafarnebze
gamosaxva, sruliad logikuria, ramdenadac igi ukavSirdeba moqmed liturgikul
praqtikas.

XVII-XVIII ss-Si aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi dafarnaTa

morTulobaSi damkvidrebuli da gavrcelebuli Cans ZiriTadad `xati miZinebi-
sa~ da `nu mtir me, dedaos~ saxeliT cnobili siuJetebi. yovel maTganze asa-
xulia gankacebuli RmerTis mier jvarze aRsrulebuli msxverplis meSveobiT

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samoTxidan gamoZevebuli, dacemuli adamis modgmis masTan ziarebisa da
RvTis wiaRSi dabrunebis idea.
`nu mtir me, dedaos~ siuJetiTaa morTuli ioseb tfilelis dafarna.N
zemoaRweril dafarnis srul analogs warmoadgens kaxuri dafarna, romelic warweris Tanaxmad,
bodbis mTavarepiskoposs evdemoz diasamiZes 1695 wels bodbis monastrisaTvis
Seuwiravs.
am or nimuSs bevri ram aqvT saerTo: erTia rogorc ikonografiuli sqema, kompoziciuri agebis
principi, aseve stilis saerTo mxatvruli mimarTulebac. gansxvaveba mcire niuansebsa da ostatis
individualur midgomaSi, mis profesionalizmSia mxolod.
zemoaRniSnuli dafarnebisagan gansxvavebiT, `nu mtir me, dedaos~
ramdenadme gansxvavebuli ikonografiuli variantia warmodgenili ioseb
tfilelis saxelTan dakavSirebul meore dafarnaze.
zemoaRwerili dafarnebisagan gansxvavebiT aq RvTismSobeli qristesTan sul
axlos, mis gverdiT, kubos ukan dgas da nawameb, `miZinebul~ Svils loyiT
exeba loyaze, marjvena xeliT ki - mis mklavs.
warmodgenil dafarnaTa jgufSi eqceva domenti kaTalikosis (1660-1675)
mier sveticxovlisaTvis Sewiruli jvruli formis pereqeli, rac macxovris
analogiuri ikonografiuli gamosaxulebiTaa gapirobebuli.
saRmrTo liturgiis pirvel nawilTan - kveTasTanaa dakavSirebuli aseve
`TuTas~ erT-erT dafarnaze (caze) gamosaxuli kompozicia. aRniSnuli
dafarna kompleqtis nawilia, romelic vaxtang V-is Zem - levan batoniSvilma
gardacvlili meuRlis TuTas sulis saoxad Sewira sveticxovels.
amdenad, Cvens mier zemoT ganxiluli saxovani gamosaxulebebiT
morTul dafarnebze naTlad aisaxa gviani feodaluri xanis qarTuli
xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stiluri niSnebi: figurebi moklebulia
individualobas (angelozTa erTnairi saxeebi, erTi feris _ Calisferi Tma, Tvalebis
Wrili, Cacmuloba), plastikurobas, darRveulia da araproporciulia sxeulis
detalebi, naxati mSralia da sqematuri, pozasa da moZraobaSi igrZnoba pi-
robiToba. saxeebi 3/4-iTaa gamosaxuli, magram warbis xazze mibmuli cxviri
yovelTvis profilSia naCvenebi. figuraTa tuCebi ori paraleluri xaziTaa mi-
niSnebuli. Tmis gadmocemac martivadaa gadawyvetili. TiTqmis yvela figuris

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Tmebi muqi yavisferi an Calisferi abreSumis ZafiT paraleluri odnav talRovani
xazebiTaa Sesrulebuli. samosic sqematuria, naoWebi umTavresad swori
paralelurad gavlebuli xazebiTaa gadmocemuli, romelic sxeulis zogadi
formebis moyvanilobas gamoxatavs mxolod, `mqargvelisaTvis arsebiTad
gaugebaria drapirebis principi, samoslis funqciuri kavSiri sxeulTan. am
xazebs igi meqanikurad asrulebs~. ioseb tfilelis orive dafarnaze RvTis-
mSoblisa da wm. ioanes figurebs ara aqvT realuri dasayrdeni. qveda kidurebi
ostatis mier arcaa gaazrebuli.
zemoaRweril yvela dafarnaze gamosaxuli zomiT sagrZnoblad aRematebuli
qristes figura saqargavi masaliTac gamorCeulia, rac garkveuli mizniTaa
nakarnaxevi.
amdenad, `gviani feodaluri xanis ZeglebSi figurebi SeiZleba moklebuli iyos
mxatvrul ostatobas, daxvewilobasa da garegan gamomsaxvelobasa da
momxibvlelobas, formaTa masStaburi SeTanxmebis alRosa da iqneb
mxatvrul gemovnebasac, magram Zalian STambeWdavia saxviT qsovilze
aRbeWdili, gamosaxulebaTa konkretul krebulSi Cateuli samyaros qristianuli
aRqmis siRrme da sisrule~.