IPv6

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~esb/prof/proj/ipv6/wilsonch/IPv6.html

IPv6
Internet Protocol Version 6 Wilson Chan ThepurposeofthispaperistogiveanunderstandingofIPv6.InordertoclearlyexplainIPv6, thecharacteristicsofIPv4mustfirstbeunderstood.Currently,theInternetandanumberofprivate networksusethebasicnetworkinfrastructurecalledInternetProtocolversion4,alsoknownasIPv4. ThereasonIPv4wascreatedwastolinknetworksbyauniqueaddresssothatnootherdetailwas needed.Inordertoachievethis,threerequirementswereimplementedforIPtowork.First,the computerinthenetworkofnetworksmustbeuniquelyidentified.Second,allcomputersonthe networkmustbeabletosendandreceivedatainaspecificformat.Lastly,thecomputermusthave thecapabilitytotransmitdatatoothercomputerswithouthavinganyspecificinformationexceptfor theirnetworkaddresses.SectionIiswrittenforpeoplewhohavenopriorknowledgeofIPv4.This sectionwillgiveabriefoverviewofIPv4whichwillcoveraddressing,performance,securityand configuration.SectionIIwillgointodetailaboutIPv6addressing,performance,security, configuration,andtransition.

SECTIONI
Inthelate1980's,TCP/IPengineersanddesignersrecognizedtheneedforanupgradewhenit becameapparentthattheexistingIPaddressspacewouldnotsupportcurrentInternetexpansion.In 1991,theIETF(InternetEngineeringTaskForce)decidedthatIPv4hasoutliveditsdesign.Thenew versionofIP,whichisknownasIPng(InternetProtocolNextGeneration)orIPv6(InternetProtocol Version6)willonedayreplaceIPv4. ClassOrientedAddressing IPv4hasafewareasthatneededtobetargeted.TheIPaddressspacehasbeentheprime objectforupgradingtoIPv6.TheIPaddressesare32bitslongwherefournumbersfrom0255are separatedbyperiods.TheindividualIPhostaddressconsistsoftwoparts:anetworkaddress,which specifiesthenetworktowhichthehostisconnectedandahostaddress,whichuniquelyidentifiesthe hostwithinthatnetwork.IPaddressesaredividedintofivecategories,onlythreeofwhichareused forIPnetworks.ClassAaddresseswereintendedforverylargeentitieslikegovernments,ofwhich thereareonly126whichhasatheoreticalmaximumofover16millionhosts(224=16,777,216)and 128(27)differentpossiblecombinationsfornetworkaddress.TheIPaddressesforClassAare 1.0.0.0127.255.255.255.ClassBaddresseswereintendedforlargeorganizationslikeuniversities andlargecorporations,cansupportatheoreticalmaximumofover65,000uniquehostsaddresses(216 =65,536)and16,384(214)differentClassBnetworks.TheIPaddressesforClassBare128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255.ClassCaddresseswereintendedforsmallerorganizationsandcansupport256(28) differentuniquehostaddressesand2,097,152(221)differentClassCnetworkaddressesavailable. TheIPaddressesforClassCare192.0.0.0223.255.255.255.ClassDalsoknownasmulticast addresseshaveanabsolutemaximumof268,435,456(228)differentmulticastaddresses.TheIP addressesformulticastare224.0.0.0239.255.255.255.ClassEaddressesspaceiscurrentlyreserved. TheIPaddressesforClassEare240.0.0.0247.255.255.255.

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ClasslessInterDomainRouting InIPv4,thereisalsoClasslessInterDomainRouting(CIDR)whichallowsadifferent addressingschemeforamoreefficientallocationofIPaddressesthenclassorientedaddressing scheme(ClassA,B,C).CIDRisbasedontheconceptofignoringtheIPclassofaddress,permitting routeaggregationandvariablelengthsubnetmask(VLSM)thatenablesrouterstocombineroutesin ordertominimizetheroutinginformationthatneedstobeconveyedbytheprimaryrouters.Itallows agroupofIPnetworkstoappeartoothernetworksasaunified,largerentity.InCIDR,IPaddresses andtheirsubnetmasksarewrittenasfourdottedoctets,followedbyaforwardslashandthe numberingofmaskingbits.CIDRcurrentlyusesprefixesanywherefrom13to27bits.Thus,blocks ofaddresscanbeassignedtonetworksassmallas32hostsortothoseswithover500,000hosts.This allowsforaddressassignmentsthatfitanorganization'sspecificneeds.Theexamplebelowshowsa CIDRaddress206.13.01.48/25,the"/25"indicatesthefirst25bitsareusedtoidentifytheunique networkleavingtheremainingbitstoidentifythespecifichost. CIDRBlockPrefix #EquivalentClassC #ofHostAddresses /27 1/8thofaClassC 32hosts /26 1/4thofaClassC 64hosts /25 1/2ofaClassC 128hosts /24 1ClassC 256hosts /23 2ClassC 512hosts /22 4ClassC 1,024hosts /21 8ClassC 2,048hosts /20 16ClassC 4,096hosts /19 32ClassC 8,192hosts /18 64ClassC 16,384hosts /17 128ClassC 32,768hosts /16 256ClassC 65,536hosts (=1ClassB) /15 512ClassC 131,072hosts /14 1,024ClassC 262,144hosts /13 2,048ClassC 524,288hosts Performance Performance,althoughIPperformsremarkablywellfor20yearoldtechnologythereisquitea bitofroomtomakeIPv4evenbetter.WithtechnologymovingatsucharapidpaceIPv4coulduse someimprovements.Issueslikemaximumtransmissionunitsizeandmaximumpacketsize,designof theIPheadersandtheuseofchecksums. Security SecurityisanotherpartwhereIPv6cangreatlyimproveupon.IPv4wasdesignedwitha minimalsecurity.ThereasonforthisisbecausewhentheInternetwasfirstdevelopeditwasdevoted toresearchanddevelopment.Onlyorganizationswouldbeallowedtoconnectandstrongtiestothe militaryandgovernmenthelpedinsurethatsecuritywasnotamajorissue.

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Configuration ConfigurationonanIPv4networkcanbeverycomplicated,timeconsumingandcostly.A systemrunningIPv4mustbeconfiguredcorrectlysothatallparametersareset.Theseusually includeahostname,IPaddress,subnetmask,andadefaultrouter.Addressmanagementandhost configurationarethetwobiggestproblems.WiththeInternetbeingthesizeitistoday,routingthe wrongIPaddressescouldbringdownanentirenetwork.However,underIPv4,theDynamicHost ConfigurationProtocol(DHCP)allowssystemstorelyonserverstoprovidethemwiththecorrect networkconfigurationsatbootup.Forthetimebeing,mobileandimmobiledevicescontinueto dependonasinglepointofconnection.

SECTIONII
IPv6Addressing IPv6hasmovedfroma32bitaddressspacetoa128bitaddressspace.Thereforetheneed forClasslessInterDomainRouting(CIDR)isnolongerneededbecausethenumberofaddresses neededarenolongeraconcern.Thenumberofaddressavailableperpersononthisplanetis approximately1030.TheIPv6addressingarchitecturemakesafewadjustmentstodifferenttypesof addressavailabletoandIPhost.TherearethreetypesofIPv6addresses,unicast,multicast,and anycastaddresses.TheunicastandmulticastaddressesaresimilartotheIPv4versions.However, IPv4broadcastaddressisnolongersupportedandisreplacedwithanewtypeofaddresscalled anycast. Unicast Unicastisanidentifierforasingleinterface.Apacketsenttoaunicastaddressisdeliveredto theinterfaceidentifiedbythataddress.AnodecanhavemorethanoneIPv6networkinterface. Eachseparateinterfacemusthaveitsownunicastaddressassociatedwithit.Containedinthe128bit fieldisanaddressthatidentifiesoneinterface. 3 FP FP.TheformatprefixisthethreebitprefixtotheIPv6addressthatidentifieswhereit belongsintheIPv6addressspace. TLAID.Thetoplevelaggregationidentifiercontainsthehighestlevelrouting informationoftheaddress.Thisreferstothegrossestlevelofroutinginformationinthe internetwork,andascurrentlydefined(at13bits)therecanbenomorethen8192 differenttoplevelroutes. RES.Thenexteightbitsarereservedforfutureuse. NLAID.Thenextlevelaggregationidentifieris24bitslong,anditismeanttobeusedby organizationsthatcontroltoplevelaggregationIdstoorganizethataddressspace. 13 TLAID 8 RES 24 NLAID 16 SLAID 64bits InterfaceID

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SLAID.Thesitelevelaggregationidentifieristheaddressspacegiventoorganizations fortheirinternalnetworkstructure.With16bitsavailable,eachorganizationcancreateits owninternalhierarchicalnetworkstructureusingsubnetsinthesamewaytheyareusedin IPv4.Asmanyas65,535differentsubnetsareavailableusingall16bitsasaflataddress space.Usingthefirsteightbitsforhigherlevelroutingwithintheorganizationwouldallow 255highlevelsubnets,eachofwhichhasasmanyas255subsubnets. InterfaceID.This64bitfieldcontainsa64bitvaluebasedontheIEEEEUI64interface ID Multicast Multicastisanidentifierforasetofinterfaces(typicallybelongingtodifferentnodes).A packetsenttoamulticastaddressisdeliveredtoallinterfacesidentifiedbythataddress.Assoonas thefirstfewbytesofapacketarereceivedthenodecheckstoseeifthedestinationaddressisatthe beginningofthetransmission.Ifthedestinationaddressisthesameasthenode'sinterfaceaddress thenthenodewillpickuptherestofthetransmission.Thismakesitrelativelysimpleforanodeto pickuponbroadcastandmulticasttransmissions.Ifabroadcastissentthenthenodewilllisten.For multicasts,thenodesubscribestoamulticastaddress,andifitsensesthatthedestinationaddressisa multicastaddress,itmustdetermineifit'samulticastaddresstowhichthenodeisthensubscribed. Whenanodesubscribestoamulticastaddress,itannouncesthatitwantstobeamemberandany localrouterswillsubscribeonbehalfofthatnode.Whenatransmissionissenttothatmulticast addressfromanothernodethatisonthesamenetwork,theIPmulticastpacketisencapsulatedintoa linklayermulticastdatatransmissionunit.TheIPv6solutiontothebroadcastproblemistousean allnodesmulticastaddressestoreplacethosebroadcaststhatareabsolutelynecessary,while resortingtomorelimitedmulticastaddressesforothersituationsinwhichbroadcastswerepreviously used.BelowisanIPv6multicastaddressformat,fromRFC2373. 8 11111111 4 Flags 4 Scope 112bits GroupID

Thefirstoctet,whichisallones,identifiestheaddressasamulticastaddress.Multicastaddresses includeafull1/256thoftheIPv6addressspace,asshownabove.Therestofthemulticastaddress consistsofthreefields: Flags.Thisisactuallyasetoffoursinglebitflags.Onlythefourthflagiscurrently assigned,anditrepresentswhetherornottheaddressisawellknowmulticastaddressthat hasbeenassignedbytheInternetnumberingauthorityorisatemporarymulticastaddress. Ifthisflagissettozero,itmeanstheaddressiswellknownbeingsettoonesignifiesa transientaddress.Theotherthreeflagsarecurrentlybeingreservedforfutureuse. Scope.Thisfourbitfieldcontainsavaluethatindicateswhatthescopeofthemulticast groupis.Whetherthemulticastgroupcanincludeonlynodesonthesamelocalnetwork, samesite,sameorganization,oranywherewithintheIPv6globaladdressspace.Possible valuesrangefrom0to15(hexadecimal)intablebelow.

Hex

Decimal

Value

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

reserved nodelocalscope linklocalscope (unassigned) (unassigned) sitelocalscope (unassigned) (unassigned) organizationlocalscope (unassigned) (unassigned) (unassigned) (unassigned) (unassigned) globalscope reserve

GroupID.This112bitfieldidentifiesthemulticastgroup.ThesamegroupIDcan representdifferentgroups,dependingonwhethertheaddressistransientorwellknown, andalsodependingonthescopeoftheaddress.Permanentmulticastaddressesuse assignedgroupID'swithspecialmeaning,andthemembershipinsuchgroupswilldepend bothonthegroupIDandonthescope. Anycast Anycastisanidentifierforasetofinterfaces(typicallybelongingtodifferentnodes).A packetsenttoananycastaddressisdeliveredtooneoftheinterfacesidentifiedbythataddress(the nearestone,accordingtotheroutingprotocols'measureofdistance).Allnodesthataremembersof amulticastaddressexpecttoreceiveallpacketssenttothataddress.Arouterthatconnectsfive differentlocalEthernetnetworkswillforwardacopyofamulticastpackettoeachofthosenetworks. Anycastisthesamebecausemultiplenodesmaybesharingtheanycastaddress,likeamulticast addressbutdifferentsinceonlyoneofthosenodescanexpecttoreceiveadatagramsenttothe anycastaddress. AddressFormat IPv6addressesarenowfourtimesaslongasanIPv4address.TheIPv4addressis representedasX.X.X.X,wherethe"X"isanynumberfrom0255.IPv6addressontheotherhandis intheformX:X:X:X:X:X:X:X,whereXreferstoafourdigithexadecimalinteger(16bits).For example,afewvalidIPv6addressesareasfollows: CFAE:3290:ABCD:1234:CEAF:5678:9012:AAAA ABC3:0000:0000:0003:ABCD:0123:FFFF:ABCD TheaboveIPv6addresscouldalsoberepresentedas ABC3::3:ABCD:123:FFFF:ABCD Notethattheintegersarehexadecimalintegers,sothelettersAthroughFrepresentthedigits10

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through15.Eachintegermustbeincluded,butleadingzerosarenotrequired.Inaddition,adouble colon(::)canbeusedonceinanaddresstoreplacemultiplefieldsofzeros.Forexample: 1000:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 couldberepresentedas 1000::1 Thedoublecolonmeansthattheaddressshouldbeexpandedouttoafull128bitaddress.This methodreplaceszerosonlywhentheyfillacomplete16bitgroup,andthedoublecoloncanbeused onlyonceinanygivenaddress. IPv6Headers ThenewIPv6headerstructurehasaheaderboundaryat64bitsandhasonly40bytes,where 32ofthemareusedforIPv6addressesandtheremaining8bytesby6additionalfields.Whereas IPv4headersareterminatedona32bitboundaryandconsistof24bytes,where8ofthemareused forIPv4addressandtheremaining16bytesby12additionalfields.IPv6headersdonotcontainany optionalelements.IfadditionalfunctionsareneedIPv6usesextensionheaders.Thismakesthenew IPv6headermuchsimplerthenitspredecessor.BelowisasidebysidecomparisonoftheIPv4and IPv6header.
0 Version 4 Header Length Identification TimetoLive Protocol 8 Service Type Flags 16 19

24 31

0 Version 4 Priority PayloadLength 8 16 FlowLabel Next Header HopLimit 24

TotalLength

FragmentOffset PAD

HeaderChecksum

SourceAddress DestinationAddress

SourceIPAddress DestinationIPAddress Options

IPv4Headers

IPv6Headers

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TheIPv6HeaderFields: Version.Thisisafourbitvalue,andforIPv6mustbeequaltosix.Thisfieldistheonly fieldthathasthesamemeaningfromIPv4toIPv6. Priority.Thisfourbitpriorityfieldallowsanapplicationtospecifythetypeoftrafficthat isbeingsourced.Thisallowsthenetworktotakeadvantageofthevariousqueuingand congestioncontrolmechanismsthatmayexistwithinit. FlowLabel.Thisisa24bitvalueusedtoidentifypacketsthatbelongtothesameflow. SimilartotheServiceTypefieldinIPv4,thisallowsnetworksdevicestoprioritizeand shapetrafficflowsappropriately. PayloadLength.Thisisa16bitfieldthatcontainsanintegervalueequaltothelengthof thepacketpayloadinbytes.ItisverysimilartotheIPv4TotalLengthField,exceptthat IPv6'sfieldisthelengthofthedatacarriedaftertheheaderwhereasIPv4includedthe header. NextHeader.This8bitfieldvalueindicateswhatprotocolisinuseintheheader immediatelyfollowingtheIPv6packet.SimilartotheIPv6protocolfield,thenextheader fieldmayrefertoahigherlayerprotocollikeTCPorUDP,butitmayalsoindicatethe existenceofanIPv6extensionheader. HopLimit.This8bitfieldisusedeverytimeanodeforwardsapacket,itdecrementsthis eightbitfieldbyone.Ifthehoplimitreacheszero,thepacketisdiscarded.Thisisvery similartoIPv4,wheretheTTL(timetolive)fieldfulfillsasimilarpurpose. SourceAddress.Thisisthe128bitaddressofthenodeoriginatingtheIPv6packet. DestinationAddress.Thisisthe128bitaddressoftheintendedrecipientoftheIPv6 packet.Thisaddressmaybeaunicast,multicast,oranycastaddress.Ifarouting extensionisbeingused(whichspecifiesaparticularroutethatthepacketmusttraverse), thedestinationaddressmaybeoneofthoseintermediatenodesinsteadofthedestination node. ExtensionHeader.ThecurrentIPv6specificationdefines6extensionheaders oHopbyHopOptionsHeader.Thisheadercarriesinformationthatisintendedto beexaminedbyeverynodeenroutefromthesourcetothedestination. oRoutingHeader.Thisheaderreplacessourceroutingasitwasimplementedin IPv4.Sourceroutingallowsyoutospecifyrouterthatthepacketmusttraverseon itswaytoitsdestination.IPv6definesagenericroutingextensionheader,withtwo onebytefields:aroutingtypefield,indicatingwhatkindofroutingheaderisin use,andasegmentleftfield,whichindicateshowmanyadditionalrouterslistedin therestoftheheadermuststillbevisitedbeforethepacketreachesitfinal destination. oFragmentHeader.Byallowingfragmentationonlybythesourcenode,IPv6 streamlinestheprocessingofpacketsbyintermediaterouters.Thefragmentheader fieldsinclude:
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Nextheaderfield.ThiseightbitfieldiscommontoallIPv6headers Reserved.Thenexteightbitsareunusedatthistimeandsettozero. Fragmentoffsetfield.This13bitfieldindicates,inunitsofeightbytes, wherethedataincludedinthispacket(afragment)beginsinrelationtothe beginningofthefragmentedportionofthedata. Reservedfield.Thistwobitfieldissettozeroandisnotcurrentlyused. Mflags.Thissinglebitindicateswhetherornotmorefragmentsareto come. Identificationfield.ThisisliketheIPv4IDfieldexceptthatitis32bits longratherthan16bits. oAuthenticationHeader.Theauthenticationheaderprovidesamechanismfora sourcenodetodigitallysignpackets.Alldatathatfollowsanauthenticationheader remainsinplaintextandmaybeinterceptedbyattacker.Uponreceiptbythe destinationnode,however,thedatacanbeauthenticatedwiththedataincludedin theauthenticationheader. oEncryptedSecurityPayload.TheESPheadermakesitpossibletoencryptthe contentsofapacket.TheESPheaderholdsenoughdatatoallowtherecipientto decrypttherestofthepacket(alldatafollowinganESPheaderisencrypted). oDestinationOptionHeader.Thisoptionprovidesamechanism,likethe hopbyhopoptionsheader,todeliveroptionalinformationalongwithIPv6 packets. Security Authenticationandsecurity,includingsecurepasswordtransmission,encryption,anddigital signaturesondatagramsareallimplementedunderIPv6throughtheAuthenticationHeaders(AH) andEncapsulatingSecurityPayload(ESP).ThereasonIPv4didnotincorporateanyrealsecurity featuresduringitstimewasbecauseIPv4wascreatedtobeaninternetworkingprotocol. TheAuthenticationHeader(AH)providesstrongintegrityservicesandstrongauthentication forIPdatagrams.ThismeansthattheAHheadercanbeusedtocarrycontentverificationdataforIP datagramsandcanbeusedtolinkanentitywiththecontentsofthedatagrams.Thisalsoprotects againstreplayattacksthroughtheuseofasequencenumberfield.Theauthenticationheadercanbe usedintunnelmodeorintransportmode,whichmeansthatitcanbeusedtoauthenticateandprotect simple,directdatagramtransfersbetweentwonodesoritcanbeusedtoencapsulateanentirestream ofdatagramsthatissenttoorfromasecuritygateway. TheEncapsulatingSecurityPayload(ESP)headerisdesignedtoallowIPnodestosendand receivedatagramswhosepayloadisencrypted.TheESPheaderisdesignedtoprovideseveral differentservicesincluding: oConfidentialityofdatagramsthroughencryption oAuthenticationofdataoriginthroughtheuseofpublickeyencryption
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oAntireplayservicesthroughthesamesequencenumbermechanismasprovidedby theauthenticationheader. oLimitedtrafficflowconfidentialitythroughtheuseofsecuritygateways. ESPcanbeusedintunnelortransportmodeIntransportmode,theIPheaderandanyhopbyhop, routing,orfragmentationextensionheadersprecedetheauthenticationheaderandarethenfollowed bytheESPheader.AnydestinationoptionheaderscaneitherprecedeorfollowtheESPheader. WhereallheadersthatfollowtheESPwillbeencrypted. Configuration OneoftheimportantstatedgoalsofIPv6wastosupportplugandplay.Thiswouldmakeit possibletopluganodeintoanIPv6networkandhaveitboottothenetworkwithoutneedingmanual configuration.IPv6offerstwotypesofautoconfigurations,StatefulandStateless. StatefulautoconfigurationistheIPv6equivalentofDHCP.ThisrequiresthataDHCPserver beinstalledandadministeredanditrequiresthateachnewnodetobeservedmustbeconfiguredon theserver.TheDHCPserverkeepsalistofnodesthatitwillsupplyconfigurationsinformationtoand rejectsallothers.Theproblemwithstatefulautoconfigurationisthatsomeoneneedstomaintainand administeraserverinordertomanageallthecurrentconnections.AnupdatetoDHCPforIPv6is calledDHCPv6andisstillunderdevelopment. Statelessautoconfigurationrequiresthatthelocallinksupportsmulticastandthatthenetwork interfacebeabletosendandreceivemulticasts.WithStatelessautoconfiguration,ahostgainsan addressviaaninterfaceautomaticallyleasinganaddressanddoesnotrequiretheestablishmentofa servertopassoutandaddress.ThisaddresswillbebasedonthenetworkprefixandEthernetMAC address.However,beforeitcantakeonthataddress,thenodemustverifythatthestartingaddressis infactuniquetothelocallink.ThisisthedefaultmodeformostIPv6systems. FlowchartforStatefulandStatelessAutoconfigurationbelow:

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MobileIPv6isconsiderablymoreconvenienttoimplementandtouse.ThereasonisIPv6is muchsimplerwithstatelessautoconfiguration.Becauseofitsabilitytoestablishcontactwithits homenetworkeventhoughitsregularhomeagentbecomesunavailable.Themobilenodecansend

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ananycastpackettoanaddressreservedforhomeagentsonthehomenetwork,withresultthat whateverhomeagentisavailablecannotifythemobilenodeofitsoptions. IPv6Transition TheIPv6transitionwillcontinuetotakeplacerelativelyslowly,asvendorsanddevelopers graduallyintroduceversionsofIPv6fordifferentplatforms.ItisexpectedthatIPv4andIPv6will havetocoexistforalongtime,perhapsforever.Oneapproachistohaveprotocoltunneling,where IPv6packetsareencapsulatedwithinIPv4packetsfortransmissionfromIPv6islandsthroughIPv4 oceans.Theotherapproachistohaveadualstack,wherehostsandroutersrunIPv4andIPv6stacks onthesamenetworkinterfaces.Thisway,adualstacknodecanacceptandtransmitbothIPv4and IPv6packets. IPv6willslowlybeintegratedintoournetworksinthenextfewyears.BecauseIPv6isstillin itsdevelopmentstagesthereisquiteabitofrevisingthatneedstobedonebeforeIPv6willbecome thenewstandard.IPv6hasbeenproventobeaworthyreplacementforIPv4andwillsolvemanyof theproblemsthatexistsonournetworkstoday.

Bibliography

Presentations:

1.DeployingIPv6 PresentedbyMarcBlanchet,ViagenieInc. Networld+InterOpLasVegas2001

Resources:

1.DeployingIPv6Tutorial&WorkshopNotes ByMarcBlanchet,ViagenieInc. Networld+InterOpLasVegas2001 2.IPv6ClearlyExplained ByPeteLoshin

OnlineResources:

1.6Bone 6BoneTestbedforDeploymentofIPv6 http://www.6bone.net 2.InternetEngineeringGroupofSolarisSoftware IPVersion6(IPv6) http://playground.sun.com/pub/ipng/html/ipngmain.html 3.LancasterUniversityComputingDepartment IPv6ResourceCentre http://www.csipv6.lancs.ac.uk/ 4.NGtranswg IPngTransition http://www.6bone.net/ngtrans
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