MODULE1:

INTRODUCTI
ON

Meani
ngandcl
assi
fi
cat
ionofLaw

Meani
ngofl
aw

Thesy
stem ofr
uleswhi
chapar
ti
cul
arcount
ryorcommuni
tyr
ecogni
zesasr
egul
ati
ng
t
heact
ionsofi
tsmember
sandwhi
chi
tmayenf
orcebyt
hei
mposi
ti
onofpenal
ti
es.

Keywor
ds

Sy
stem

Rul
es

Count
ryorcommuni
ty

Regul
ati
ngact
ions

Member
s

Enf
orce
2.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofl
aw

Ther
ear
emanyway
stocl
assi
fyl
aws,butt
onar
rowt
hingsdownt
hel
awi
sdi
vi
dedi
nto
t
wobr
oadcat
egor
ies—cr
imi
nal
lawandci
vi
ll
aw.

Ci
vi
lLaw

Ci
vi
ll
awi
sal
ll
awot
hert
hancr
imi
nall
aw,suchaspr
oper
tyl
aw,whi
chgov
ernst
ransf
er
andowner
shi
pofpr
oper
ty,andcont
ractl
aw,whi
chi
sthel
aw ofper
sonalagr
eement
s,
t
ortl
awwhi
chdeal
swi
thwr
ongf
ulact
ssuchast
respass,
assaul
tandbat
ter
y,i
nvasi
onof
pr
ivacy
,li
bel(
fal
seandi
njur
iouswr
it
ingsagai
nstani
ndi
vi
dual
),andl
astbutnotl
east
,
sl
ander(
fal
seori
njur
iouswr
it
ings)
.Tor
tshappenwhensomeonei
sinj
uredbyt
heact
ions
ofanot
her
.Int
ortl
aw,t
hehar
m ori
njur
yisconsi
der
edapr
ivat
ewr
ong,andt
hemai
n
concer
nist
ocompensat
ethev
ict
imf
ort
hehar
mthatwasi
nfl
i
ctedont
hem.
I
nci
vi
lact
ions,
thei
njur
edper
sonmustf
il
eanact
ioni
nor
dert
oini
ti
atepr
oceedi
ngs,
ift
he
of
fenderi
sfoundgui
l
ty,t
henheorshemustpayr
est
it
uti
ont
otheper
sont
hatwas
har
med.

Cr
imi
nal
Law

Cr
imi
nall
aw i
sthebodyofl
aw t
hatr
elat
est
ocr
ime.I
tpr
oscr
ibes/
for
bidsconduct
per
cei
vedast
hreat
eni
ng,har
mful
,orot
her
wiseendanger
ingt
othepr
oper
ty,heal
th,
saf
ety
,and mor
alwel
far
e ofpeopl
eincl
usi
ve ofone'
s sel
f.Mostcr
imi
nall
aw i
s
est
abl
i
shedbyst
atut
e,whi
chi
stosayt
hatt
hel
awsar
eenact
edbyal
egi
sl
atur
e.Cr
imi
nal
l
aw i
ncl
udest
he puni
shmentand (
(rehabi
l
it
ati
on ofpeopl
e who v
iol
ate such l
aws.
Cr
imi
nall
awv
ari
esaccor
dingt
ojur
isdi
cti
on,
anddi
ff
ersf
rom (
(ci
vi
ll
aw,
wher
eemphasi
s
i
s mor
e on di
sput
eresol
uti
on and v
ict
im compensat
ion t
han on puni
shmentor
(
(rehabi
l
it
ati
on.

Themai
npur
poseofcr
imi
nal
lawi
stogi
vet
hest
atet
hepowert
opr
otectt
hepubl
i
cfr
om
har
m bypuni
shi
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
swhoseact
ionst
hreat
ent
hesoci
alor
deroft
hings.For
cr
imi
nalact
ions,
thest
atei
ni
ti
atest
hel
egalpr
oceedi
ngsbybr
ingi
ngchar
gesagai
nstt
he
cr
imi
nal
,t
henpr
osecut
inghi
m orher
.

Oncei
tisdet
ermi
nedt
hatacr
imi
nall
aw wasbr
oken,t
hest
atewi
l
lthenpr
oceedt
o
i
mposeasent
enceagai
nstt
hedef
endantsuchasi
mpr
isonment
,pr
obat
ion,oraf
ine
pay
abl
etot
hest
ate.

Funct
ionsofLaw

Thel
aw ser
vesmanyf
unct
ionsi
nsoci
ety
.Fourpr
inci
palf
unct
ionsar
eest
abl
i
shi
ng
st
andar
ds,
mai
ntai
ni
ngor
der
,resol
vi
ngdi
sput
es,
andpr
otect
ingl
i
ber
ti
esandr
ight
s.

(
i)Est
abl
i
shi
ngSt
andar
ds.

Thel
aw i
sasi
gnpostf
ormi
ni
mal
l
yaccept
abl
ebehav
iori
nsoci
ety
.Someact
ivi
ti
es,f
or
i
nst
ance,ar
ecr
imesbecausesoci
ety(
thr
oughal
egi
sl
ati
vebody
)hasdet
ermi
nedt
hati
t
wi
l
lnott
oler
atecer
tai
nbehav
ior
sthati
njur
eordamageper
sonsort
hei
rpr
oper
ty.For
ex
ampl
e,underat
ypi
cal
stat
elaw,
iti
sacr
imet
ocausephy
sical
inj
uryt
oanot
herper
son
wi
thoutj
ust
if
icat
ion—doi
ngsogener
all
yconst
it
utest
hecr
imeofassaul
t.

(
ii
)Mai
ntai
ningOr
der
.

Or
deri
snecessar
yinaci
vi
lsoci
etyandi
sther
efor
eref
lect
edi
nthel
aw.Thel
aw,when
enf
orced,
prov
idesor
derconsi
stentwi
thsoci
ety
’sgui
del
i
nes.

(
ii
i)Resol
vi
ngDi
sput
es.

Di
sput
esar
eunav
oidabl
einasoci
etymadeofper
sonswi
thdi
ff
erentneeds,want
s,
v
alues,andv
iews.Thel
aw pr
ovi
desaf
ormalmeansf
orr
esol
vi
ngdi
sput
est
hrought
he
cour
tsy
stem.

(
iv)Pr
otect
ingLi
ber
ti
esandRi
ght
s.

Thel
awpr
otect
svar
iousl
i
ber
ti
esandr
ight
sfr
om v
iol
ati
onsorunr
easonabl
eint
rusi
onsby
per
sons,
organi
zat
ions,
orgov
ernment
.

Sour
cesofl
awi
nTanzani
a

A sour
ceofl
aw i
stheor
igi
nfr
om whi
chpar
ti
cul
ar l
awsder
ivet
hei
raut
hor
it
yand
coer
civ
efor
ce.I
nanot
hersense,
theaut
hor
it
ati
veorr
eli
abl
ewor
ks,r
ecor
ds,
document
s,
edi
cts,
etc.
towhi
chwear
etol
ookf
oranunder
standi
ngofwhatconst
it
utest
hel
aw.

I
nsi
mpl
eter
ms,
asour
ceofl
awi
swher
ethel
awcomesf
rom.
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethemai
n
sour
cesofTanz
ani
anl
aws.

TheConst
it
uti
on

AConst
it
uti
oni
sthef
undament
all
aw,
wri
tt
enorunwr
it
ten,
thatest
abl
i
shest
hechar
act
er
ofagov
ernmentbydef
ini
ngt
hebasi
cpr
inci
pl
est
owhi
chasoci
etymustconf
orm;by
descr
ibi
ngt
heor
gani
zat
ionof
thegov
ernmentandr
egul
ati
on,
dist
ri
but
ion,
andl
i
mit
ati
ons
ont
hef
unct
ionsofdi
ff
erentgov
ernmentdepar
tment
s;andbypr
escr
ibi
ngt
heex
tentand
manneroft
heex
erci
seofi
tssov
erei
gnpower
s.

I
tcr
eat
est
hef
rameuponwhi
cht
hegov
ernmentandl
awsofasoci
etyar
ebui
l
t.Anyl
aw
whi
chcont
rav
enest
heConst
it
uti
onbecomesnul
landv
oid.

OurConst
it
uti
oni
sknownast
heConst
it
uti
onoft
heUni
tedRepubl
i
cofTanz
ani
aof1977
butt
heaut
hent
icv
ersi
oni
stheSwahi
l
ionewhi
chi
sref
err
edt
oasKat
ibay
aJamhur
iya
MuunganowaTanz
ani
ayaMwak
a1977.

Legi
sl
ati
on(
pri
mar
yandsecondar
y/del
egat
ed)

Legi
sl
ati
oni
sat
ypeofl
aw whi
chhasbeenpr
omul
gat
edorenact
edbyal
egi
sl
atur
eor
ot
hergov
erni
ng body
.Anot
hername i
s st
atut
oryl
aw whi
ch al
so means st
atut
es.
Legi
sl
ati
oni
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wocat
egor
iesnamel
ypr
imar
ylegi
sl
ati
onandsecondar
y
l
egi
sl
ati
on.

(
a)Pr
imar
yLegi
sl
ati
on

Thi
ster
m embr
acesmai
nlawspassedbyt
hepar
li
ament
.Inourj
uri
sdi
cti
on,t
hose
l
awsar
ecommonl
yref
err
edt
oasAct
sofPar
li
amentandt
heyonl
ycont
ainabr
oad
f
ramewor
kwi
thoutgoi
ngsodeepi
ntodet
ail
s.

Cur
rent
ly,
Tanz
ani
ahasmor
ethan400Act
sofPar
li
ament
.

Ex
ampl
esofr
ecent
lypassedAct
sincl
ude:

TheAccesst
oInf
ormat
ionAct
,2016;

TheMedi
aSer
vicesAct
,2016;

TheEl
ect
roni
cTr
ansact
ionsAct
,2015;
and

TheOi
landGasRev
enuesManagementAct
,2015.

Pr
imar
ylegi
sl
ati
onsar
eal
sok
nownassubst
ant
ivel
egi
sl
ati
ons.

(
b)Secondar
y/Del
egat
edl
egi
sl
ati
ons
Asecondar
yordel
egat
edl
egi
sl
ati
oni
slaw cr
eat
edbymi
ni
ster
s(orot
herbodi
es)
underpower
sgi
vent
othem byanActofPar
li
ament
.Iti
susedt
ofi
l
lint
hedet
ail
sof
Act
s(pr
imar
ylegi
sl
ati
on)
.

Thesedet
ail
spr
ovi
depr
act
icalmeasur
est
hatenabl
ethel
aw t
obeenf
orcedand
oper
atei
ndai
l
yli
fe.

ASecondar
y/del
egat
edl
egi
sl
ati
oncanonl
yex
isti
nrel
ati
ont
oanenabl
i
ngorpar
ent
Actwhi
chi
sthepr
imar
ylegi
sl
ati
on.I
not
herwor
ds,
asecondar
y/del
egat
edl
egi
sl
ati
on
cannotcomei
ntoex
ist
encei
fther
eisnopr
imar
ylegi
sl
ati
oni
nex
ist
encef
ir
st.

Ot
hert
erms f
ort
his cat
egor
y ofl
aw ar
e subor
dinat
elegi
sl
ati
on orsubsi
di
ary
l
egi
sl
ati
on.

Ther
easonwhysecondar
y/del
egat
edl
egi
sl
ati
oni
snecessar
yisent
ir
elybecauset
he
par
li
amentdoesnothav
eti
met
oconsi
deranddebat
eev
erysmal
ldet
ailofcompl
ex
r
egul
ati
ons.

Al
sot
hepar
li
amentmaynothav
ethenecessar
ytechni
calex
per
ti
seork
nowl
edge
r
equi
red.

Moder
nsoci
etyhasbecomev
erycompl
i
cat
edandt
echni
calsot
hati
tisi
mpossi
bl
e
f
ormember
sofpar
li
amentt
ohav
eal
lthek
nowl
edgewhi
chi
srequi
redt
odr
aw up
l
aws.
asar
esul
t,
thepar
li
amentdebat
est
hemai
npr
inci
pl
est
hor
oughl
ybutl
eav
est
he
det
ail
tobef
il
l
edi
nbyt
hosewhohav
eex
per
tknowl
edgeofi
t.

Secondar
y/del
egat
edl
egi
sl
ati
oncomesi
nvar
iousf
ormssuchasr
egul
ati
ons,or
der
s,
r
ulesandby
laws.

Regul
ati
ons,or
der
sandr
ulesar
eusual
l
ymadebymi
ni
ster
s.Ex
ampl
esorr
ecent
ly
mader
egul
ati
onsi
ncl
ude:

TheMi
ni
ng(
Miner
alBenef
ici
ati
on)Regul
ati
ons,
2018;

TheMi
ni
ng(
Local
Cont
ent
)Regul
ati
ons,
2018;
 Adv
ocat
esRemuner
ati
onOr
der
,2015and

TheJudi
cat
ureandAppl
i
cat
ionofLaw(
Elect
roni
cFi
l
ing)Rul
es,
2018.

By
lawscanbemadebyt
hel
ocalaut
hor
it
iest
ocov
ermat
ter
swi
thi
nthei
rownar
ea.
Ex
ampl
esi
ncl
udeby
lawsoft
heAr
ushaCi
tyCounci
landuni
ver
sit
yby
laws.

(
ii
i)Casel
aw/
Cour
tdeci
si
ons

Casel
aw i
sthel
aw cr
eat
edbyj
udgeswhendeci
dingi
ndi
vi
dualdi
sput
esorcases.I
tis
non-
stat
utor
ylaw.Theyar
elegalpr
inci
pl
esdev
elopedt
hrought
her
epor
teddeci
si
onsof
sel
ect
edappel
l
ateandot
hercour
tswhi
chmak
enewi
nter
pret
ati
onsoft
hel
awwhi
chcan
beci
tedaspr
ecedent
s.

Thi
sisav
eryi
mpor
tantsour
ceofl
aw i
nTanz
ani
aandTanz
ani
ancasel
aw i
sder
ived
f
rom casesar
isi
ngf
rom t
hedeci
si
onsoft
heHi
ghCour
tandCour
tofAppeal
onl
y.

Deci
si
ons ofl
owercour
ts(
such as pr
imar
y cour
ts,di
str
ictcour
ts and r
esi
dent
magi
str
ate’
scour
ts)andot
herr
elat
edbodi
esbel
ow t
heHi
ghCour
tlev
el(
suchast
he
commi
ssi
onf
ormedi
ati
onandar
bit
rat
ion,
dist
ri
ctl
andandhousi
ngt
ri
bunal
set
c)donot
f
orm par
tofcasel
aw.

Casesf
ormi
ngpar
tofcasel
aw ar
eei
therr
epor
tedorunr
epor
ted.Repor
tedcasesar
e
f
oundi
nspeci
alr
ecogni
zedcompi
l
ati
onssuchast
heTanz
ani
aLawRepor
ts(
TLR)
,Law
Repor
tsofTanz
ani
a(LRT)
,theHi
ghCour
tDi
gest(
HCD)andt
heLabourCour
tCase
Di
gest(
LCCD)
.

Ont
heot
herhand,
all
deci
si
onsoft
heCour
tofAppeal
andt
heHi
ghCour
twhi
chhav
enot
beenst
oredi
nrecogni
zedcompi
l
ati
onssuchast
heonesment
ioned,
fal
li
nthecat
egor
y
ofunr
epor
tedcasel
awunt
ilwhent
heyar
erepor
ted.

Thi
sty
peofl
awf
ormst
hebasi
cpr
ecedent
sofTanz
ani
anl
awsandbi
ndsl
owercour
ts
t
her
eto.Deci
si
onsoft
heCour
tofAppealbi
ndt
heHi
ghCour
tandot
hercour
tsbel
owt
he
Hi
ghCour
t.Deci
si
onsoft
heHi
ghCour
tbi
ndt
hel
owercour
tsandr
elat
edj
udi
ci
albodi
es.
4.
Recei
vedLaws

Thef
our
thsour
cei
sRecei
vedLawsest
abl
i
shedunderSect
ion2(
3)ofTheJudi
cat
ureand
Appl
i
cat
ionLawsAct
,Chapt
er358oft
heLawsofTanz
ani
a[R.
E.2002](
JALA)t
hese
i
ncl
ude:
CommonLaw,
andDoct
ri
neofEqui
ty,
Stat
utesofGener
alAppl
i
cat
ionofEngl
and,
appl
i
cabl
einEngl
andont
he22ndofJul
y1920,
whi
chi
sdeemedt
obet
heRecept
iondat
e
f
orEngl
i
shLawi
nTanz
ani
a.

Thepr
ovi
si
onr
eads:
-

2.
-(
3)…t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heHi
ghCour
tshal
lbeexer
cisedi
nconf
ormi
tywi
tht
he…
subst
anceoft
hecommonl
aw,
thedoct
ri
nesofequi
tyandt
hest
atut
esofgener
al
appl
i
cat
ioni
nfor
cei
nEngl
andont
het
went
y-seconddayofJul
y,1920.

Theappl
i
cat
ionoft
hosel
awsi
ssubj
ectt
othef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
so/
condi
ti
oncont
ainedi
n
t
hesamepr
ovi
si
on:
-

Pr
ovi
dedal
way
sthatt
hesai
dcommonl
aw,doct
ri
nesofequi
tyandst
atut
esof
gener
alappl
i
cat
ionshal
lbei
nfor
cei
nTanzani
aonl
ysof
arast
heci
rcumst
ances
ofTanzani
aandi
tsi
nhabi
tant
sper
mit
,andsubj
ectt
osuchqual
i
fi
cat
ionsasl
ocal
ci
rcumst
ancesmayr
endernecessar
y.

The22nddayofJul
y,1920i
sknownast
hegener
alr
ecept
iondat
e.

CommonLaw-t
hebodyofcust
omar
ylaw,
baseduponj
udi
ci
aldeci
si
onsandembodi
ed
i
nrepor
tsofdeci
dedcases,t
hathasbeenadmi
ni
ster
edbyt
hecommon-
law
cour
tsofEngl
andsi
ncet
heMi
ddl
eAges.Thedef
ini
ngchar
act
eri
sti
cof“
common
l
aw”i
sthati
tar
isesaspr
ecedent
.

Thecommonl
aw—sonamedbecausei
twas"
common"t
oal
lthek
ing'
scour
ts
acr
ossEngl
and—or
igi
nat
edi
nthepr
act
icesoft
hecour
tsoft
heEngl
i
shk
ingsi
n
t
hecent
uri
esf
oll
owi
ngt
heNor
manConquesti
n1066.

Doct
ri
neofEqui
ty–i
sadoct
ri
nebasedonaj
udi
ci
alassessmentoff
air
nessandj
ust
ice
asopposedt
othest
ri
ctandr
igi
drul
esofcommonl
aw.
 Ex
ampl
esofequi
tabl
edoct
ri
nesandmax
ims:

Thosewhocomet
oequi
tymustcomewi
thcl
eanhands;

Thosewhoseekequi
tymustdoequi
ty;

Equi
tyf
oll
owst
hel
aw.

Del
aydef
eat
sequi
ty.

St
atut
esofGener
alAppl
i
cat
ionofEngl
and

Thet
erm‘
'
stat
uteofgener
alappl
i
cat
ion'
'meanst
hoseBr
it
ishAct
sofPar
li
amentwhi
ch
wer
eappl
i
cabl
etot
hepeopl
eatl
argeandt
owhol
eEngl
and.I
fanActofPar
li
amenti
s
l
i
mit
edi
nit
sappl
i
cat
iont
ospeci
fi
cper
sonsort
ospeci
fi
car
easi
nEngl
andi
tisnota
st
atut
eofgener
alappl
i
cat
ion.

Cer
tai
npoi
ntsconcer
ningst
atut
esofgener
alappl
i
cat
ionmaybenot
ed:

Thest
atut
emusthav
ebeeni
nfor
cei
nEngl
andont
her
ecept
iondat
e.St
atut
es
passedsubsequentt
othedat
eofr
ecept
ioni
nEngl
and,
hav
enol
egal
eff
ect
.

Ar
epealoranamendmentofst
atut
esofgener
alappl
i
cat
ionaf
tert
her
ecept
ion
dat
eisofnosi
gni
fi
cance.

5.
Cust
omar
yandI
slami
cLaw

Thef
if
thsour
cei
stheCust
omar
yandI
slami
claw,
whi
chi
sest
abl
i
shedundersect
ion11
ofJALA.
SeeSect
ion11(
1)ofJALA.

Cust
omar
ylaw wi
l
lhav
eef
fectonl
ywheni
tdoesnotconf
li
ctwi
thst
atut
oryl
aw whi
l
st
I
slami
clawi
sappl
i
cabl
etoMusl
i
msundert
heJudi
cat
ureandAppl
i
cat
ionsofLawsAct
,
empower
ingcour
tst
oappl
yIsl
ami
claw t
omat
ter
sofmar
ri
age,di
vor
ce,guar
dianshi
p,
i
nher
it
ance,wak
fandsi
mil
armat
ter
sinr
elat
iont
omember
sofacommuni
tywhi
ch
f
oll
owst
hatl
aw.
6.
Int
ernat
ional
Law(
Treat
iesandConv
ent
ions)

I
nter
nat
ionalLaws,t
hati
s,Tr
eat
iesandConv
ent
ions,ar
enotsel
f-
execut
ing.TheActof
Par
li
amentcanappl
ytr
eat
iesandconv
ent
ionst
owhi
chTanz
ani
aisapar
tyi
ntheCour
ts
i
nTanz
ani
aonl
yaf
terr
ati
fi
cat
ion.Duet
othatsy
stem,Tanz
ani
aisk
nownasadual
i
st
st
ate because i
nter
nat
ionall
aw does not aut
omat
ical
l
y become nat
ionall
aw.
I
nter
nat
ional
lawsuchat
reat
yhast
ofi
rstber
ati
fi
edf
ori
ttof
orm par
tofnat
ional
laws.

Ex
ampl
esofr
ati
fi
edi
nter
nat
ional
treat
iesandconv
ent
ions.

Af
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es'
Right
s

Uni
tedNat
ionsConv
ent
ionont
heLawoft
heSea.

Af
ri
canYout
hChar
ter
.