9/16/2022

Parts of an Electric Motor

E2 Motors and Motor Starting

#1 Fan Motors

   2

1 2

Exploded View
Simple Electric Motors
of Motor

• Stator
STATOR
(with windings) – Stationary electromagnet
• Rotor
– Rotating magnet
• Movement of the rotor
ROTOR – Rotates by repulsion and attraction of stator
(with shaft)

  3   4

3 4

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Two-pole stator motor

Second half of cycle

Stator Rotor
(Stationary) (Rotates)

S N
N
S N S N
S Stator repels & Stator continues
N
S S
N
Polarity reverses Polarity reverses
attracts rotor into motion by repelling
(N to S) on stator (N to S) on stator
motion and attracting

+_ + _
When stator is energized the
rotor will make a half turn The alternating current now
with each half of current cycle changes direction
  5   6

5 6

Motor Tries to Start

Motor Starting Stator

N Power applied
All motors need a phase shift to start rotation Equal and
opposite to stators
attraction S
Opposite attraction
Different motors styles make one in different Rotor
Rotor will NOT move
ways
Equal and N
opposite
attraction
S
Stator

  7   8

7 8

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A Phase Shift is Needed Examples of Shaded-Pole Motors

Stator

A phase shift S
causes rotation
Rotor
A magnetic field is
N formed at a slightly
different angle
This phase shift can be
caused by: S
A shaded pole
Stator
A start winding
A capacitor
3 separate phases
  9   10

9 10

Starting a Shaded-Pole Motor Rotation toward the Shaded Pole

• Each pole has a copper band attached

– The shaded-pole provides the phase shift
needed to start rotation

N S N S

  11   12

11 12

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Shaded-Pole Motor Wiring

Changing Motor Rotation

BLACK LINE
• Shaded-pole motors can be reversed:
– Disassemble the motor
– First, turn stator around
– Second, turn blade around

GREEN GROUND

  13   14

13 14

Multi-speed Shaded-Pole Motors Shaded-Pole 3-Speed Motor Wiring

• Speed depends on winding resistance Neutral Wire is White (115v) or Black (230v)

– Low speed: most resistance

BLACK
BLACK-HIGH LINE
– High speed: least resistance LINE
BLUE-MED
• Motor speed is based on where power is
RED-LOW
connected into the winding

High Medium Low

Common Speed Speed Speed

GREEN GROUND

  15   16

15 16

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Split Phase Motors Split Phase Motors

• Have two separate windings, a run and a

start
• The start winding provides the phase shift
for starting

  17   18

17 18

A Split Phase Motor is a Windings of a split phase motor

Two-pole stator motor …
with Start Windings added
Start

Run Run

TO RUN R
WINDINGS
Start
C
TO START
WINDINGS S
  19   20

19 20

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Split Phase Motor Split Phase Motor with Centrifugal Switch

Centrifugal switch opens start winding

This motor needs power to
the start winding to start

S C R S C R

START WINDING RUN WINDING START WINDING RUN WINDING

This motor
This motor needs needs power to
a start winding for the run winding
a phase shift to run
LINE LINE

  21   22

21 22

Motor with Centrifugal Switch

Weights shift,
Fan Motor with Centrifugal Switch Motor Speed disk moves back
Start winding Increases
• A mechanical switch is used to de-energize the energized
start winding
• The switch is attached to the motor shaft
Before starting,
• After the motor starts, centrifugal force opens disk pushes bar,
the switch closing contacts
• The start winding circuit remains open as long
as the motor is running
• A stuck switch causes thermal overload to open Contacts Open To Start
Winding
Centrifugal
From Run Disk Switch
Winding
  23   24

23 24

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Start & Run Winding Resistances PSC Motor with run capacitor

Medium Efficiency
S Ω
Ω R Smaller than split phase
 VAC

DC

COM V/

  25   26

25 26

Split Phase Motor + Run Cap = PSC Motor

Permanent Split Capacitor Motors

C • Based on a Split Phase Motor

• A run capacitor is “permanently” wired in
series with the start winding circuit
• The capacitor provides partial voltage to
the start winding, all the time.
S R
• Used for furnace blowers, small condensor
fans, 2-5 ton compressors

Run Capacitor
  27   28

27 28

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Capacitors Capacitor VACs

• Always replace capacitors with the same • Equal (or greater) volt amp capacity (VAC)
microfarad rating • VAC: the maximum current the capacitor
• Microfarad rating can be + or – 10% can handle
• MFD (Microfarad), a unit of capacitance, • Based on capacitor’s insulating material

equal to one millionth of a farad. Symbol: • Can go higher in VAC but never lower
μF, μf, and UF

  29   30

29 30

Always Discharge Capacitors Discharging Capacitors

• Two ways to discharge: • Two results:

• Choose wisely

  31   32

31 32

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“Marked” terminal Run Capacitors No “Marked” terminals

goes to R terminal
on compressor
on new capacitors Run Capacitors

• When the compressor is running, a run

Insulation was a chemical called
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
banned in 1979
Warning Label: “PCB
Use Care in Disposal”
No PCBs. The insulator (dialectric)
can be glass, ceramic, plastic film,
air, paper, mica, etc.
capacitor provides partial voltage to the
start winding
• Provides better running efficiency.
• Lowers compressor amperage
• Less waste heat, motors can be smaller

Old Style New Style

  33   34

33 34

Start Capacitor
Run Capacitors

• Typically metal cans

– Some plastic capacitors
• Oil filled, paper dielectric
• larger size (compared to start caps) to
dissipate heat
• In circuit entire run cycle
Bleed Resistor
15,000 Ohms

  35   36

35 36

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Start Capacitors
• They provide more phase shift to the start • A resistor bleeds off capacitor charge to
winding, equals higher torque prevent excessive arcing across the relay
• Start capacitors are designed to be in the contacts when contacts are open
circuit for only a few seconds • Rupture disk is a pressure relief
• Typically plastic casing
• Paper Dielectric insulator

  37   38

37 38

Capacitor Start, Capacitor Run Motor

CSCR or CSR Motor
Speed Controls
RUN CAPACITOR
2 1
• Relay switching motor speed
START
Back EMF
POTENTIAL
CAPACITOR • Typically bank of relays on control board
RELAY
keeps the coil
energized 5 • Multi speed wound motors
S C • Power consumption not efficient at lower
R
speeds
START RUN WINDING
WINDING

The run capacitor stays

in the circuit for greater
motor efficiency LINE

  39   40

39 40

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PSC 3-speed Motor

Multi-Speed Split Phase Motors

• The windings are tapped so the motor is

Leads for
weaker, running slower under load changing motor
• Example of a 3-speed 1/3 HP motor: rotation
– High speed is 1/3 HP
Run
– Medium speed is 1/4 HP Capacitor
– Low speed is 1/6 HP Leads

Common Wire
Low Medium High
Speed Speed Speed
(red) (blue) (black)
  41   42

41 42

Multi-speed PSC Motor 3-Speed PSC Motor Wiring Diagram

BLACK
BLACK-HIGH LINE
LINE
BLUE-MED

RED-LOW
High Speed
RH

BROWN
Medium Speed
RM

S R
GREEN GROUND

Low Speed
RL
  43   44

43 44

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VFD Voltage control

• Controls speed of motor by varying supply • Raises and Lowers voltage to motor
frequency • Lower voltage = less force = less speed
• Less flow reversals = slower speeds • Commonly found on inverter drive motors
• Usually larger motors and compressors
• Motors must be rated for VFD control
• Complex controllers, need to be
programed with speed parameters

  45   46

45 46

ECM Motor Speeds

• On board electronics convert AC to DC • The synchronous, or “nominal” speed of a

• Motor runs on DC power motor can be determined by the number of
• Permanent magnet on rotor its poles
– 20 % more efficient at high speed • The more poles, the lower the speed
– Up to 80% at low speed
• Electronic control varies voltage to motor

  47   48

47 48

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Calculating Motor Speeds

Two Pole Motor Windings

• Speed = (Hz x Reversals) ÷ # Poles

• One cycle has two current flow reversals

• 60 cycles has 120 flow reversals
• Speed = (60 Hz x 120 reversals) ÷ # Poles

Example: 7200 ÷ 2 Motor poles = 3600 RPM

Courtesy of
7200  2 = 3600 RPM Copeland

  49   50

49 50

1 2
Actual Motor Speed
1
• Slip is the loss of speed from motor load
• The actual speed is less than the calculated
Four Pole Motor

speed
4 2 Common motor speeds: Calculated: Actual:
7200  4 = 1800 RPM 2 Pole motor: 3600 3450
4 Pole motor: 1800 1750
6 Pole motor: 1200 1050
4 3 3 8 Pole motor: 900 850
Courtesy of
Copeland

  51   52

51 52

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Motor Nameplate

• Nameplates contain essential information

Motor Nameplate explained

  53   54

53 54

Voltage and Amperage

Factory wired
for 208-230V

Voltage

FLA

Amperage range:
.208V (21A) to
230V (18.8A)

Motor Nameplate wiring diagram

  55   56

55 56

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