Li WHAT Is PSYCHOLOGY? is hard to define because : (i) Itevolves continuously. (i) Any one definition cannot capture the range of phenomena involved. * The term psychology is derived from two Greek words : * Psyche meaning soul and Logos meanin; Thus, it was a study of the soul or mind. But since then scientific discipline iB Science or study of a subject. Psychology has moved away considerably and established itself as a which deals with processes underlying human experience and behaviour. Range of phenomena = | Bases Levels Biological Social Individual Dyadic group Organisational * Discipline defined as : (A) What it studies : Mental processes, Experiences and Behaviours (B) How it studies i.e. Methods : in different contexts, * Psychology is defined as a science which studies mental processes, experiences and behaviour in different contexts. In doing so, it uses methods of biological and social sciences to obtain data systematically. It makes sense of these data so that it can be organised as knowledge. © Mental processes: (i) Mental processes are activities of the mind and brain, related to cognition. (ii) We use mental processes when we think or remember something, or solve a problem. (iii) However, these mental activities are different from neural acti are mutually overlapping processes. (ic) The mind emerges and evolves as our interactions and experiences in this world get dynamically organised in the form of a system which is responsible for the occurrence of various mental processes. (0) Mental processes include reasoning, learning, thinking, problem solving, perception, etc. ies, though they 9«Experiences: fined as the learning acquired through everyday life situ, ation, nature, different for every individual, ( Experi know someone's experience. (i) We cannot direct 9 gon can be aware ot be conscious of his/her exper (iy Only the Oper eambedded in our awareness or consciousness, Snees, Thus, experiences ar e se (iv) Experiences are influenced by internal and external conditions of the experience. (2) The nature of the experience can only be understood by analysing a Complex set of Q a ; raat (vi) Experiences are important because most of our learning is based on 7 . en are responses or reactions we make or activities we engage in. Eg. On can feel the heart pounding before taking an examination. (if) Some behaviours such as thinking may be simple or complex, short or enduring. (ii) On the other hand, some behaviours can be outwardly seen or sensed and are called overt, for example laughing. (is) Allbehaviours can be explained on the basis of SR (Stimulus Response Relations) {Any behaviour, overt or covert, are associated with or triggered by a stimulus. (0) Both stimulus and response can be internal or external. (oi) The same stimulus can have different responses, due to the organism variable. It emphasises upon an individuals uniqueness and variation that make him different ‘ences are subjective in directly observe OF from other. * Psychology as a Discipline (i) It studies behaviour, experience and mental processes. (ii) It seeks to understand and explain how the mind works and how different mental processes result in different behaviours. (iii) When we observe others, our own point of view or ways of understanding the world influence our interpretations of their behaviours and experiences. (io) Psychologists try to minimize such biases in their explanations of behaviour and experience in various ways. (0) Some do so by making their analysis scientific and objective. (ci) Others seek to explain behaviour from the point of view of those experiencing persons because they think that subjectivity is a necessary aspect of human experienc a = and computer science borrow principles continuously from psychology. are fast developing brain imaging techniques like MRI, ECG, etc. which make Possible to study brain processes in real time, ie, when they are actually taking place ~ Psychology as hybrid science: scien NORY IS a hybrid science that draws its inffuence from both natural and soc! * Asa Natural Science: ( Modern Psycholo; sentific method to study BY has developed because of the application of the scent psychological phenomenon. 10 @ Psychology—x1(ii) As a physical science, it emphasizes on data that is systematic and can be studied under controlled conditions. (ii) Ttis quantitative and requires analysis. (iv) It takes influences from both physics and biology and believes in the Hypothetico Deductive Model (HDM). (2) Every or any hypothesis can be accepted or rejected on the basis of factors available. The model suggests that scientific advancement can take place if you have a theory to explain a phenomenon. (vi) A hypothesis is a tentative solution to a problem that helps in guiding a research ora theory. (vii) Hypothesis has been successfully used for determining many theories related to learning and memory. For example, the way a child has been brought up in his family will shape his personality. Conscious means to be alert and aware of something. We are aware of all the outside environment as well as of the processes taking place in ourselves. Thus we are aware of the diverse sensations, perceptions, memories and feelings that take place in ourselves. E waking consciousness, we perceive time, place and events as real, meaningful and familiar. Psychology is a social science because it studies the behaviour of human beings in their social tests cultural context. Psychology as a social science discipline focuses on humans as social beings. It focuses on the individual and communities in relation to their social, cultural and physical environment. If we go back in History Psychology was defined as the science of the Mind. The use of term mind was considered to be relevant since it represents all the mental phenomenon such as perceiving, thinking, imagining, reasoning and so on. But, certain difficulties regarding the term mind, its nature and its relationship with the body continued to persist. Due to many researches particularly in Neurology the term ‘mind’ has returned in Psychology. It is true that Mind and brain are different and mind cannot exist without brain. Recent studies in Neuro Science has proved that there is a relationship between Mind and Behaviour. These researches and neurological experiments proved that a person suffer from damage of some part of the brain but his mind had remained intact. Popular notions about the discipline of Psychology should be understood. Psychology as a science explains patterns of behaviour which can be predicted and explains behaviour before the act occur common sense. Psychology is based on hindsight. Professional Psychologists are trained, affiliated to some institution. They attain educational and professional qualification and understand, predict and modify human behaviour by scientific methods. The emergence of Psychology asa science of mental processes, behaviour and experiences can be attributed to certain important development in Physiology and Physics as well as to the efforts of William Wilhelm Wundt who established first Psychological laboratory in 1879. The evolution of Psychology can be traced in the major schools of Psychological thoughts. as —— Whatis Psychology? m 1ccturalis: It was proposed by Wundt and he studied the structure ce * Sirfiences By OSPESTON’ in which individual or subjects in py “ou Introspection: I we edeserbe thet own mental Processes oy Pg 4 za d by William James and John Dewey. Th ; mnces in how people deal with the orn Y Studied the the adaptation of human behaviour according Sy 0 their propose scious experiel introspection method. It shows changing needs. «Gestalt Psychology: The school was ay uman perception. Accor than the sum of its parts. . 4. Behaviourism: It was proposed by John Watson and Skinner. Accor Psychology must focus on what is observable and verifiable. + Psychoanalysis: It was proposed by Dr Sigmund Freud. He focused on unconscioy, mind and childhood experiences. vnct evcoana 8 « Humanistic Perspective: It was a revolt against Psychoanalysis and Behaviour proposed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. It stated that human strive to or unfold their inner potential. and © Cognitive Perspective: It focuses on mental processes. It views human bein, 3 a sctrely constructing their mind through their exploration into the Physical and Socal world. Piaget stated that children actively construct their own minds whereas Vygotsi Suggested that the mind is a joint cultural construction and emerges as a result cf interaction between children and adults. °! + Themodem era of Human Psychology beganin the Department of Philosophy at Calcutta University where the first syllabus of experiment on Psychology was introduced and the first Psychology Laboratory was established in 1915. Calcutta University started the first Department of Psychology in the year 1916 and another Department of Applied Peychoogy in 1938. It was greatly influenced by Dr N.N. Sengupta. * Psychology asa science is closely related to other sciences. Behaviour is closely related Biological make up, the hereditary predisposition and his level of maturity. Physiology, embryology geneti biochemi ‘ u ey: Pe peo peer on bree rte cee A Trge numb ospitals now employ Psychologists. of knowing 'ychology are found in Philosophy particularly with respect to methods Psychology is closely rel «ce Political Gea ; has provided Seni eles, Political Science and Sociology. Psychology behaviour, Psychology Srovia fo micro level economic behaviour and consumer opinion polls ote Soe ices understanding of voting behaviour, exercise of pow Manan ohn 8) ositvely related to Peychology, eg. Psychology studs cultural context. ology studies human behaviour in society, ie., socio * The information process concept of Artifical intelligence is ach in cognitive Psychology, to explain memory and * Psychological principles explai ighly linked with computer sciences. remembersacrime, plain crime, criminal behaviour, how well a witness 4 ete. Accordingly Psychology i , a * Similarly Psychology has close bi ly Psychology is closely related to law and criminoloBy Architecture and Engineering onds with Mass Communication, Music and Fine Arts 12 @ Psychology—Xxr proposed by Koffka, Kahler and Werthe; ding to Gestalt Psychology, the whole It ater ding 10 ti ee _PUchelogy a @ discipline not only provide understanding to the development of eo! ‘owledge of human behaviour but ithas close linkages across Psychological rocesses. Psychologists now a days employed to help in diverse activities in different omains of Professional activities including hospitals, educational settings, industrial organisations, training institutes, military and government organisations. ey continuously Provides knowledge and understanding of human behaviour Cultur al Psychology ae of emerging perspectives are Evolutionary Psychology, ! e Psychology. Evolutionary Psychology is an approach in social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a ical st modem evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are involved in adaptations—that ist the functional Products of natural selection or sexual selection. 'e goal of research in evolutic logy is to dis id understand the design of the humem arn SHORBEY Psychology is to discover and unders It is a theoretical approach to Psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and Psychological traits — such as memory, perception or language — as adaptations, ie, as the functional products of natural selection, The Purpose of this approach is to bring the functional way of thinking about biological mechanism such as the immune system into the field of Psychology. In short Evolutionary Psychology is focused on how evolution has shaped the mind and behaviour. Cultural Psychology is the study of how psychological and behavioural tendencies are rooted in and embodied in culture. Itstudies how mind and culture are inseparable and mutually constitute, ie. people are shaped by culture and their culture is shaped by them. Cultural Psychology is the study of the way cultural traditions and social practices, regulate, express and transform the human Psyche, resulting less in Psychic unity for human kind than in ethnic divergences in mind, self and emotion (Richard Shweder). Contemporary psychologists have shown increasing interest in understanding what makes life good and meaningful. This development is termed as positive psychology. There are some themes which provides direction to research and application of Psychology are to develop principles of behaviour and mental processes, function of the attributes of persons and environment, causality of human behaviour, culturally constructed human behaviour and controlling and modifying the behaviour. Psychology can be viewed in two fold perspective which are complementary to each other ie. Basic Psychology and Applied Psychology. Basic Psychology provides theories through researchers whereas Applied Psychology is related to the category of application according to the needs of society. Psychologists study a wide range of issues related to mental and behavioural functioning. Psychologists study how the biological system works and socio-cultural bases shapes human behaviour. Contemporary psychologists study these processes from a perspective of lifespan. The basic psychological processes are parts Of a dynamic regulated system. All these processes are interconnected and together help the organism to adapt to environment and grow. Knowing the environment requires several mental processes, which together are called cognition. Psychologists study how information is used in thinking, reasoning, decision-making, communicating and solving problems. ——— Whatis Psychology? m 13Il WorDs THAT MATTER : Behaviour Any covert or overt actionlteaction a person or animal does that eqn 4 ,bserved in some way- sate >. Behaviourlsm: A school of thought that emphasises objectivity, observable behaviour responses, learning, and environmental an snowing 3. Cognition: All the mental activities associated. bh knovsing: namely, perceivin thinking, and remembering, etc. These are associated with processing, understanding and communicating information. . - 4. Cognitive economy: A term to denote maximum and efficient use of the capacity of long-term memory through organisation of concepts ina hierarchical network, 5, Consciousness: Awareness of the general condition of one’s mind, awareness of particular mental contents, or self-awareness. 6. Constructivism: Modem cognitive psychology views human beings as actively constructing theit minds through their exploration into the physical and the social world. 7. Developmental Psychology: A branch of psychology which establishes the physical, social and psychological changes that occur at different ages and stages over a life-span, , from conception to old age. : 8. Functionalism / Functional fixedness: The tendency to think of thinks only in terms of their usual functions, impediments to problem solving. The school of psychology that emphasised the utilitarian, adaptive functions of the human mind or consciousness. ). Gestalt: An organised whole, Gestalt psychologists emphasise our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Gestalt psychology: A branch of psychology in which behaviour is viewed as an integrated whole, greater than the sum of its parts. 11. Humanistic approach: The approach to Psychology that emphasises the person, or the self, and personal growth and development. 12. Hue: Property of chromatic colours or name of the colours. 13. Introspection: The process of looking inward to one’s feeling and conscious experience. 14, Mind: Mind is a concept, which refers to unique set of individual's sensations, perceptions, memories, thoughts, dreams, motives and emotional feelings. 15. Neuro psychology: It is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes as function of brain activity and the nervous system. 16. Physiological psychology: A scientific study of human and animal behaviour based on the relationship of physiological processes like those of nervous system, hormones, sensory organs and the behavioural parameters. 17. Psychoanalysis: A method of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to bring repressed unconscious material into conscious. 18. Sociology: The systematic study of the biological basis for social behaviour. ; 19. Stimulus: Any well-defined element in the environment affecting the organism, which may lead to an overt or a covert response. 20. emma Penal with Wilhelm Wundt, the approach to psychology that seeks structure and operation of consciousness, or the human mind. 14m Psychology—XI_ — 10. BR(CERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED —_—_—_———— Ql. What is behaviour? Give examples of overt and covert behaviour? Ans. Behaviour refers to any response of an organism that can be measured. Any covert or overt action/reaction a person does that can be observed in some ways. A person running to catch train is an example of overt behaviour. S The working of human memory or problem solving might be thought of as behaviour, even though they cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from their product. Q2. How can you distinguish scientific psychology from the popular notions about the discipline of Psychology? Ans. The popular theories of human behaviour are based on common sense and may or may not be true if investigated scientifically. ~ Common sense based on hind sight. Psychology as a science looks for patterns of behaviour which can be predicted and not explained after the behaviour occurs. ~ Dweck’s study on children (who gave up too easily when faced with difficult problems or failures) is worth mentioning here. ~ Common sense tells uso give them easy problems, first in order to increase their Success rate so that their confidence goes up. Dweck found that children who had always succeeded because they were given easy problems could not cope up with difficult problems and gave up faster in comparison to those who had experience of both success and failure and were taught to put more effort to deal with difficult problems. ch studies prove that predictions based on empirical studies are reliable and valid. Q3. Give a brief account of the evolution of psychology. Ans. Psychology as a modern discipline has a short history but a long past. It grew out of ancient philosophy. It emerges as a scientific discipline in the following phases: Structuralism: Itis the oldest school/approach to psychology, and it was proposed by Wilhelm Wundt. ~ Structuralists were interested in analysis of human mind and its structure. ~ They were interested in conscious experience and wanted to study the building blocks of mind through breaking it into smallest elements. ~ They used introspective method to study mental processes and experiences. Functionalism : It is an approach to psychology, developed by an American Psychologist William James. - They (Functionalists) emphasised on what the mind does and the function of consciousness in adjustment to the environment. — According to them consciousness is an on-going stream of mental process, it can’t be broken down into parts. ~ They also used introspective method to study mental processes and experiences. }. Behaviourism : Proposed by John B. Watson who viewed psychology as the science of behaviour and behaviour could be described objectively in terms of stimuli and responses (S-R). ~ This approach proposed that mentalist concepts such as consciousness, image or mind cannot be measured or studied objectively and scientifically. + _$_§_§———_____ Whats Psychology? m 15 e n »™~ ed on observable and verifiable response to st imulij, _ Watson emphasis! i ~ He was influenced by Pavlov’s classical conditioning and was interested in the study of learning. 4, Gestalt Psychology: : | This approach wasa revolt against structuralism, founded in Germany Kohler and Koffka by Wertheimer rage on percepial origination (organisation of what we seq ‘ Htemonstrated the laws of perceptual organisation, ) and they alg, ~ Structuralist wanted to break down perception into elements but Ce; that when we look at the world, our perceptual experience is more pa Stated, of the components of the perceptions ie. we give meaning to percepti ia _ Tags when we ook a table we do not see four wooden legs and ta me secface above it but we recognise it as a table. 5, Psychoanalysis: ‘This approach was proposed by Dr. Sigmund Freud. » te viewed human behaviour as a dynamic manifestation of unconscious des and conflicts of which we are not aware at present. estes - Hs tased psychoanalysis as a system to understand and cure psychologa isorders. 6, Humanism: It was advocated by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. ~ They emphasised on the free will of human beings i.e people are free to do whatever they choose to do. Their actions are not predetermined by any fore — They said that human beings strive to grow and unfold their inner potential ie. what they are capable of doing. = According to them all individuals have innate tendency to self actualise and all human activities are goal directed and worthwhile. 7. Cognitive Perspective/Constructivism: This perspective is a combination of Gestalt approach and structuralist approach. ‘This approach focuses on cognition ie. how we'know the world through thinking, understanding, perceiving, memorising and problem solving etc. ~ Jean Piaget and Vygotsky are the pioneers of this approach. — Cognitive psychologists view the human mind as an information system like a computer. = Mind is considered to receive, process, transform, store and ~ Mind is dynamicand human beings actively construct their min et the social and physical environment and interaction between at leah sncuazhens Pe pancatetneees collaboration of psychologists wi a e fruitful? Take i Ans. Psychology is located at the ae oe ia onenledge pertainins human functioning. cinerea rect-matter from ~ It contribute ‘ ee the growth of other disciplines and draws subj the sum, PEZOId plain processing retrieve information. ds as they: interact adults and 16 @ Psychology—XI - =e —~ In the study of brain and behavi i : r wiour psychology shares its knowledge with neurology, physiology, biology, medicine and computer science. ~ In studying the meaning, growth and the development of human behaviour in : 8 tural context, psychology shares its knowledge with anthropology, ae logy, social work, political science and economics. QS. Differentiate between (a i jatri dinkal poychoe ) a psychologist and a psychiatrist (b) a counsellor and a Ans. (a) Psychologist—A psychologist is someone who possesses the knowledge of Pedchology and holds recognized degree in the field; they work in diverse areas, ike teaching, counselling, community etc. Psychiatrist—They are qualified medical-practitioners who are concerned with psychological well-being of individuals. * Clinical Psychologist and psychiatrist ae different in the qualification and in roles. * Clinical Psychologist cannot administer or prescribe drugs whereas Psychiatrists are medical professionals and trained in administering medicine/drugs to treat mental disorders. (b) Counsellor—A counsellor provides advice to the persons who suffer from motivational and emotional problems, they provide vocational guidance also. Clinical psychologist—A clinical psychologist also helps people with behavioural, mental and emotional problems. * They are post-graduate in Psychology and are specialised professionals. * They provide therapy for various mental disorders, anxiety, fear or stress of any type. * They use interview and administer psychological tests to diagnose the dent's problem. Q6. Describe some of the areas of everyday life where understanding of psychology can be put to practice. — Psychology is not only a subject that satisfies curiosities of our mind about human nature, but it is also a subject that offers solutions to a variety of problems. It ranges from personal to family, a community or even national and international dimensions. - The solution of these problems may involve political, economic and social reforms; however, these problems are a result of unhealthy thinking, negative attitude towards people and self and undesirable patterns of behaviour. = A psychological analysis of these problems helps both in having a deeper understanding of these problems and also finding effective solutions. ~ Psychology enables an individual to understand oneself in a balanced and positive way without being reactionary, in order to deal with everyday challenges and meet with personal expectations. = Therefore, understanding of psychology enables a person to build stronger relationships at community level and improve individual strength. Q7. How can knowledge ofthe feld of environmental psychology be used to promote Ans. environment friendly behaviour? ‘Ans. Environmental psychology studies the interaction between natural and man-made environment and Numan behaviour. ~ The knowledge of environmental psychology can help us prevent big disasters. — We can learn to modify our behaviour to prevent any unwanted and painful outcome. ~ For example, if we know the hazards of growing population, we can certainly apply some measure to stop population growth. _—_____________—_ Whatis Psychology? @ 17a which branch Q8. In terms of helping solve an important social problem such as crime, d discuss the of psychology do you think is most suitable. Identify the field an concerns of the psychologists working in this field. The branch of social psychology is the most suitable for solving problems like crime, It explores through thought process of people and their influence on other. Social psychologists are concerned with topics like attitude, conformity, obedience authority, social motivation, inter-group relations, etc. 2 Inanswering such questions the knowledge of psychology for Lawer and a criminologist is also very essential. If they have the knowledge of psychology they can understand how well a witness remembers the incident? How well can he/she report such facts Ans. when taking the witness stand in the court. ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS SOLVED I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ:1 Marx) Ql. The first psychological laboratory was established by (b) J.B. Watson’ (a) Wilhelm Wundt (0) Skinner (a) William James Ans. (a) Wilhelm Wundt Q2. The famous book ‘Principles of Psychology’s written by (a) J.B. Watson (by William James (0) Freud (@) Girishvar Misra Ans. (b) William James Q3. James and Wundt both used method. (a) Case study (®) Introspection (c) Experiment (@) Survey Ans. (b) Q4. The school of Structuralism was established by (@) Wilhelm Wundt (&) EB. Titchener (©) Kohler (@) Rogers Ans. (a) Wilhelm Wundt Q5. The Gestalt school was founded by (a) John Dewey (&) Wolfgang Kohler Ans. (a) Wolfgang Kohler Q6. The Behaviorist school of psychology was founded by (@) Max Wertheimer (b) J.B. Watson (c) Maslow (@) Piaget Ans. (b) J.B. Watson describes the key idea of psychoanalysis. Q7. The term (a) unconscious motivation (0) subconscious motivation. (0) conscious motivation (@) collective unconscious Ans. (a) unconscious motivation hidden from the Q8. According to psychoanalytic theory, the urges and drives are awareness of the individual, in other words, they are (b) unconscious (a) subconscious (c) conscious (@)_spritual unconscious Ans. (b) unconscious 18m Psychology—XIQs. is concemed with the attempt to understand human behaviour from the biological perspective. (2) Biopsychology (b) Abnormal psychology (c) Anatomy (a) Psychophysics Ans. (a) Biopsychology Quo. Psychology is concerned with internal processes such as attention, perception, thinking, reasoning, language and memory. (@) Cognitive (b) Developmental (©) Affective (d) Behavioural Ans. (a) Cognitive Qu. Psychology is a broad field in which psychological knowledge is related to community mentel and physical health. (@) Community (®) Applied (€) Environment (@ Social Ans. (a) Community Q12. The humanistic approach to psychology was developed mainly by (@) Abraham Maslow () Carl Wright (0) Albert Ellis (@) Wolpe Ans. (a) Abraham Maslow TL TRUE/FALSE (T/F: 1 Mark) Q13, The main method used by the structuralists to discover these elementary units of mind was introspection. (T/F) Ans. True Q14. The German word Gestalt means ‘form’ or ‘configuration’. (T/F) Ans. True Q15. Functionalist psychologists were interested in the fact that mind and behaviour are adaptive - they enable an individual to adjust to a changing environment. (T/F) Ans. True Q16. J.B. Watson rejected mind as the subject of psychology and insisted that psychology be Ans. 17. Q18. restricted to the study of behaviour — the observable activities of people and animals. (vr) True The work of the counselling psychologist is quite similar to that of the clinical psychologist. (WF) True Developmental psychology has both research and applied aspects. (1) . True . The word ‘psychology’ is derived from the Greek words ‘psyche’ meaning ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ meaning science or study of a subject. (v) . True —___________________— Whiflis Psychology? m 19IIL. Very SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 20. Ans. Q21. (VSA:2 Marks ) ), Who is credited with the establishment of first psychological laboratory and when? In the year 1879 Wilhelm Wundl established the first psychology laboratory in Leiprig Germany. Define Cognition. ;- Cognition refers to the process of knowing, = It involves attending, perceiving, thinking, understanding, reasoning, problem solving and other mental processes by which we know our world, Q22, What is school psychology? Q24. Ans. Q25. Q26. IV. SHorT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Q27. Ans. 20 8 . Itis a branch of psychology which studies learner, learning and teaching. It focuses on — designing, programs that promote intellectual, social and emotional development of children. It also focuses on the needs of special children. = What is introspective method? ~ Introspective method was given and used by structural psychologist, ~ It was used to analyse the structure of mind. ~ Here the individuals were asked to describe in detail their own mental processes or experiences. ~ Itis skill of looking within. What do you mean by the terms ‘Stimulus’ and ‘Response’? Stimulus is anything which initiates activity or any change in the physical energy. A response is observable verbal (expressed in words) or non verbal (using signs and gestures) activity of a living organism. E.g.—Mother scolds the child and the child starts crying; here, scolding is stimulus and crying is response. Where and how community psychologists work? Community psychologists work for mental health agencies, private organisations and state governments, both in urban and rural areas. ~ They focus on problems related to community mental health and physical health as well. ~ They work for community based rehabilitation. Where and why organisational psychologists are needed? — Organisational psychologists are needed in big and small business enterprises. — Organisational psychologists help in the role related problems of employees. ~ They help in selection and training of employees by assessing their aptitudes and area of interest. (SA-I: 3 MARKS) What is psychology? The term psychology is derived from two Greek words ‘Psyche’ meaning soul and ‘logos’ meaning science or study of a subject. Psychology—XI ———_______.d at understanding the Psychology is considered as a scientific discipline aime ir : = be f individuals in different complexities of mental process, experiences and behaviour o! contexts. Itis treated as a natural as well as social science. It ranges from overt actions, (anything we say 0 responding to question asked by the teacher), to covel brain which can be observed). Q28. Is there any difference between mind and brain? ‘Ans. Yes. Although they are interdependent but both mind and brain are separate entities. ~ Brain is biologically evolved organ concerned with complexfunctioning of human being. - For example, brain performs functions like basic body functions and survival, motivation and emotions, higher mental processes including language, planning, problem-solving and reasoning. — On the other hand, mind is a concept and unique to every individual having varying experiences. ~ It is a set of individual's sensations, perceptions, memories, thoughts, dreams, motives and feeling and emotions. Q29, How is a counsellor and a clinical psychologist different? Ans. Counsellor Clinical Psychologist Counselling psychologists work with] Clinical psychologists specialise in helping persons who suffer from motivational | clients with behavioural problems by and emotional problems. providing therapy for various mental disorders, anxiety, fear or stress. ‘A counselling psychologist. may be)They may be involved in conducting involved in vocational rehabilitation interviews and administering psycholo- programmes, orhelping peoplein making | gical teststo diagnose the client's problems, professional choices or in adjusting to} and use psychological methods for their new and difficult situations of life. treatment and rehabilitation. Counselling psychologists work for | They work either as private practitioners public agencies such as mental health or at hospitals, mental institutions, or centres, hospitals, schools, colleges and | with social agencies. universities. Q30, Describe the relationship between the mind and behaviour. ‘Ans. 1, Recent studies have shown that there is a relationship between mind and behaviour. Using positive visualisation techniques and feeling positive emotions, one can bring, about significant changes in bodily processes. (Ornish has shown this in a number of studies with his parents. In these studies, a person with blocked arteries was made to visualise that blood was flowing through her/his blocked arteries. After practicing this over a period icant relief was obtained by these patients as a degree of blockage 1 do, eg-going to the market or vt activities (activities inside our eR —_— Whatis Psychology? @ 21EE ———— has been used to cure various kinds of phobias. immunology has emerged which emphasises immune system. 4. Mental imagery 5, Anew discipline called Psycho-neuro-imm the role played by the mind in strengthening the Q31. Differentiate between basic and applied psychology: ‘Ans. _— Psychologists work in the basic areas like teaching and research, biological basis ‘of behaviour, the processes of sensation and perception, learning and memory, cognition, human development, emotion, personality, social behaviour, ethnic and gender identity, and sexual orientation. — ~ Applied psychologists put the basic knowledge of psychology in helping people and applying theories in day to day life. ~ They specialize in applied fields such as clini counselling, industrial or educational applications, ical treatment, personal or marital or health psychology. V. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (SA-I:4 Marks) Q32. Define and explain the nature of psychology. [Ans. Psychology is considered to be a science as it adopts the scientific method to arrive at conclusions. ~ Psychology is a scientific study of mental processes, experiences and behaviour. — This definition points out towards three key areas which constitute the field of psychology. + Psychology studies COGNITIVE PROCESSES (mental processes): like thinking, remembering, perceiving and learning which involves internal mental activities and not directly observable. — Mental process refers to state of consciousness or awareness. ~ These are used to solve problems and other cognitive activities. — Itinvolves brain activities and mental process although both are interdependent. = They are inferred from observations of people's verbal behaviour, muscular reactions and non-verbal cues. — Eg, we can’t observe how the person observes an object (say, dog) but we can infer it from his/her reactions, whether he is scared if he runs away from the dog or is not scared, when he sees a dog. * Psychology studies BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour is action or reaction of individual to any initiating cause (stimuli). ~ Psychologist also take into account the context of behaviour, e.g. family setting or official setting. ~ They study animal behaviour also for comparison purposes. - ae studies overt (observable) or as well as covert (internal) behavioural m. * Psychology studies EXPERIENCES - Drea is what we feel at a given point of time. — It brings the subjective nature of the experier i i awareness or consciousness. ‘Periencing person as a function of his/her 22m Psychology—XI_- ——______— These are internal state of mind. ~ Experiences are influenced by external or internal conditions. ~ Psychology also attends to altered state of consciousness, which creates new experience, e.g. dreams, meditation or drug-intake situations etc. Q33. Discuss Psychology as a Natural Science. Ans. Psychology as a natural science emerged by the development in physics what is called hypothetics- deductive model. This model suggest that scientific advancement can take place only if one have theory to explain the phenomenon. e.g. big-bang theory to explain formation of universe. This approach assumes that all behavioural phenomenon have causes which can be discovered if we can collect data systematically under controlled condition. ~ Psychology is also considered as a life science, which assumes that all behavioural phenomenon have causes which can be discovered if we can collect data systematically under controlled conditions. ~ Scientific psychology has always been connected with physiology. Recently neuroscience has also studied the links between mind and brain. The physics and experts in the area of artificial intelligence have started studying consciousness. ~ Like natural science, psychology also formulates theories, deduce hypothesis from the theories, test them and then approve or disapprove them accordingly. ~ Psychology is also influenced by evolutionary approach which is dominent in biology to explain various kinds of behavioural patterns such as attachment and aggression. Q34. Discuss Psychology as a Social Science. Ans. Human beings are both biological as well as social beings. * The socio-cultural context and people's participation in culture make psychology a social science. * Psychology as a social science discipline focuses on humans as social beings and studies it in socio-cultural context. «There are individual differences with regards to various psychological traits. * While psychologists do observe particular individuals and their behaviour they are more interested in dis-covering general patterns and regularities in relation to their socio-cultural and physical environment. * They use samples to understand the population and to formulate laws and theories + which can be generalized. * Humans are not only influenced by their socio-cultural context. They also create them. Thus, to conclude it can be said that psychology has become a hybrid science that is concerned with the interrelationship of the physical, psychological and physiological aspects of reality. Q35. Discuss the subject-matter and application of psychology in everyday life. Ans. © Subject-matter of Psychology. = Psychology addresses a wide range of issues related of mental and behavioural functioning. = What'is Psychology? m 23~ Psychology studies how the biological system works and socio-cultural bases shape human behaviour. — Attention, memory, perception and learning forms a core issue of psychology ~ They study motivation, emotion, individual differences in various traits and abnormal behaviour also. Thus the field of psychology is very wide and diverse. * Application of Psychology. 1, Individual Level: ~ Psychologists concern themselves to the problems of children, adolescents, adults and the elderly people and deals with them at individual level. ~ It addresses problems related to education (e.g. school counselling), health, environment social justice, women development, inter group relations ete — Ithelps in understanding one’s own self also. 2. Social Level: ~ These are related to social problems like development, population, poverty, violence, environment problems etc. ~ Psychology offers solution to a variety of problems ranging from deeply personal to problems related with larger society. Thus, the knowledge of psychology is quite useful in our everyday life. Q36. Is Psychology a natural or social science? Ans. Psychology is both a natural and social science. 1. Modern psychology has developed because of the application of scientific methods to study psychological phenomenon. Based on a theory, scientists propose a hypothesis. The hypothesis is then tested and proved true or false and revised based on data that one generated. Till date, most of the research in psychology follows this approach. Apart from this, psychologists have also been considerably influenced by the evolutionary approach which is dominant in biological sciences. This approach has also been used to explain diverse kinds of psychological phenomenon such as attachment and aggression to mention just a few. Thus, psychology is a natural science. 2. However, psychology is recognised more as a social science because it studies the behaviour of human beings in their socio-cultural contexts. Humans are not only influenced by their socio-cultural contexts, they also create them. Psychology as a social science discipline focuses on humans as social beings. It shows how different people experience and behave in similar situations differently. Thus, psychology is a social science with focus on the individuals and communities in relation to their socio-cultural and physical environment. VI. LONG ANSWER TyPE QUESTIONS (LA: 6 Marks) Q37. Describe the relation of psychology with other disciplines. Ans. © Psychology has an inter disciplinary approach. * Any discipline which deals or involves people must consider the human aspect of individual being. 24 m@ Psychology—XI — =* In order to understand fully the nature of human being, he should studied in totality of his being thus it is necessary to build an alliance with other disciplines. * Psychology is related with following fields: PHILOSOPHY * Psychology originated from philosophy eg. Study of soul. * Earlier the subject-matter of psychology was the concern of philosophy. * Psychology greatly draws from philosophy particularly with respect to the methods of knowing and various domains of nature. Thus philosophy and psychology are closely linked. MEDICINE * The well-being of an individual is not only physical well being but mental health is also very important. * Psychologist employed in hospitals prevent people from engaging in health hazardous behaviour and help in adhering to the prescribed doctor's advise regarding healthy behaviour. * Psychologists work in ICU also and deal with patients in post operative stage. ECONOMICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIOLOGY * Psychology has contributed a great deal to the study of micro-level economic behaviour, consumer behaviour, saving behaviour and decision making. * Political science uses psychological approach in understanding issues like exercise of power and authority, nature of political conflicts and voting behaviour. * Sociology and Psychology together try to understand socio-cultural basis of behaviour. Sociology studies the society whereas psychology studies individual in the society. COMPUTER SCIENCE © Computer can be understood as a miniature replica of human mind. * Computer is structure with memory, sequential and simultaneous processing of information etc. * Computer scientists are seeking to make computers more intelligent and be able to sense and feel. * Development in both the fields are complementry. LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY * Both the disciplines are challenging and stimulating. * These disciplines enable the professionals to build the skills required for a career in law or a wide range of professions. * Criminology is the field of study which focuses on criminalisation, victimisation and social responses to crime and disorder. + A lawyer and criminologist requires knowledge of addressing questions related to crime and dealing with witness. * The criminologist is expected to have expertise in understanding decisions of jury, dependable signs of guilt and falsehood, the punishment system etc. for which theories and principles of psychology are significantly helpful. —________________ Wits Psychology? m_ 25 ee aedMASS COMMUNICATION « The impact of print media, electronic media and social media is si influence on our thinking, attitudes, emotions and lifestyle. + Ithas reduced cultural diversities and we all are more global because of media, + The impact of media on atitude formation—positive and negative is tremendous + Psychology helps in developing strategies for better and effective communication, iBMificang * Because of understanding of human needs, motives, interest and insight ang knowledge of consumer behaviour now a days journalists have developed market for news and they are selling it as a product. MUSIC AND FINE ARTS * Scientists have made use of music in raising work performances and Productivity, * Music and emotions are positively related musicians in India are experimenting with ‘Music Therapy’ for curing certain physical ailments and for stress management. ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING The concept of environmental design is part of our built environment is very much influenced by type and quality of social interaction, creativity and control on natural disasters. * Providing mental and physical personal space is in demand now a days. * Architects, civil engineers and town planners now take into account human habits in their plans for safety. To sum up psychology is located at the intersection of many fields of knowledge pertaining to human functioning. Q38. Define Psychology and explain different fields or scope of psychology. (Branches) Ans. => PSYCHOLOGY 1. According to Morgan (1986) Psychology is the science of human and animal behaviours. It includes the application of this science to human problems. The purpose is to understand behaviour, to explain behaviour, predict and control behaviour. 2. Contemporary psychology is made up of many specialized sub-fields, each with its specific subject matter, theories and methods. => BRANCHES/FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY * COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY It investigates mental processes involved in acquisition, storage, manipulation and transformation of information received from the environment along with dts use and communications. The major cognitive processes are attention, perception, memory, reasoning, problem solving, decision-making and language. * BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY ~ It studies biological processes in order to establish link between these processes and behaviour. 26 w Psychology—XI) _~ It studies physical system including brain, nervous system, the immune system and genetics. » NEUROPSYCHOLOGY has emerged as a field of research where psychologists collaborate with neuro scientists and study the role of neurotransmitters in associated mental function. + DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY ~ It studies the physical, social and psychological changes that occur at different ages and stages over a life span. ~ It studies the individual from conception [the time when mother conceives the child] till death. ~ It studies how biological inheritance and particular experiences influences psychological characteristics such as intelligence, morality, temper etc. * SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY ~ Social psychology attempts to understand the nature and causes of individual behaviour and thought in social situations. ~ It studies individual as social beings. It studies the effect of society and culture on individual behaviour and vice versa. ' It also studies group behaviour and interpersonal relations. — Social psychologists are interested in such topics as attitudes, conformity, obedience, interpersonal attraction, helpful behaviour, prejudice, aggression, social motivation etc. * CROSS-CULTURAL AND CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY — It examines the role of culture in understanding behaviour, thoughts and emotions. ~— It assumes that human behaviour is also a product of culture along with heredity. * ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY — This field focuses on the interaction between the physical world and human behaviour. — Environmental stressors like noise, heat, pollution, crowding and their effects are studied. - The influence of physical arrangement of the workplace on health, the emotional state and interpersonal relations are also investigated. — In recent years, disposal of waste, alteration in climate, nuclear energy, population explosion etc are becoming serious. * HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY — This field explores the relationship between body and mind. ~ Areas of interest for health psychologists are stress and coping. ~ Health psychology focuses on the role of psychological factors (E.g. stress, anxiety) in the development, prevention and treatment of illness. ~ They also try to understand the psychological strategies for coping with illness. wits Psychology? 27* CLINICAL AND COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY = Clinical psychology deals with causes, treatment and prevention of psychological disorders. — Counselling psychologists provide advice and help in everyday functioning and problems of people. They deal with less serious problems. = Clinical psychologists sometimes work closely with psychiatry in treatment, prevention and diagnosis; unlike psychiatrist they can’t prescribe medicines. + INDUSTRIALORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY — This field applies the principles of psychology to work place. = It deals with work place behaviour focusing on both the employer and employees. Itis concerned with issues such as leadership, employee motivation, conflict management, group processes and organization change. = Industrial psychologists also train employees and develop criteria for selection. * EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY = This field is concerned with all the aspects of learning process. = Educational psychologists work with individual child also to evaluate learning and emotional problems. 1 = This field also lays emphasis on revolutionising the education system; teacher training, methods of teaching etc. are covered in this area. — A telated field SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY focuses on designing programme that promotes intellectual, social and emotional development of children, including the special children. * SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY = Sports psychology applies psychological principles to improve sports’ performance by enhancing the motivation of players and team. * OTHER BRANCHES Apart from these there are many other important areas of psychology which help people in different ways. E.g. forensic psychology, ecological psychology, space psychology and so on. Q39. Discuss some of the themes/issues which provide direction to research and application of Psychology. : Or What are basic concerns of modern Psychology? Ans. 1, Psychology like other sciences attempts to develop principles of behaviour and mental processes. The main concer of research is in understanding and explanation of behaviour and mental processes, The conclusions drawn on the basis of studies which can be applied to everyone and are universal. E.g. * Experimental psychology focuses on cognitive processes. 28 Mm Psychology—XI. —— _* Physiological psychology concentrates on physiological bases of behaviour. * Developmental psychology studies qualitative and quantitative changes in behaviour. * Social psychology focuses on the study of individual's behaviour in social context. 2, Human behaviour is a function of the attributes of a person and environment. According to Kurt Lewin behaviouris the product of a person and his environment. Psychologists focus on explanation of various psychological phenomenon based on individual - environment interactions. + B=f (PE. emphasize that variations we find in human behaviour are largely due to the fact that persons differ in their genetic potential and diverse experiences. * Here the environment determines whether the potential will be realised or not. * It is the perception and belief of the person which will determine whether the limits set by the genetics will be realised or not. 3, Human behaviour is caused: * Causal explanations are main focus to all the sciences because without understanding them no prediction will be possible. * Simple linear explanation of human behaviour is not possible such as X causing Y do not hold always true because it may have multiple causes. * When it is said the behaviour has multiple causes it means that it is difficult to pin-point the cause of behaviour. 4, Understanding of human behaviour is cultural construct: * A group of psychologists believes that at present all psychological principles explain human behaviour in Euro-American perspective. Psychologists from Asia, Africa and Latin America have been critical to Euro-American approaches which are propagated as universal. * A similar criticism is made by Feminists who argue that psychology offers a male perspective only. They argue in favour of dialectical approach which accommodates both male and female perspectives in understanding human behaviour. Human behaviour can be controlled and modified through the application of psychological principles: Psychologists make certain interventions into the lives of needy people. This applied role of psychologists brought the subject closer to the life of people. Emerging trends in psychology tries to use psychological theories, principles and facts to diagnose and resolve problems related to individual and organizational settings, clinical services, education and environment, health, community development and study of positive aspects of human behaviour. By and large, modern psychology isequally focusing on theoretical aspects of the subject as well as the applied role of psychologists to deal with the lives of needy people. What is Psychology? ml 29240. Discuss some areas where psychologists are employed to help. settings where they can apply psychological ‘Ans. Psychologists today work in a variety of principles. Some of these areas are as follows: 1. Clinical Psychologists: * Provide therapy for the treatment of various mental disorders. © Conduct interviews and administer psychological tests to diagnose the problem and rehabilitation. 2. Counselling Psychologists: «Work with persons who suffer from motivational and emotional problems, «These problems are less serious than those of clinical psychologists. * Mostly they deal with adjustment problem, vocational issues, martiage issues, making professional choices etc. 3. Community Psychologists: * Generally focus on problems related to community physical and mental health. © Inruralareas they may wor areas they may design a drug rehabilitation centre. «They also work with special population such as elderly or the physically or mentally challenged. © Redirection and evaluation of various programmes and community based rehabilitation is of major interest of community psychologists. to establish a mental health centre and in urban 4, School Psychologists: * Work in educational system. * They administer tests to identify abilities, achievement, interest, personality charactersties for self appraisal, educational, vocational and personal guidance. They facilitate communication with parents, teachers and administration. 5. Organisational Psychologists: * They provide help in dealing with problems that the executive and employees and employers of an organisation tend to face in their respective roles. * They provide consultancy services. They organise skill training programme. * Some organisational Psychologists works in: (a) Human resource development. () In organisational development. (0) They change management programmes. 30m Psychology—XITEST ASSIGNMENT anes ee PART-A 1. First lab of psychology was established by: (a) William James () Wilhelm Wundt (©) John Dewy (@ Kohler 2 Hypothetico deductive model suggests that scientific advancement can take place if you have a: (0) Theory (®) Problem () Hypothesist @ Plaw. » ‘Asset of statements about how a certain complex phenomena can be explained with the help of proposition which are interrelated in called (@) Law (®) Principle (2) Conclusion (@) Theory A school of thought that emphasize objectivity, observable behavioural responses, learning and environmental determinants is called . A method of psychotherapy in which therapist attempts to bring repressed unconscious material into conscious is known as : > " 6. A scientific study of human and animal behaviour based on the relationship of physiological processes like those of nervous systems, harmones, sensory organs is known as : 7. Mind cannot exist without brain, 79) 8. “Humans are not only influenced by their socio-cultural contexts, they also create them.” (T/F) 9. “Psychology though very old knowledge discipline, is a young science.” (TF) 10. Any thing which initiates activity is called 11. John B. Watson was greatly influenced by the work of: (@) Freud (®) Wundt (0) Pavlov (@) Rogers 12. Gestalt psychology emerged as a reaction to the functionalism. (T/F) 13. Humanistic discipline in psychology took a more positive view of human nature. (TF) 14, The famous equation B = (P.E.) developed by : 15. Scientists have made use of music in raising work performance. (TF) 16. Psychological counselling by psychologists is not required in intensive care units in hospital. (TR) 17. Which perspective uses computer model for psychological analysis: (2) Humanistic (®) Psychodynamic (0) Cognitive (4) Behaviourist 18. The act of remembering in an example of convert behaviour. (T/F) —_—— _ Whatis Psychology? m 3119, Which type of psychologists would establish a rural mental health centre to design ay urban drug rehabilitation programme. (@) Chemical (b) Community (c) Counselling (d) Organisational 20. Who is considered an father of psychology? Part-B . Define and explain the meaning of the word ‘psychology’. . What is mind? How mind is related to brain? .. What is organizational psychology? Differentiate between social psychology and cross-culture psychology. What is cognitive perspective on human nature? 26. What are the basic characteristics of scientific knowledge? BRBBE Part-C 27. What is Gestalt psychology? 28. Describe humanistic perspective on human behaviour. 29, Discuss organizational psychology in brief. 30, How basic psychology is different from applied psychology? 31. Discuss some of the major disciplines linked to the field of psychology. 32, How is psychology used in everyday life? Discuss. . What do you understand by the term ‘Introspection’? . Differentiate between social psychology and sociology. 35. Explain: (a health psychology; (6) social psychology; (c) educational psychology. £38 Part- D 36. Discuss four areas where psychologists work. Explain them in brief. 37. Differentiate between clinical psychologists, psychiatrist and counselling psychologists. 38. Give a brief account of the evolution of psychology in India. 39, Explain main fields of specialization in psychology. 40. Explain some of the themes which provide direction to research and application of psychology. ANSWERS 1.0) 2(@ 3@ 4, Behaviourism 5. Psychoanalysis 6. Biological psychology 7. (T) 8. (T) 9% (T) 10. Stimulus 11. () 12.(T) 13. (1) 14. KurtLewin 15. (I) 16. (T) 17. () 18. (1) 1%. 20. Wilhelm Wundt 32. ml Psychology—XT_|- $$ __