OX 3 ain ©) pene | sscees tes al, eS in Z Munisaie! ele nee Resistance Leakuner in Physics DIV, Banglackio Curnent ¢ The onacunt dy change flowing por. seeond tn a pertheulan Rirecfion aang the nermal to the enoss-aechisnal area dy a umnductrr in called? eclectic exererent, am athere werds, blow a change wm unit dime through a concduchr io called elettace cunnent | Qt in kenoteR by L or (. Unct dy cannot in Ampene @ So, eunnenk = henge we 6 ee One ampere eucnnent § Sf 1G change Hews m 1 aceenk along the emduetor perpendicn lan to the cnass -seehional aed then that amour y eunnent to called ane ORAS Resenes Resistance a a preperty 5 a modtencal bg virdue oshioh Ub opposes the Flao of eucreent through “ib Bt iy expressed a0 R. TDhe unit oy resistanee in ohm C2) , One Ohen Resistance ¢ OF the patentee) odifherence between tee keremenels a a ib 1V amd eannent Llewing fhengh U io tA then the revistanee AP the eontuetar io calle one chm (1.2)Dependines dp Resietenet 3 HOke pervtene@y a enducter having fined enoss-seefienal area and temperature « Yo prepertienal to cb length (L) » Wher length fmereeares menotanee alse ineneares , be, Roel when A amd Termbent , Ht Poe fixed length andl envdant domporcaknne te resintance(f a emolucter va inversi pecperionsl te tb “ he, Ret ehin b and Temnrbard . H Resistance de % tonductr also clepends on the material , temperatune , Light, prorence Os magnrohic Feld, pressure, perecty of emoaduetsr efe . Nao we can wrtde , Ree = D>R= SE Shenae 9 in the and, $= BA citank and if ts calle rpeetfie res istanee/nesistivity Speetfie Rosistanee $ he amount of resistanee im the Heo Oe current , offered by a tordueter nae unt length and unc eness ncotimal ane ia calleR revistance en comctivity & a enducter rpeetbie St wb dencted hug e and ih unt bp -Lm™. (Omm-m)Ohm's Lovo: M a pecieutan temperature , eunaent Flowing through a enducher Aineotly propertional te the péterbial Aiftenence Lotween the ench a the tenduelsr . 2 A ——___,4___ B Va Va Suppose AB in a enduetor. ots ptontial at A and B ends ane Va and Ve renpectively . PVA? Va than the potential obcbgercence Vy-Va = V. Carerertyatll Ge pteuin A ts B+ chen according. to dhe Ohm's Law, i Va-Vp >tev > i-ev where & bb the propartionality constant and to called the conducfanes Of the endured or. Inverse qwoantihy db & is rervelance, le G=- - So, eal 1= RY > V=IR Thin ov the rmathematearl farms J Ohm's Law .Comleinationy Resistanees ? Resistors can be tsrrbened In tio wags — 1. Series Combination 2. Parcalle? Combination A ain resister Ure tnstead Oy the eembination a reroters whieh maintatnr the same cunnent ond potertial dipperence Or the etreuih ts called equivalerrd nestor ark the mesrdance of that rerioter is collet eyrivelant roristanee . Equivolend resistance d the nesisters emncefen on parties § Nv, Xet we esnsiclere torte .F i - wes w ° ane three resisters having ‘ Hite the resistance Ri, R, and R, connected tn renies . Se, dpe Same curnnent (D) flee theegh each And the potentials & He ponds A0B.0,D ane respeotiveby Vao Ve > Ne ond Va. Let, vp > Vy. So, the potertiod cifference Actweern Ho too encls Bs HA crerteteons ane rorpeetively Mi v, ancl vs, We can write. Va Ve =v, Ve- Ve = Vb Ve =p a Ve SF Ae ccleaner VEM+tWtys ———0) “ FS Vv9k the equtvalent rosistanee 2 io Ry then from Obm's Law we gets v= iR, And for the rervotanee R,, Ro > Ra we also find, via (Rk, Ma= OR, ond Va= TR, Nao fram equation (1) we get, IR, = i(R,+Rot Rs) DPR, = Rt Rt+Ry Sf thene wv n numberc a newborns then te equation wilt be — Re = Rit Rat ----tRn = a iRr, Equivalent hesistanee the resistors eonneede? fn _panallel 2 kot py eonridarc three resisters Os neststance R,, Ry and Ry ane cenneedted fn parcatle! in a nentes, Each resitoners are eonnected in a pend A and te other ends emncetek in a point Bz. SF the potential oy te poinds A ard B wars Va and Va then thepotential olifference hedioeen eack remrfan i MaMa = Ve Reaehing od point A, the teennery ty davided into: 4. tL ore ty + Afters flowing threeugh the rerpeetive reomtaner Ri, Ra and Ra 4 they combines of potrt B and Leeemes 1 agatn: So the 4tebed earnent 7 — fet ¢tets — = Aeely ing Ohmis Lao for resistances Ry, RRa_ we tR, 2u-* ve Re ? Ga her Rs — t2% e Bp there are N resisters then He 27, bo — Bak t#hthst otkApecation oy parallel connected resishers Shunt 2 A tow resintanee whieh vw ured parallel to a Aenattive ond nephisheated egpipmens> ‘to preeteet over BY oa

is bC SES) ‘ Thin Wb the expression foe the shunt cannerd. Again prom the equiction > — to ee 3 But L Le ist+ & St = M44 S 3 ets Ce z ts > '9 = sre @ Thin io the expression for the galvanometor, CtFtre) . Now gram equation G we can write , ig (ste) = is > got ty & =is 5G 1g) = by & > s- 4 ) (-ig The vv th expr bee the rh rest omer . Similarly prem eqpation (2) we getthe exprumnim fre gtlvanemeten resistanee & ao — & - BS Eien eitA on 2B O«4 eek @¢ 7 oe 3h en eke eae 7 Ans: 1116 B Ans % 19°89-2 4) Ryz2or ©? Reason Rao |r Anse nee7s past 4s Re @) » q ved OR on Bs Sa ee ey ae i >Re Anse 3 133-2Risnewart-& Hare Current Densiby Curent flowin, tn Unik aness- sectional ance dy oO re Ot exrerend donikiy (3): Ot ip om vector quantity» dhe direction sp vernert danoity Wo along te Airechion dy elootria freld interntly . 9b io expressed an— ae ohare 7 ip current on A ia the eross- pettional aca ds the eonkuetor. Du Velocity $ Dureng flow ds cunnent » he veloety potential te Pugher potential in ealheh cleat velocby@ Sp the cleotreen + Expression fer the dnt veloe cleebrean s : 7 Aerbial roa ee oe 6 Y aft ab ‘we a metallic enduebhor throwgh ushdeh eunrrenF tn blowing eet Drift veloerty Jp election =\y Nimisere oy bree eloetreows per unt velume=n Cross-seelional anca a He eoncluctyr = A Natume ds the emduetor = VLength df the eonctueter = L ra CRarcac Ds each free eloottiom =e Casnnend fleeing threeugh He tmrcutter =f New, the ctirtanee travelled hy the electron tnd time ht, La yott Bho total mumbere dp electron moving in Hina Attnrrugh the eonductre Ns nV =nAl =nA vat Sothe amount dy, charge flesing in dime &t va — Ate en = enArvadt Cannen? te AL Bt en Ayolt >t = enAy 2 Ms aha 7 4 = me oe | his io the expremion far the olndt veloerty ay ebetron .Kinehhaft's Laws 2 ‘On oy eleatrical net pum Oy cannents meeting ot a gn ooge zero." ° Or, The pum df the eunnents anciving at ony gunation wed be eqned to the rum Oe the errcnents leaving thak junetion.’ on He bgt, exanent 1, igend ty nnenf i, and tare metion O . So, acesroling sort the algobrie Jrnetion ve ane ovriving and ue leanne foo He fe the Kirechhofhis pirat lao we ear i,t ty # ty = lat > tt ist by +r Ctgre Seem Lac 3 Veltage aso “dhe total emf extn: a closed eineurt te equal to the algebra sum the proctuebs dp eurrents and neristanec an A.kpenent &ranches y Hot etreuit ‘ E Or, “The sum dé the emp m ov elesed loxp equivalent +a the sum df the potential dees ee tank Veep”Gr tha etreeh, there are tos leaves, Here & ond A ane too gemetions. Let, cucreent loving prom péint & through the path. Cadet and bded, agein roachee! at pain? &. Ie the ecumrtent pening, Theough tho rerittomnee 2,» 2, ond Ra ane t,, ork iy eonseencively then according te Hus favs DE, = Uhre iss SE, UR tisk, =0 | Fer Ast lerp & B2= i3Rat URe Per 2nd lop . -& —(4R,—t%R2 =0 Ok ee Eb ave ond oF le ? Er-ve Oe aatyn ay tenet eee (an the IF we OF aire diel will Ga -ve. Dheatotone bridges Sh pour gon ctions arte macle hue to the formation 45 & closed lore by connecting four renrtiong m nerites and Uv on electric ell nr connected bofveor Hu toe eppesite junckow and a gelvanometen is emnrected Lacfiseen the othen wr thera the ecrecit thes doo oppostde gunoki > ferme ip ealled lWheatohrre Brreelge . Figure v wn net page -headstone bridge primeiple bre the mesoveens a resisknee Ly opplging Kinchhspy’s (20% Qn igure, a Whend shone breieige i rhown+ Ot the r potential dy point & ond Dib net eqpal then the galvanometen, ernaent ig Hows thrsugh galvanometer . Sh He potentals oe He point B and dD ane tren His wndchm vo ented Lalanee emolttion a null emdittren . Sn Lalancee® emeliHor gene eunrent paner through galvenemulec: i.e tyro. LA the remtenee galvensnetere be amd Ha tannamb parring Hargth F ; and G are rorpectively iyotyy tar ty amok y Naw arelying Kirehhigg is Ish Law at pond B&D “-B-G =o w amd, itig-tro (@) Ager applying Kirebhaggs and law af He leeps napa anck BePB, W? R20 ——® iP + ig@ - i 2Q- tys—g@>o6 — yy)But at Lalaneed emolitim, tg20 Thin we tom write from e4 (1 and(2) — ts by ond aly And from 24. (3) omd (yy eve gets qe = iR ———o© ond G4 = les ———©) Nemo devidling eg () by 44 ©) — je. &R 3» 4 = BE Jor tele one (ge ty] >—a°$ heeerdiing to His eqpation at equilibrium conckcdion » if the values Q three rerirters ane knron Hen He brunt wll be Achenminet + Kishwan- & Havin 16315-8305