Technological University of the Philippines

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

Food and Apparel Technology Department
Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila 1000

FT14-M Post-Harvest Handling Technology

Case Study
Post-Harvest Handling: Reducing Logistical Product Losses in Potato

Date Submitted:
June 30, 2022

BSFT 3A-STEM
Group 2
Hilomen, Kaye Danielle
Dimaculangan, Lianmar
Javier, Sandra May
Nadarisay, Daniel
Pardo, Zedric

Submitted to:
Prof. Ma. Theresa S. Repato
 Post-Harvest Handling: Reducing Logistical Product Losses in Potato
Kaye Danielle Hilomen 1, Lianmar Dimaculangan 2, Sandra May Javier 3, Daniel Nadarisay 4, Zedric Pardo 5

College of Industrial Technology, Food and Apparel Technology Department, Technological University of the
Philippines, Ermita, Metro Manila, Philippines

Abstract
Postharvest storage of potatoes is as essential as good crop management in order to
guarantee a steady supply of high-quality tubers every year and to fulfill industry and consumer
needs. Potato postharvest treatment is critical not only for reducing postharvest losses but also for
ensuring its safety and nutritive value. The development of glycoalkaloids, which are poisonous
chemicals, can occur when the potato is exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions such as
light, severe temperatures, and bruising. This case study was a descriptive type aims to determine
the importance of packaging materials and identify the factors that which affects the quality of the
potato during logistical process. Philippines has a lot to offer with root crop produce especially
potato tubers and there are different factors that might affect the post-harvesting of this produce.
Results indicated that not only temperature, moisture, and light can affect the losses in potatoes
but also from handling in production are up to the transportation of harvested potatoes to markets.
In order to prevent these factors from harming the post-harvested potatoes, proper handling from
harvesting to transporting are needed in order to ensure that the product will still be of quality
when it gets to the consumers.
Keywords: Transportation, Storing, Stowing, Temperature, Moisture, Handling

Introduction:
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are
classified as late-crop or early-crop based on
their maturity at harvest. Maturity is a
complex physiological and morphological
condition influenced by a variety of factors
such as respiration, carbohydrate changes,
dry matter content, moisture loss, dormancy,
and sprouting. The quality of the stored crop
ultimately determines the quality of the
stored product. A good storage management
system cannot improve storage quality if the
tubers' health is compromised during
preharvest conditions. Harvesting immature
tubers, when soil conditions are too wet or
dry, and during excessively warm weather
conditions can all have an impact on tuber
quality. It is critical for both growers and
processors to maintain post-harvest quality.
The potato is a major food crop around the
world. In terms of global human
consumption, the crop ranks third after rice
and wheat, with over 1 billion people eating
it on a regular basis. It is a crop with high
nutritional content and stable yields, making
it important for achieving food and
nutritional security. In addition to being a
nutritious major food crop, it is a significant
source of income for all stakeholders
involved in its production, marketing, and
processing. Quality losses in stored potatoes
can occur due to both physiological and
disease-related processes.
Dormancy/sprouting and wound healing/skin
set are two of the most important
physiological processes effecting potato
storage and market quality.
Potato postharvest management is
critical not only for preventing postharvest
losses but also for maintaining nutritional
quality. Furthermore, post-harvest
management and storage have a significant
impact on the safety of the potato for human
consumption. Because of their antimicrobial,
insecticidal, and fungicidal properties,
glycoalkaloids (GAs) are found in all parts of
the potato as natural toxins. The fact that
these toxins can be harmful to humans if
consumed in large quantities is of interest to
food safety. Toxicity can cause
gastrointestinal problems as well as nerve
damage. Higher doses can cause coma and
even death. Postharvest handling stress
factors have a significant impact on the levels
of these toxins, with exposure to light,
storage temperatures, and injuries/bruising
being important stress factors.
Objectives:
1. To Determine the Importance of
Different Packaging Materials in
Terms of Transporting Potatoes.
2. To Identify the Factors That May
Affect Post-Harvested Potatoes
While in Transportation.
Methodology
The researchers had utilized a case
study approach to curtail why and how the
post-harvest losses occurs in potatoes. This
paper aims to determine the importance of
packaging materials and identify the factors
that which affects the quality of the potato
during logistical process. This required the
analysis of different articles, educational
papers that dealt with the transportation,
storage, and handling of potatoes.
Aligned with the objective of the
paper, the researchers have adopted an
explanatory case study approach on this
paper to curtail the informational gap about
the logistical product losses on potato with
the help of the different information other
literatures, journals, articles, and studies
present. This research design aims to answer
the questions how and why to explain a
certain phenomenological occurrence
(Zainal, 2007).
Results and Discussion
Importance of reducing post-harvest loss
Reducing post-harvest losses is a
useful strategy for increasing fruit and
vegetable production. This is significant not
just because of the moral need to avoid waste,
but also because the cost of eliminating losses
in general would be less than the cost of
producing a comparable additional quantity
of high-quality fruits and vegetables. Thus,
determining the causes and amount of post-
harvest losses of fruits and vegetables at
different stages of handling would aid in
determining the elements that cause such
losses. This, in turn, would aid in the
development of appropriate solutions
required at various stages to prevent/reduce
such losses, resulting in increased availability
of fruits and vegetables for both internal and
export use. Methodological factors such as
loss estimation in economic terms and in
different supply/value chains, loss estimation
at different levels of produce handling where
losses happen, efficiency of transportation
modes, storage and packing, involvement of
post-harvest loss as an item of marketing
cost, and so on would be useful in accurate
loss estimation, identifying the efficient
supply chain, addition of various kinds of
utilities, mode of transportation, etc. Policy
measures to encourage good marketing
practices to avoid or reduce losses could be
recommended.
Harvesting is the first step in the
handling process, which varies based on the
area. Simple harvesting instruments are
occasionally employed, but manual pulling of
vegetables is frequent. Crops are frequently
harvested and placed in bamboo baskets or
plastic bags, which do not protect the produce
from mechanical damage. Plastic crates, on
the other hand, are becoming more popular.
There are no rigorous quality or size
regulations in place. Commodities are simply
laid on the ground with or without liners
during sorting. Some farms, on the other
hand, feature sorting sections with tables and
chairs where the produce is sorted. However,
not all harvested product is cleaned or
washed. One challenge with cleaning or
washing items is the regularity with which
the water is changed, especially if water is
scarce in the area. Following cleaning, the
product is packaged in wooden crates,
bamboo baskets, polyethylene bags, plastic
sacks, and, in certain circumstances, plastic
boxes. The packaging materials used are
determined by the commodity's origin.
The food or root tubers supply chain
relies on transportation to move items from
one stage to the next, such as from the field
to processing facilities, from the field to
warehouses, and from processing plants to
the market. Commodities such as potatoes are
damaged by bruising and leakage due to a
lack of suitable transportation infrastructure.
Because of stronger road infrastructure and
engineering facilities in the field, as well as
processing equipment that allows for
efficient loading and unloading of vehicles
with little or no damage, transportation losses
are relatively minimal in industrialized
countries. In South Asian countries like the
Philippines, most crops are delivered in open
vehicles. Large losses and pollution are
caused by bad road infrastructure and
unsuitable and poorly maintained modes of
transportation. Plant relocation is another
significant cause of substantial transportation
losses. Jute bags of poor quality are
frequently used for transportation and even
storage.
Storing materials for potatoes
Mesh bags
Mesh bag is a type of packaging
material that is used for fresh produce such as
fruits and vegetables. It is lightweight and
usually made from strands of yarn, fiber, and
sometimes plastic. Mesh bags are widely
used for transporting produces because of its
durability and affordability. Vegetable mesh
bags ensures circulation of air as well as the
proper containment of the product. Mesh
bags are also eco-friendly because it can be
reused for various things such as reusing it for
vegetable packaging, can be used as a laundry
basket, and can even be used when going in
the market. It is not limited to packaging
only, but it can be used in any other ways
because of its flexibility.
Mesh bags are used in transporting
potatoes because it circulates air properly
within the products. It helps the ethylene gas
to escape which is the cause of the fast
ripening of the product which leads to
deterioration of product. Aside from the
circulation of air, it is also used because it is
lightweight which means that it does not add
up to the weight of the produce. Also, mesh
bags are flexible which means that it can be
placed anywhere in the chosen means of
transportation. By using mesh bags, it allows
the product to stay fresh all throughout the
transportation process.
Sacks
Perishable foods like potatoes and
onions are shipped in sacks because they
rarely spoil when stored in them. Polymers
including polyvinyl and polyethylene, as well
as polypropylene (pp), cellophane, and other
specialty plastics, are used to make industrial
sacks. Gunny bags and burlap sacks are sacks
composed of jute, hemp, or other natural
fibers. In the Philippines, instead of using
traditional bags, most root tubers like potato
are stored in woven polypropylene sacks.
Reusable, don't degrade when wet, are
naturally resistant to tearing, can be printed
on one or both sides, allow the contents to
breathe until air dried, have better burst
strength than plastic bags, can be laminated
as the vapor and moisture barrier, can be
partially transparent for outstanding
presentation, and can be side gusseted to
accommodate bulky items easily are just a
few of the benefits of Woven Polypropylene
Bags. Garden and seed potato vendors sell
these for a reasonable price. The reason for
this is that the potatoes in the storage shed
moisture, and the sacking material lets them
to breathe while keeping light out.
Figure 1. Potatoes stored in woven
polypropylene bags. (Photo by Philippines
Cities)
Carton/boxes with holes
Carton boxes are an adaptable
packaging material made from a sheet of
paperboard die-cut to desired box template.
(Refine Packaging, 2022). According to
Nouian, F., et al., (2003), temperature has an
adverse effect on shelf-life of potatoes.
Higher temperature promotes sprouting,
physiochemical changes, and loss of
chemical components like ascorbic acid.
Furthermore, in research conducted by
Camire, M.E., Donelly, D., Kubow, S.
(2009), it is observed that direct exposure to
sunlight results in the undesirable change of
the potato skin which makes it color green.
With these factors affecting the
desirability/shelf- life of potatoes, carton
packaging provides a great deal in extending
the shelf-life of potato. Storing potato in
packaging box will provide both protection
from direct sunlight which will prevent the
production of green skins on potato and using
carton boxes will holes will promote a good
circulation in the storage of potato which will
help in cooling the temperature of the box
containing the potato. Moreover, According
to Pavlista, A. D., (2015). Potato is physically
damaged due to the different methods of
handling and storage of potatoes. Thus,
reducing the shelf-life, and desirability of the
potato. With usage of carton as a food
packaging, the bruises that is received by the
potato products are reduced as rigid carton
boxes protects the potatoes from external
contact.
Transport: Importance to marketing
The importance of transportation in
the marketing of fresh fruit is often
overlooked. In an ideal world, transportation
would deliver product straight from the
producer to the consumer, as it does in many
developing nations. The cost of
transportation adds considerably to the price
paid by the customer in more sophisticated
marketing systems and occasionally exceeds
the value of the raw product.
Direct losses caused by poor
transportation conditions might be
significant. Every person involved in
transportation should strive to keep the
product in the best possible condition
throughout transit and to ensure that the
haulage of produce is rapid and efficient.
Products must be appropriately wrapped and
placed into an appropriate truck. The act of
loading cargo and other supplies onto a ship
is known as storage. The process of securing
those objects stowed in such a way that they
do not shift or move during at-sea periods,
using procedures and equipment approved by
higher authorities, is referred to as stowage.
Causes of loss
Mechanical damage and overheating
are the most common causes of damage and
loss during non-refrigerated transit.
Mechanical damage includes:
• handling of boxed produce
without care during loading and
unloading;
• vehicle vibration (shaking),
especially on rough roads;
• reckless driving and poor car
condition;
• inadequate stowage, which causes
shipments to wobble in transit and
possibly collapse;
• products packed too high;
generate movement within a
package rises in proportion to its
stack height.
Overheating can happen due to heat created
by the produce within the packaging as well
as external sources. Overheating can cause
natural breakdown, decay and can also
increase the rate of water loss from food.
Factors that can increase overheating:
• the usage of enclosed vehicles
with no means of escape;
• close stacking patterns prevent air
from moving between and across
packages, preventing heat
dissipation;
• shortage of proper ventilation of
the packages themselves;
• parcels exposed to the sun while
awaiting transportation or trucks
waiting to unload at their
destination.
Root and tuber crops are still live
organisms after harvesting, and storage losses
are mostly due to their physical and
physiological state. Mechanical damage,
physiological conditions (maturity,
respiration, water loss, sprouting), infections,
and pests are the main sources of loss. These
significant influencing elements must be
adequately understood and, when applicable,
managed in order to ensure effective storage
of root and tuber crops, taking into account
the socio-economic aspects that prevail in the
sectors of production and sale (FAO, 1985).
Moisture damage to the tuber. The critical
temperatures are between 21 and 29°C. It is
One of the factors affecting the
so important that before transporting
quality of the potato while transporting is the
potatoes, if the potatoes were intermediately
lack of water or moisture. It must be assured
stored at the consignor's facilities and under
that no moist bags or cartons are allowed
what conditions because from this, it will
when the potatoes are transported for
determine if the potatoes are in critical stage
delivery. To avoid further spread, any damp
before hitting sprout dormancy since the
damage or rotten areas must be eliminated at
potato starts to sprout if the temperature is
the source, if not properly treated, there is a
greater than 6 – 7°C. So, if the storage
tendency that the other potatoes will be
temperature is over 6 – 7°C, the sprouting
affected. Make sure that there is no free
process must be anticipated. If the
moisture or condensation that occurs during
temperature is less than 3°C, this is the time
the storage of potato. If that does occur,
where the potatoes start to lose their flavor
maintaining the proper temperature and
since refrigeration must simply reduce
humidity throughout the storage pile, air
metabolic processes rather than fully block
circulation is necessary. This may also
them. Some frozen potatoes are discarded or
necessitate the passage of humidified, heated,
rejected.
or refrigerated air through the pile. Within a
few weeks, the infection might spread across Ventilation
a whole shipment or cargo. When
Considering potatoes place a high
transporting potatoes in a rainy day, the
demand on the ventilation system, it is
container must be properly covered as
important to limit pile heights to eight bags
moisture can contribute to mold growth and
when loading conventionally. The maximum
early spoiling of the raw materials. Also,
stack height is around 12-13 bags to provide
make sure that the potatoes are far from any
appropriate ventilation of the cargo unit. The
salts because salts have a capability to absorb
recommended ventilation conditions are
water vapor because of their hygroscopicity,
around 60-80 air circulations per hour which
the ability of a product (for example, cargo or
means that there should be a continuous
packing material) to absorb or release water
exchange of fresh air supply around the
vapor in response to the moisture content of
storage or transportation. Fans also should
the air.
function assure that fresh air circulates
Temperature throughout the load. Potatoes are best
transported in a container or cargo with 16-
Before transporting any raw
18% of oxygen content and 2-3 % carbon
materials, especially potatoes, there`s a
dioxide content. There should be an ample
written cooling order signed by the consignor
amount of oxygen circulating the potato
and this protocol must be always followed
because so that there`s no anerobic
throughout the transportation process. The
respiration or fermentation happens.
respiration intensity of potatoes is at a
Although there are no exact criteria for
minimum between 3 – 5°C, and from 12 –
potatoes, it can be said that the fan must flow
18°C increases two- to three-fold for every
enough air through the load to avoid hot areas
10°C, subsiding at 40 – 50°C with increasing
and keep the RH inside the container at
ambient levels.
Some considerations when utilizing
actively ventilated containers:
• The product must be as ready as
possible to survive the travel
without sprouting, severe weight
loss, or deterioration.
• Fans should not be used for
journeys lasting more than 14
days. The total time spent in these
containers cannot exceed 18 days.
• Craft paper bags should not be
used since they can collect too
much moisture and then
breakdown when handled.
• Because no voyage circumstances
are provided, evaluating, and
explaining quality losses and
substantiating insurance claims is
difficult.
Poor infrastructure (roads, bridges,
etc.), a lack of proper transportation modes,
and a shortage of refrigerated transportation
are the primary difficulties in the
transportation stage of the supply chain.
Roads in most developing countries are
insufficient for transporting horticulture
crops. Furthermore, transport vehicles and
other modes of transportation, particularly
those ideal for perishable crops, are few. This
is true for both domestic and international
marketing. Most farmers have small plots of
land and cannot afford to buy transport
vehicles. Marketing organizations and
cooperatives have been able to buy transport
trucks in a few cases, but they are unable to
mitigate terrible road conditions (Kader,
2002).
Trucks used to transport fresh produce.
The majority of fresh product is now
transported by road, with smaller amounts
transported by sea, air, or inland rivers. The
most prevalent vehicles are open pick-up
trucks or larger trucks, both open and
enclosed. Because the usage of road vehicles
is anticipated to grow, the following should
be acknowledged:
• Fresh food should only be
transported in closed trucks
without refrigeration on very
short voyages, such as local
deliveries from farmers or
wholesalers to nearby merchants;
• A roof on a frame can be added to
open-sided or half-boarded
trucks. Canvas curtains can be
installed on the open sides and
rolled up or pulled aside in
portions to facilitate loading and
unloading at any point around the
vehicle. These curtains provide
protection from the elements
while also allowing for airflow.
• For long-distance vehicles'
ventilation, more complicated air
intakes can be combined with
louvres to provide a positive air
flow through the load;
• Long voyages can be made with
refrigerated trucks, road, rail, or
marine containers, but the cost of
such transportation makes it
uneconomical for small-scale
companies.
Handling and stowage practices. Although
truck design and condition are essential
considerations in fresh produce
transportation, vehicle loading, and storage
practices are also important in terms of
damage and loss:
 • a load that is stable and well-
ventilated;
• package size and design should
provide acceptable degrees of
ventilation for contents while
wasting the least amount of space
possible, and packaging should be
robust enough to preserve the
contents;
• Vehicle loading and unloading
should be closely monitored to
avoid negligent package
handling; loading instruments
such as trolleys, roller conveyors,
pallet or forklift trucks should be
used whenever possible to reduce
individual package handling;
• Stowage should be done properly
to avoid the stow collapsing
during shipment;
• The bottom layers of packaged
fruit should be shielded from the
sun and rain at all times,
especially during loading and
unloading;
• items should be placed on pallets
to allow air to circulate around
stacks during transportation;
• If the load will be distributed to
multiple places, the packages
should be loaded in the opposite
order that they will be emptied.
Other modes of transport. Fresh produce is
delivered in a variety of ways, ranging from
truckloads to air freight. The same conditions
should be followed in all circumstances.
Produce must be kept cool, dry, and moved to
the market as promptly as feasible.
Commodities are mainly shipped
from the southern half of the country, where
crops are grown and sold, to the northern part,
where the main domestic market is located.
The trip period is approximately 36 hours if
there are no delays due to inclement weather
or technical ship problems. Delays in
transportation would result in higher
handling costs, volume loss, and potential
profit loss (Bautista and Maunahan, 2007).
When commodities in metal vans are loaded
onto passenger ships, the vans are positioned
beneath the boat, near the engine. The motor
heat and the heat of the goods produced
during the respiration process cause the
temperature to rise rapidly. Commodities are
also transported by cargo vessels, which
takes less time.
Water transport
Some countries use waterways to
convey their produce to markets. Much of the
product transported in this manner is packed
in boxes or bags created locally. The vessels
used are frequently mixed passenger-cargo
carriers with no provisions for fresh produce
handling.
In island countries like the
Philippines, short-distance shipment of fresh
goods in small ships without refrigeration is
typical. Fresh produce, which can be kept in
unventilated holds, is typically overlooked
when ships accommodate passengers and
other cargo.
If the journey is longer than 10 days,
potatoes must be shipped chilled. The
purpose of ultimate use, possible keeping
quality, age of the product, and storage,
handling, and transport conditions all
influence the optimal storage period.
Air freight. Produce is transported by air
from production areas to markets in countries
with weak road connections. Costs are
expensive, and losses are common, due to:
 • inadequate, non-standard
packaging;
• negligent airport handling and
exposure to the elements;
• shipments abandoned in favor of
travelers;
• flight delays caused by poor
weather or mechanical failures;
• intermittent chilling followed by
high-temperature exposure;
• rather small shipments of produce
Long-distance transport requires
temperature control, therefore loads must be
piled to provide proper air circulation to
remove heat from the produce along with
incoming heat from the environment and off
the road. Traditional baskets and various
types of buckets are used to convey produce
to the house or to village markets in many
developing countries. These are often low-
cost, manufactured from widely available
materials, and designed for short-distance
transportation. However, they have numerous
drawbacks when transporting huge cargoes
over long distances. However, packaging can
be a significant cost in produce marketing,
particularly in developing nations with
underdeveloped packaging businesses. The
selection of appropriate containers for
commercial scale marketing necessitates a
great deal of thought. Natural and synthetic
fiber sacks and bags, as well as molded
plastic boxes, appear to be more suited and
promising for packaging roots and tubers and
transporting them to distant markets, among
the numerous forms of packaging material
available.
Conclusion
The objectives of this case study are
to determine the different factors and
importance of transporting post-harvested
products that contributes to the quality loss of
potatoes’ nutritional and physical
characteristics.
Much protection is needed in
transporting a really matured harvest in order
to prevent further damage to the produce to
keep its overall maximum quality. One of the
key factors to ensure the quality of the
produce is the packaging itself. Packaging is
used as the means for containment of the
product as well as it serves as a safety net for
the product. It makes the product safe and
marketable even after going under all the
processes it undergoes. Packaging such as
mesh bags, boxes with holes, and sack are
those that are usually used in transporting
potatoes that keeps them of quality.
The collection and initial transport of
the post-harvested product is dependent on
the place and condition on where it is stored
and being processed. Some factors that affect
the overall quality of potatoes are Mechanical
Damage, Overheating, Moisture,
Temperature, Packaging Material,
Ventilation, Means of Transport, and
Handling and Storing. As per different
factors affecting the produce, there are also
different requirements in reaching the
optimal quality storage for potatoes during
the transportation of potatoes. Direct losses
for the product due to poor transporting is
significant as this is the last step taken before
distributing the product to the market and
consumers. In general, all the factors occur
because of poor handling of the product as
these factors are sometimes overlooked. In
order to prevent these factors from harming
the post-harvested potatoes, proper handling
from harvesting to transporting are needed in
order to ensure that the product will still be of
quality when it gets to the consumers.
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