GENERAL BIOLOGY

GENERAL BIOLOGY

GROUP 3
AJ ADARME
REYMARK GUMIRAN
LORENCE PINUGU
RACQUEL GUIYAB
SARAH SAQUING
OBJECTIVES
 OBJECTIVES

• RELATE CANCER AS A
RESULT OF THE
MALFUNCTION OF THE
CELL DURING CELL
CYCLE .
 OBJECTIVES

• RELATE CANCER AS A • DIFFERENTIARE OF

RESULT OF THE HAPLOID AND
MALFUNCTION OF THE DIPLOID CELLS.
CELL DURING CELL
CYCLE .
WHAT IS
CANCER?
• REFERS TO A GROUP OF A
DESEASES CHARACTERERIZED BY
UNCONTROLLED AND ABNORMAL
CELL DEVISION OCCURS WHEN
THERE IS A DISRUPTION IN THE
CELL CYCLE. THEY DEVIDE
CONTINOUSLY UNTIL A
DISORGANIZED SOLID MASSS OF
CELLS CALLED TUMOR IN FORMED
 EXAMPLES OF CANCER CELLS
There are as many types of cancer cells as there are types of cancer. Of the
hundred-plus types of cancer, most are named for the type of cancer cells in
which the disease began.1 For example:
• Carcinomas are cancers that arise in epithelial cells that line body cavities.​
• Sarcomas are cancers that arise in mesenchymal cells in bones, muscles, blood
vessels, and other tissues.​
• Leukemias, lymphomas, an Carcinomas are cancers that arise in epithelial cells that
line body cavities.
• d myeloma are blood-related cancers that are arise from the bone marrow (leukemias
and multiple myelomas) or the lymphoid tissues (lymphomas). They are "fed" by
nutrients in the bloodstream and lymph fluid such that they don't need to form
tumors.

Just as cancers may behave differently from one another, not all cancer
cells behave the same way.
WHERE DOES
CANCER CELL
ORIGINATED
• THEY ORIGINATE FROM
NORMAL CELLS WITH DEFECTIVE
GENES THAT HELP IN MAKING
PROTIENS WHICH IS INVOLVE IN
CELL CYCLE REGULATION
HOW DOES CANCER CELLS
SPREADS?
• THE CANCER CELLS CONTINUETO
DEVIDE EVEN WITH THE ABSENCE OF
THE GROTH FACTORS NEEDED FOR
THE HEALTHY CELL DEVISION .

• WITHIN THE LACK OF THESE

FACTORS EVENTUALLY
CANCER CELLS DEVIDES
FASTER THAN HEALTHY
CELLS.THEN LATER ON FORM
TUMORS
EXAMPLE OF
CANCER CELL AND
NORMAL CELL .
NORMAL CELL AND CANCER CELL DEVELOPMENT
CELLS AT WORK
 Japanese known as Hataraku
Cells at Work!
Saibō is a Japanese manga and anime series
written and illustrated by Akane Shimizu. It
features the anthropomorphized cells of a
human body.

The show in Season 3 episode 7

the title is cancer cell.
TWO TYPES OF TUMORS
 TWO TYPES OF TUMORS

BENIGN TUMORS

• CANCER CELLS THAT

REMAIN CLUSTEEWD
TOGETHR . MAY BE
HARMLESS OR
CURABLE.
 TWO TYPES OF TUMORS

BENIGN TUMORS MALIGNANT TUMOR

• CANCER CELLS THAT • CAN BREAK

REMAIN CLUSTEEWD AWAY METASIZE
TOGETHR . MAY BE HARDER TO GET
HARMLESS OR RID OFF.
CURABLE.
EXAMPLE OF THE TWO TUMORS
WHY ARE TUMORS
DANGEROUS INSIDE THE
BODY?
WHY ARE TUMORS
DANGEROUS INSIDE THE
BODY?
• CANCER CELLDOESNT PERFORM THE
SPECIALIZED FUNCTION OF THE
NORMAL CELLS IN OUR BODY.
• CANCER CELLS ALSO COMPERETIVE
WITH OTHER HEALTHY CELL
• CANCER CELLS WHICH ARE
LEFT UNCHECKED CAN HINDER
THE PROPER FUNCTION OF THE
BODY.
CANCER CELLS CARRY TWO
TYPES OF GENE CALLED
ONCOGENES
CANCER CELLS CARRY TWO
TYPES OF GENE CALLED
ONCOGENES
• Oncogenes accelerate the cell
cycle.
• The second type is
responsible for cell cycle breaks .
• Some mutations can
be inherited, such
as breast cancer when in
inherited are in specific genes.
CANCER CELLS CARRY TWO TYPES
OF GENETIC ERRORS, WHICH IS
MUTATION
CANCER CELLS CARRY TWO TYPES
OF GENETIC ERRORS, WHICH IS
MUTATION
SOME MUTATION ARE INHERITED
CANCER CELLS CARRY TWO TYPES
OF GENETIC ERRORS, WHICH IS
MUTATION
SOME MUTATION ARE INHERITED
• EXAMPLE: BREAST CANCER OTHER
MUTATIONS CAN BE TRIGGERED BY
EXPOSURE TO RADIATION OR
CARCINOGENICS.
CANCER CELLS CARRY TWO TYPES
OF GENETIC ERRORS, WHICH IS
MUTATION
SOME MUTATION ARE INHERITED
• EXAMPLE: BREAST CANCER OTHER
MUTATIONS CAN BE TRIGGERED BY
EXPOSURE TO RADIATION OR
CARCINOGENICS.
• EXAMPLE: SKIN CANCER
HOW IS CANCER
TRATED
HOW IS CANCER
TRATED

THE LOCAL WAY

• SURGERY
• RADIATION
HOW IS CANCER
TRATED

THE LOCAL WAY THE SYSTEMATIC WAY

• SURGERY • CHEMOTHERAPY
• RADIATION • IMMUNOTHERAPY
LESSON 4.6

THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE

AND SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
THE HUMAN
LIFE CYCLE
 • START WITH THE UNION OF THE TWO SEX CELLS A
SPERM FROM THE FATHER AND AN EGG CELLOR
OVUM FROM THE MOTHER THOUGH SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION .
THE HUMAN
LIFE CYCLE
 • START WITH THE UNION OF THE TWO SEX CELLS A
SPERM FROM THE FATHER AND AN EGG CELLOR
OVUM FROM THE MOTHER THOUGH SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION .
THE HUMAN • IN HUMAN LIFE CYCLE THE PROCESS
LIFE CYCLE OF THE MIOSIS IS IMPORTANT TO
REDUCE THE NUMBERS OF
CHOMOSOMES FROM DIPLOID (2n46)
TO.
MEOISIS IN THE
HUMAN LIFE
CYCLE
MEOISIS IN THE
HUMAN LIFE
CYCLE • MAINTAINS THE NUMBER OF
THE CHROMOSOMES FROM
ONE GNERATION TO ANOTHER
MEOISIS IN THE
HUMAN LIFE
CYCLE • MAINTAINS THE NUMBER OF
THE CHROMOSOMES FROM
ONE GNERATION TO ANOTHER
• THE CHANGE OF IN
CHROMOSOMES IN SOME
OCCASIONS CAN BE HARMFUL
BUT IN SOME OCCASIONS CAN
BE BENEFICIAL.
• HAPLOID CELLS AND DIPLOID
HAPLOID CELLS
HAPLOID CELLS
• SEX CELLS PRODUCED IN MEIOSIS
CONTAINS ONLY HALF THE NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES REPRESENTED BY THE
SYMBOLS
HAPLOID CELLS
• SEX CELLS PRODUCED IN MEIOSIS
CONTAINS ONLY HALF THE NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES REPRESENTED BY THE
SYMBOLS
DIPLOID CELLS
DIPLOID CELLS
• THE RESULT OF THE UNION OF THE HAPLOID
OVUM (n)
• CONTAINS A TOTAL OF 46 CHROMOSOMES
• IN EACH MITOTIC CYCLR A DEPLOID CELL
PRODUCE (2n=46), HAPLOID (n=43)
DIPLOID CELLS
• THE RESULT OF THE UNION OF THE HAPLOID
OVUM (n)
• CONTAINS A TOTAL OF 46 CHROMOSOMES
• IN EACH MITOTIC CYCLR A DEPLOID CELL
PRODUCE (2n=46), HAPLOID (n=43)
THAT IS ALL FOR OUR
PRESENTATION
THANK YOU !!!