See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/262562422

ExperimentalInvestigationof Portable Solar DistillationProcesses

Data · May 2014

CITATIONS READS

0 197

1 author:

Venkatesh Bhupalam
Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences
8 PUBLICATIONS   22 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Emission control techniques View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Venkatesh Bhupalam on 24 May 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]
Experimental Investigation of Portable Solar
Distillation Processes
B Venkatesh
Assistant professor,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences
Rajampet, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
bhupalam.venkatesh2005@gmail.com
A Hemanth Kumar
Assistant professor,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences
Rajampet, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
ahkaits@gmail.com
Abstract:
In present days water scarcest is the main problem
for living beings in the globe we see world is covered by ¾ th of
water but in that we have only 1/3 rd of water is only useful for our
usage. We are using so many techniques for purifying the water but
those techniques are very costly for establishing the plant and look
over regular maintenance of the plant, it is also very difficult we
need skilled labor for that work. Due to this reasons some of them
are developed non-conventional resource of energy i.e., solar
energy(sun light) using as a energy for purifying the water it is
cheapest and easy to main for any one. In this paper we are
discussing about portable solar distillation. From 19th century
onwards the improvement of the distillation is taking place. By
adding the Sandstone and Coal as the cleaning agent of dust
particulates in water are filtered and we considered angle of the
glass plate is 230 the conduct is preferably disposed at an angle of
about 250 with the horizontal so that the system is subjected to
minimal pressure. Now are introducing new components like
ALUMINUM PLATE and COPPER WIRE for maintaining the
heat inside the still. By using this still we are in a position to
produce safe drinking water to human usage in a time intervals
even in bad conditions.
Key words: Aluminum plate, coal, copper wire, portable, sand
stone solar energy
1.1 Distillation:
In the name it-self the word tells term that distillation means a
purified liquid produced by condensation from a vapour
during distilled.
Distillation is a process to remove impurities and
collect the water through vapour phase i.e., converted from
liquid state to vapour with the help of solar energy.
Here we are doing a simple process that is separation
the impurities and collecting pure water. In the engineering
point of view in pure water having lowest boiling point phase
liquid and impurities having highest boiling point liquid phase.
After completing the heating processes with the help of solar
energy pure water (low boiling point) forms vapour state then
it collects in the container. After completion of the processes
with the help of drain tap we can remove all the impure water.
Before 2000 years ago it was invented by Aristotle
the great scientist. By purifying the sea water to pure water.
ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3
458
T Karthikeya Sharma*
Research Scholar
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
NIT Warangal, India
karthkeya.sharama@gmail.Com
In this processes main we have to find the boiling
point for that we are using digital thermometer with this
thermometer we can identify the melting point. At what
temperature we can find the phase changing point.
It is the processes where water changes its phase
i.e., changing from liquid state to vapour form and back to
liquid form. This phase changes can dissolved impurities.
1.2 History
In olden days we do not have drilling techniques. In
4th century B.C on those days they have scarcity of water. On
those days 2000 years ago Aristotle the great scientist first he
only invented the distillation processes sea water to pure
water.
Later Nicola ghazi an Italy scientist in 1742 he
converted this experiment to document format.
In 1872 a Swedish engineer Charles Wilson invented
the conventional solar still plant. Now it is still using for daily
usage water. In the North Chile it is the largest basin. The
capacity of solar distillation plant in summer days is 23,000
liters per day. By this we can say that this is the largest plant.
During 2nd world war the process of solar distillation
had helped many people and armies to solve the problem of
thirsty from that point the natural process of water purifying
by solar distillation has started in day to day natural life.
Requirement of energy for distillation of water:
By using the energy of latent heat of vaporization of water we
can produce pure water by distilling the water. But this pure
water by distilling the water. But this may not allow for
efficiency of heating methods to evaporate the water. This will
be less than 100% for latent heat when the water vapour is
condensed we require only 0.2 kJ/kg. To pump one kg of
water for 20m height but in terms of latent heat we require
only 2260 kJ/kg of energy. Therefore distillation is considered
as normal processes for that get fresh water easily
Pumped solar still source diagram:
Contaminated water will be stored inside the solar
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]
still which is observed by a black end base the beneath cover
for this water will be a black observing pan. We can absorb
that the shape of solar still these in the form of a right angled
triangle with base as black observing pan, altitude as reflective
surface and hypotenuse surface as transparent cover glazing.
When this process clearly observed in Figure 1
Fig 1 Solar still technologies
Now when this solar still is kept under solar energy, this
solar energy, this solar energy will be fallen on transparent
cover glazing. As this is a transparent glass this passes through
glass and falls on contaminated water for 50% and then
remaining 50% will be forming on reflective surface so that
the energy will utilized in 100% and falls back on
contaminated water. Has we have black absorbing pan at the
bottom of the contaminated water the solar energy will be
observed more for black body.
Solar distillation processes:
Due to that heat by the solar energy on the
contaminated water makes the contaminated water to increase
its temperature due to this increase temperature the water start
evaporating. At this evaporation the impurities of the water
will lie back in the water whereas the water on the surface will
converted form water to vapour this water vapour will touches
the transparent cover glazing which is inclined and this
inclined surface will have minimum temperature which is less
than water vapour. This is called as condensation where the
water vapour forms as water droplets at the bottom surface of
the inclined transparent cover glazing. The above mentioned
procedure can see in Figure 2
Fig 1.2 Basin type solar still
ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3
459
Now the droplets formed at inclined glass will drop at the
inclined surface as per the normal force of gravitation. All the
droplets will be collected at opposite trouf and insulates the
fresh and pure water.
Through this solar still we can produce from 5 to 6
gallons of water per day per square roof reflection area.
1.3 Solar Distillation:
Solar distillation is the use of solar energy to
evaporate water and collect its condensate within the same
closed system. (i.e., desalination).
2 EXISTING SYSTEM:
Presently solar stills are made of wooden box where
thermo coal is used for the insulation and a G.I .sheet
especially for the absorption of solar radiation. This whole
setup is covered by the glass plate.
2.1 Disadvantages of Existing System:
 Time consumption is more.
 Wastage of material during production is more.
 The quality of each component may not be same.
 Rust formation of the G.I. (Galvanized IRON) sheet.
 Heat transfer through thermocouple may not be
effective.
 Due to the thickness of the glass plate the efficiency
may decreases.
 Life of the component is less.
2.2 Proposed System:
As the above disadvantages can’t be solved with G.I.
sheet and the thermo Cole, we are replacing aluminum sheets
and copper wire. The Aluminum sheet is produced by using
Roller Casting machining process whereas the Copper wire is
produced by using Wire drawing machining process. The
advantages of this system are:
 Labour required are very less
 Low weight of components
 Production cost is less and consequently the product
is less
 No corrosion effect will occurs
 Heat transfer can be restricted
 Absorption of solar radiation takes place
 Time consumption will be eventually decreases
 Purified water can be obtained
2.3 Conclusion:
This paper presents a method to increase the quantity of
purified water, decreases the time consumption and production
costs. By implementing this system, we can overcome the
drawbacks of the present system.
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]
3. Basic Principle of Water Distillation
3.1 Water Distillation
In figure 3 the process of water distillation involves
heating water to the point of vaporization, at which
point the water will undergo a phase change from liquid
to vapor. The water vapor then condenses onto a cooler
surface where it can be collected. Any contaminants
contained in the original feed water (such as salt, silt,
and heavy metals) will remain in the distiller basin. The
collected water vapor is now free of all prior
contaminants and is fit for consumption.
FIG 3 DISTILLATION SKETCH
During operation of the distiller, solar energy is
collected by the feed water. When enough energy is absorbed
by the water, the water undergoes a phase change. The water
vapors then rises and comes into contact with the cooler
transparent, inclined surface. Here the vapor once again goes
through a phase change from vapor back to liquid. The water
then condenses and runs off the transparent inclined surface
into a collection bin. The distillation process rids the
contaminated water of any impurities and most commonly
found chemical contaminants within the environment. These
contaminants are left behind in the basin.
3.2. The Effect of Different Designs
In the figure 3.3 & 3.4 shown this periodical two
different solar still designs are compared. The first design is an
asymmetrical still with mirrors on the walls. The second
design is a symmetrical still. The water output of the
asymmetrical still was measured to be 30% higher than the
symmetrical version. The asymmetrical design operated at a
higher temperature. This is mostly due to the mirrors on the
side and back walls. The mirrors reduced heat energy loss and
reflected all incoming solar radiation towards the basin. Since
the asymmetrical design has three insulated walls where the
mirrors reside, there is less area for heat energy to escape. The
symmetrical design has more area where heat loss occurs. In
conclusion, the asymmetrical solar still with mirrors is a
superior design with greater efficiency and higher overall
water output.
ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3
460
Figure 3.3: Asymmetrical Solar Still Design
Figure 3.4: Symmetrical Solar Still Design
4. Construction of Solar Still
Figure.4.1 Proposed model of solar distillation system
The base of the solar still is made of wooden plank.
This box is embedded into combination of copper wires
& Aluminum sheets as shown in fig 4.6.
Here length L & Breadth B = 55cms,
Height H1= 13.5 cm and H2 = 7.4 cm,
Angle Θ = 230.
This also contains same box of combination of
copper wire which is meshed within the Aluminum sheets
inside wooden box. The copper wire with the diameter of
1.17 mm & Aluminum sheets with having the thickness
of 2 mm. By introducing the ALUM (powder), Sandstone
and Gravels on the surface of the wooden box we can
reduce the fluorine & impurities. The channel is fixed
such that the water slipping on the surface of the glass
will fall in this channel under the effect of gravity. A
frame of fiber stick is fixed with the wooden box so that
glass can rest on it. This completes the model.
4.2 Details of Different Parts of System
4.2.1 Making of wooden block: It is the part of the
system in which the water to be distilled is kept. It is
therefore essential that it must absorb solar energy. Hence
it is necessary that the material have high absorbtivity or
very less reflectivity and very less transmitivity.
consider a wooden plank of square shape having the
thickness of (t) 16mm, lengths ( L1) is of 56.8cms and
(L2) if of 20cms as shown in figure 4.1
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

4.2.4 After assembling of wooden box: The finished unit

having a capacity of 20 to 25 liters of water. At the
corners of the unit apply M-Seal to prevent the leakage of
the water present in the box .Extra projections must be
provided for the holding purpose. In figure 4.5 shows the
assembling of wooden box.

Figure 4.2: Making of wooden block

4.2.2 Making an Inclination: In the figure 4.3 shown
how the angle plays major roles in the collection of the
condensate water vapour which under the surface of the
glass plate. The minimum angle of the solar still is to be
considered as 250 which is having the property of
lowering the pressure and the maximum angle is up to 30 0
But we considered the angle of 230 which is further Figure 4.5: Finished wooden box
minimum while compared to the other ranges to increase 4.2.5 Black paint coating: Black paint is coated
the downfall speed of the distilled water. thoroughly on the bottom surface of the unit for the better
heating and for absorption of the solar radiation through
from top and at the same time bottom surface. Black
colour obseves more heat is shown in figure 4.6

Figure 4.3: Making an inclination

4.2.3 Assembling of wooden plank: After considering all
the necessary measurements and angle of 230 by using
nails and fevicol we have to make a compact sized still,
which will be used as the unit. This unit will give the
protection to the whole process. This processes shown in
figure 4.4
Figure 4.6 : Black paint coating
4.2.6 Arranging Aluminum Sheet along with Copper
wire: By arranging the Al sheet and the Cu wire can
increase the heating energy within the unit and
automatically the absorption of heat will also takes place.
Due to this extra arrangement the heat energy inside the
unit will reach to the maximum level and the process will
starts faster reaction according to the time and
temperature differences. To maintain it we are introducing
Copper wire and Aluminum sheet. In figure 4.7 show the
arrangements of aluminum sheet along with copper.

Figure 4.4: Assembling of wooden plank

ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3

461
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]
Figure 4.7: Arranging Aluminum Sheet along with Copper wire
4.2.7 Placing Gravels: Gravels are to be spread on the
bottom surface of the unit which is used to absorb more
heat energy from the sun and from the bottom surface of
the still. The figure 4.8 shows the placing of gravels.
Figure 4.8: Placing gravels
4.2.8 Covering with Sandstone and Coal: Sandstone
and Coal is having the higher thermal conductivity which
can absorb heat source and can evolve the same amount
of heat during the process. Another application of these
mixtures is that will Filter the inlet water which will
comes from the bottom of still to the surface. The figure
4.9 shows the placing of sandstones and coal mixture.
Figure 4.9 : Sandstone and Coal mixture
4.2.9 Covering with Netted cloth: Covering with the
netted cloth will acts as a purifying agent only can allow
ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3
462
the purified water comes on the surface of the cloth as
observe in figure 4.10.
Figure 4.10: Netted Cloth
4.2.10 Finished unit: In figure 4.11 shows the finished
unit. The holes for the inlet of water, outlet of brackish
water and outlet of pure water is made as per the
convenience. We have made the outlet of brackish water
at right bottom of the model (seeing from side view of the
model), outlet of the pure water at the end of the channel
and inlet at the right wall above the outlet. Glass is placed
on the top of the unit.
Figure 4.11: Finished unit
In the below reference 3, 4, 5 & 6 papers helps a lot for
making the portable solar distillation box . With the
reference papers 1,2 helps what are the best material for
using solar distillation.
5. WORKING PROCESS
5.1 How Solar Water Distiller Works
Water needing purification is fed into the holding
chamber of the water distiller. Sunlight entering through
the transparent material heats up this water until it reaches
the vaporization point. This vapor rises, and as it rises it
cools. When it hits the underside of the transparent cover
material, it condenses. This condensate trickles into a tray
that collects the now purified water. The water is funneled
out into a receiving container. In figure 5.1 we can
observe a DIGITAL THERMOMETER for the instant
measurement of the temperature produced inside the still.
At initial temperature of 27.80C at 9:15 am we started the
process. The complete processes is shown in figure 5.2,
5.3, 5.4 & 5.5 and explained clearly below.
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

Figure 5.2: Evaporation process starts

5.1.3 The evaporated water touches under the glass

surface and starts condensation process. That water will
be slide on the glass and collected in the outlet pipe which
is placed by the bottle at the end of the still.

Figure 5.1: With digital thermometer

5.1.2 After 15mins the temperature rose in the still upto

36.10C where the water gets evaporated and touches the
glass plate.

Figure 5.3: Collected in pipe and bottle

5.1.4 The collected water in the bottle will be again starts the
evaporation process for further amount of purification in the
bottle itself due to the high temperature in the atmosphere.

ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3

463
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]
Figure 5.4: Distilled water in bottle
5.1.5 After the collection of water in the bottle brackish
water will be drained out from the drain tap to empty the
still which will shows the climax of the project.
Figure 5.5 Dirty water will drained out
In this way we can test and produce the Purified water
from the impure water through.
6. MATERIALS and THEIR PROPERTIES
6.1 Difference between ALUMINUM and COPPER:
Figure 6.1 Copper wire and Aluminum sheet
ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3
464
Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to
conduct heat. Its reciprocal is thermal resistivity, which is
the ability of a material to insulate by not conducting heat.
Good conductors are poor insulators, and good insulators
are poor conductors. Aluminum and copper have different
levels of thermal conductivity.
6.1.1 Physical Units
Thermal conductivity is normally measured in watts per
kelvin per meter. In this usage, “watt” is a unit of power
(i.e. joules of energy per second) and “kelvin” is a unit of
temperature.
6.1.2 Heat Transfer Computation
If you have a rod of some material with a known thermal
conductivity k, whose length (in meters) is L, and whose
area at the ends (in square meters) is A, and you know the
temperature difference T (in degrees kelvin) between the
two ends, you can predict the amount of power (in watts)
being transmitted through the rod by multiplying k, T and
A, and dividing by L.
6.1.3 Thermal Conductivity in Metals
Thermal conductivity in metals is closely correlated with
their electrical conductivity because heat also can be
conducted by valence electrons, which move around
easily in most metals. So metals tend to have relatively
high thermal conductivities and make poor insulators.
6.1.4 Thermal Conductivity in Aluminum
Pure aluminum has a thermal conductivity of about 235
watts per kelvin per meter, while most aluminum alloys
have a substantially lower thermal conductivity of 120 to
180 watts per kelvin per meter.
6.1.5 Thermal Conductivity in Copper
Pure copper has a substantially higher thermal
conductivity than aluminum, about 400 watts per kelvin
per meter. So it is clearly a better choice for cookware.
The only common metal with a higher thermal
conductivity is silver, at about 430 watts per kelvin per
meter.
6.2 Table with Thermal Conductivity of materials:
Table 1: LIST OF MATERIALS
MATERIALS : Thermal Conductivity
of materials :
Copper 394 w/m-k
Luminum 237 w/m-k
Sand stone 1.83 to 2.90 w/m-k
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]
Glass 0.93w/m-k
Water 0.563 to 0.609 w/m-k
Water vapour 0.016 to 0.0471 w/m-k
Wood (oven-dry) 0.04w/m-k
6.3 PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIALS USED
6.3.1 Alum:
Alum is both a specific is a class of chemical compound
sand chemical compound. The specific compound is
the hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate(potassium alum)
with the formula KAl(SO4)2·12H2O.More widely, alums
are double sulphate salts, with the formula
AM(SO4)2.12H2o, where A is a monovalent caution such
as potassium or ammonium and M is a trivalent metal ion
such as aluminum or chromium(III).
Chemical properties
Alums are useful for a range of industrial processes.
They are soluble in water; have a sweetish taste;
react acid to litmus; and crystallize in regular
octahedra. When heated they liquefy; and if the
heating is continued, the water of crystallization is
driven off, the salt froths and swells, and at last an
amorphous powder remains. They are astringent and
acidic.
7. OBSERVATIONS and CALCULATIONS
7.1 Day-to-day evaluation:
We did experiment for two days
7.1.1 On 4/3/2013
Experiment started at 12:00pm (afternoon) and
continued up to 4pm (evening).
Initial temperature ( T1) without water = 550C
Temperature ( T2) with water = 33.5
For total 10lits of water poured in the still having capacity
of 25lits the EVOPARATION process (Vapor) started
from the temperature of 34.10C at 12:15pm onwards. At
the end of the experiment on that day at evening 4pm, due
to the glass thickness we took 6mm and collected 55ml
pure distilled water within 3hrs 10mins duration in the
surrounding temperature. According to the surrounding
temperature also the collection of water takes place.
7.1.2 On 5/3/2013
Experiment started at 9am (morning) and done up to next
day morning 9am.
ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3
465
Initial temperature (T3) with water = 26.40C
Vapor started at 11:48am at the temperature (T4) = 36.10C
This day for total 10lits of water poured at the evening
6pm we collected 500ml and we continued that process
up to next day morning 9am. During night times also the
process continued because we introduced Al sheets and
Cu wires they absorbed the heat from the sun during the
morning process and we collected 350ml at the night time
at the temperature of 260C.So if we decrease the glass
thickness we can collect more amount of water depending
upon the climatic conditions, the preferable glass
thickness is 3mm.
7.2 Estimation of hardness test by EDTA Method.
AIM: To estimate the total hardness of the given water
sample by using standard EDTA solution.
APPARATUS: Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, beakers,
wash bottle .burette stand.
CHEMICALS: EDTA solution, EBT indicator, Buffer
solution (NH4OH, NH4CL).
PRINCIPLE: Disodium salt of EDTA forms stable
complex with Ca and mg ions in acquired solution. The
amount of EDTA consumed in the reaction gives the
amount of Ca and mg salts present in the hard water.
Since EDTA is insoluble in water the disodium salt of
EDTA is soluble in water. So it is used as complexing
agent with Ca and mg ions.
Then EBT indicator is added to the hard water
sample it forms wine red color stable complex at pH 10
with Ca and mg ions.
M + EBT MEBT (wine red)
Pouring the titration curse against EDTA solution. EDTA
combines with M+2 forms stable complex (MEDTA) and
releasing free EBT, which instantaneously combines with
metal ions still present in the solution, thereby wine red
color in the retained.
(MEBT) + EDTA titration M-EDTA (colorless complex)
+EBT(blue color)
M+2 + EBT (M-EBT)(wine red)
However when nearly all metal ions have formed M-
EDTA complex then, next drop of EDTA added splices
the EBT indicator forms M-EBT complex and the
presence of free EBT, then at equivalent point.
(M-EBT) + EDTA titration M-EDTA +EBT(blue color)
Thus changes of Wine Red color to Blue color in the
end point if titration
STEP 1:
ESTIMATION OF HARDNESS OF WATER:
PROCDURE : Take 20 ml of given sample of standard
hard water is piped out into a conical flask.5ml of
Ammonical Buffer and few drops of EBT indicator is
added . Then titrate against EDTA solution until the Wine
Red changes to deep Blue color until titration is continued
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

to concurrent values are obtained. Let the volume of 2. 20 0 0.5 0.5

EDTA consumed V1.
20ml of given pure (distilled) water =V3 ml of EDTA
Table 2: EDTA readings for water 1ml of EDTA = 20/V3 mg of CaCO3
= 20/0.5 mg of CaCO3
S.NO Volume of Burette Readings Burette = 40 mg of CaCO3
standard hard Initial Final volume
water (ml) reading reading EDTA 1ml of Distilled Water = (V3/V1) × 1000 mg/L
consumed = (0.5/10.7) × 1000 mg/L
V1(ml = 46.72 mg/L
1 20 0 10.7 10.7 8. OBTAINED RESULT AND ESTIMATED COST
2 20 0 10.7 10.7

8.1 OBTAINED RESULT from Calculations:

CALCULATION: 1ml of EDTA (V1) = 1.8691 mg of CaCO3
1ml of EDTA (V1) = 20/V1 = 20/10.7 =1.891 mg of CaCO3
1ml of IMPURE WATER = 523.36 mg / L
1ml of DISTILLED WATER = 46.72 mg / L
STEP 2:
Estimation of Total Hardness in Impure Water: Temporary Hardness = Total Hardness – Permanent Hardness
PROCDURE: Take 20 ml of given sample of impure Total Hardness obtained = 523.36 mg / L
water is piped out into a conical flask.5ml of ammonical Permanent hardness obtained = 46.72 mg / L
buffer and few drops of EBT indicator are added. Then Temporary Hardness = Total Hardness – Permanent Hardness
titrate against EDTA solution until the wine red changes = 523.36 – 46.72
to deep blue color until titration is continued to concerned = 476.64 ppm (parts per million)
values are obtained. Let the volume of EDTA consumed According to these calculations Temporary Hardness in
V2. Distilled Water is 476.64 ppm which means that the salt
content in the water is 0.5 mg of CaCO3. Its proved that
Table 3: EDTA reading for impure water quantity of salt is present in the drinking water.
S.NO Volume of Burette Readings Burette 8.2 Estimated Cost on this Project:
standard hard Initial Final volume
water (ml) reading reading EDTA
consumed S.no. Materials Qty Cost
V1(ml
1. 20 0 5.6 5.6
2. 20 0 5.6 5.6 1 Wood 1*1200 1200
2 Aluminum sheet 1*180 180
CALCULATION:
3 Copper wire 1* 250 250
1ml of EDTA = 20/V2 mg of CACO3
= 20 /5.6 mg of CACO3 4 Glass & cutting 1*290 290
= 3.5714 mg of CACO3 5 P.V.C. Channel 1*60 60
1ml of given Impure water = (V2/ V1) × 1000 mg/L 6 M-Seal 22*10 220
= (5.6/10.7) × 1000 mg/L 7 Tap & elbows 3*55 165
= 523.36 mg/L 8 Couplings 2*10 20
STEP 3: 9 Fabrication 275 275
Estimation of Total Hardness in pure (distilled) water:
10 Stationary 200 200

PROCDURE : Take 20 ml of given sample of Pure Total 2860/-

(Distilled) water is piped out into a conical flask.5ml of
Ammonical Buffer and few drops of EBT indicator is CONCLUSION
added . Then titrate against EDTA solution until the Wine
Red changes to deep Blue color until titration is continued In this project, the modification solar distillation units
to concerent values are obtained. Let the volume of are done by fabrication and other available metals to
EDTA consumed V3. produce more heat in the unit. To increase the efficiency,
to decrease the time consumption and to maintain the
Table 4: EDTA readings for pure (distilled) water constant heat even in the bad weather also to get pure
water without any harm. By the results from the above
S.NO Volume of Burette Readings Burette steps we can obtain the data.
standard hard Initial Final volume
water (ml) reading reading EDTA
consumed
V1(ml
1. 20 0 0.5 0.5

ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3

466
International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

References:

[1] "Dimethyldichlorosilane and the Direct Synthesis of

Methylchlorosilanes,” Organometallics, vol.20, pp978-
92, 2001.

[2] Xing songmin, Wang Yile: the synthesis and application

of oreganosilance.(Chemical Industry press,2000).

[3] Fu Jilai, "Two aspects of Chinese Organosilicon

Industry," Advanced Materials Industry, vol.7,pp47-
50,2009.

[4] Robert G. Linville. Berkley Heights.N.J.,and Harry R.Mc

Entee, “process for separation orgasiles”, U.S pat.No.3,
007,9. 56 Nov. 1960

[5] Ollie W.Marko;Stefan F.Rentsch,both of Carrollton,

"Separation of Chlorosilanes by Liquid Extraction,"
U.S.Patent 4 ,402,796,Sep.1983.

[6] "UNIFAC Group Contribution Method for siliconecom

ponds”, ind.Eng.chem.processDes.DEv, Vol.20, PP407-
409, 1981.

ISBN 978-1-4799-3158-3

View publication stats

467