OPERATING SYSTEMS I

CSC 205
Lecture 2
Outline
• Types of Operating Systems
• Operating System Services
Types of Operating Systems
• Batch Operating System
• Time-Sharing Operating System
• Distributed Operating System
• Network Operating System
• Real Time Operating System
• Multiprogramming Operating System
Batch Operating System
• In batch OS, users do not interact with the computer directly
• Each user works offline and submit to the computer operator
• The operator then sorts tasks into batches with similar requirements
• Batch OS prevents interaction between the user and the task
• CPU is often idle because the speed of the I/O devices are slower
than CPU
• It is difficult to provide the desired priority
Time Sharing Operating System
• This enables many users located at various terminals use a particular
computer system at the same time
• It is a logical extension of multiprogramming
• Processor time is shared among multiple users simultaneously
• Multiprogrammed systems maximise processor use while Time-
sharing systems focus on minimizing response time
• Time-sharing OS provides quick response to tasks
• It prevents duplication of software
• It reduces CPU idle time
Distributed Operating System
• Makes use of multiple central processors to serve multiple real time
application and multiple users
• Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors
• The processors communicate with one and another through various
communication lines such as high-speed buses or telephone lines
• Exchange of data with one another is always at a very high speed
• Downtime of a system does not affect the functionality of other systems
• Reduction of work load on the host computer
• However, distributed systems are characterized by high dependence on
their education associated with fault tolerance
Network Operating System
• It runs on a server
• It provides server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications and other networking functions
• Its primary purpose is to allow shared file and printer access multiple computers
in a network (LAN)
• With network OS, centralized servers are highly stable
• Security is server managed
• Easy integration of upgrades into the system
• Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems
• However, it is highly expensive to purchase
• High dependency on a central location for most operations
• Regular maintenance and updates are required
Real-Time Operating System
• It is a system in which the time interval required to process and
respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment
• There are two types of real-time OS: Hard Real-Time Systems & Soft
Real-Time systems
• Hard Real-Time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on
time.
• Soft Real-Time systems are less restrictive. It gets priority over other
tasks and retain the priority until it complete. It has limited utility
than hard real time systems
Multiprogramming Operating System
• This system was introduced to eradicate the problem of CPU and
memory underutilization
• It is interleaved execution of multiple jobs by the same computer
• Several jobs share the same CPU
• It aids resource management
• A multiprogramming operating system builds on this base,
subdividing the transient area to hold several independent programs
and adding resource management routines to the operating system's
basic functions
Operating System Services
• Program execution
• I/O Operations
• File system manipulation
• Communication
• Error Detection
• Resource Allocation
• Protection
Program Execution

• Loads a program into memory.

• Executes the program.
• Handles program's execution.
• Provides a mechanism for process synchronization.
• Provides a mechanism for process communication.
• Provides a mechanism for deadlock handling.
I/O Operation

• I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or any
specific I/O device.
• Program may require any I/O device while running.
• Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device
when required