Lab Report

BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Department: INDUSTRIAL AND MANUFACTURING

Engineering

Submitted to: Mr. Anique Aslam

Submitted by: MUHAMMAD WALEED

2021-IM-25

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

LAHORE
 Experiment# 02

Title:
To verify ohm’s law.

Objective:

➢ To lea
➢ To determine the stated value of a resistor by interpreting the color code indicated on the
resistor.

Apparatus:

➢ Set of wires
➢ Carbon resistor
➢ Digital multimeter

Theory.

Resistance:
Resistance is the opposition offered by the electrons to the flow of
electrons in a conductor. When conductor is connected with battery, the
potential difference is produced. Electron start flow through conductor
opposition is also produced. This opposition is called electrical resistance.

Formula:
According to Ohm’s law, there is a relation between the current flowing
through a conductor and the potential difference across it. It is given by,
V∝I
V = IR
V is called Voltage and I is the amount of current flowing through the conductor.

SI Unit:
 Ohm is the SI unit of resistance.

Color Code Method:

It is the method to find the resistance with the help of color bands
printed on the resistor. The different color bands have different values
accordingly. First color band determines the first digit of the resistance value.
Second color band determines the second digit of the resistance value. Third
color band determines the number of zeros in the resistance value. Fourth band
determines the variation in the resistance. For example, gold band means ±5%
variation in the resistance value. The silver band means ±10% variation in the
resistance value. If there is no band then it means the variation in the resistance
value is ±20%.
The color bands and their values e given below

Figure (1) 5-Band and 4- Band resistors

First method for read resistor colors in Fig (2)

Fig. (2) First method read resistor

Multimeter:
It is the device which is used to measure resistance, voltage and current in
an electrical circuit. It is a standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the
electrical industries. It has four parts
 Display (to note the readings)
 Buttons (to select various functions)
 Rotatory switch (to select measurement values i.e. volts, ampere or ohm)
 Input jacks (to connect test leads)

The principal to find the resistance with multimeter is very simple. Both
the leads are connected with the resistor and the rotate the knob on the
nearest greater value. Then the reading showing on the display is the
resistance of the resistor.
Procedure:

 First of all, choose the resistor

 And observe the colors on the resistor and predict the resistance R1 and tolerance
of the resistor by using the color band present on the resistor. And also use table 2
for further assistance to find resistance.
 Then place the resistor on the bredbord
 And then connect each terminal of the resistance with the terminals of the multi
meter.
 Note down the reading shown by the multimeter.
 Then calculate the %Error between predicted Resistance R1 and measured
Resistance R2 by using the suitable formula.
 Repeat the steps 1-7 for different resistors.
Observations & calculations:
Table 1
No of obs Resistance by color Resistance by %error=(R2-R1)/R2
code(R1) multimeter (R2)
1 5600 ±5% 6000 7.14%
2 5100 ±5% 5300 3.92%
3 10000 ±5% 9800 -2%
4 12000 ±5% 10400 -13.3
5 47000 ±5% 47700 1.49
6 1900 ± 5% 1860 2%
7 100000 ±5% 99000 -10%

Table 2
Color Color code
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
Precautions.

 Don’t make fingers in contact with the terminals of the multi meter during taking
resistance.
 Carefully set the range of multi meter
 If there is doubt between two colors then find the reading with both colors then the
nearest Will be the final result.
 Make sure the tips of multimeter touches the resistor.

Conclusion.
As a conclusion, for the resistant the value resistant from analogue and digital reading of
multimeter must be tally with the manual calculation from the codes of color. For the diode it
is important to check first the VIB of diode to know its material.