UNIT 4:

Cardinal Richelieu - Politique

Jean Baptiste Colbert - Mercantilism
Jacques Bossuet - Divine Right Absolutism (Louis XIV and James I)
Thomas Hobbes - Philosophical Absolutism
John Locke - Philosophical and Biblical constitutionalism

Social Contract:
Giving freedoms in exchange for protection and rights from government

Leviathan
- Defense of philosophical absolutism
- State of Nature: in absence of government chaos ensues
- State of War: War of all against all

John Calvin + Hobbes: People are shit

Two Treatises of Government

- Defense of constitutionalism

LIFE LIBERTY AND PROPERTY

- Inspired founding fathers

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (galileo and copernicus)

Geocentrism - Earth is center of universe

Ptolemy - Geocentric theory

Copernicus - Heliocentric
Galileo - Affirmed heliocentric

Aristotelian physics
- Heavy objects fall faster

Galilean physics
- Objects fall at the same rate
- Objects accelerate with gravity

Empiricism : Based on fact not theory

Galileo wrote in both Latin and in vernacular Italian

Galileo vs Inquisition
- Galileo’s work is on the banned book list

Kepler - proved orbits are elliptical (oval) and not circular

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation - Objects with mass have gravitational pull

Deductive reasoning - Start with premise (Aristotle

- Daniela is smart, so Daniela passes the exam

Inductive - Make repeated observations (Sir Francis Bacon)

- If every pig we observe is pink, than all pigs are pink

Harvey - Circulation

Aurelius - Anatomy

Voltaire
- Candide
- Letters on England
- Philosophical Dictionary
- Elements of Newton's Philosophy
- Deist (supreme being exists but it doesn’t have much influence)
- Religious toleration

Emilie du Chatalet
- Mathematician
- Had a thing w/ Voltaire

Denis Diderot
- Encyclopedie

Montesquieu
- Separation of powers
- Spirit of the Laws

Rousseau
- Social Contract
- He was sexist af
- Freedom based on majority
- Utilitarian

Kant
- 1784 essay (describe enlightment)
 - Critique of pure reason (logic vs experience)
- Categorical imperative

Adam Smith
- Wealth of Nations
- Capitalism (minimal government interference)

T operation of religious minorities

R eform of institutions
A
P
Joseph II
- Religious toleration
- Abolished serfdom
- Equality above the law

Frederick the Great

- Patron of Voltaire
- Militarism
- Anti-Machiavellian

Catherine the Great

- Patron of Voltaire
- Pugachev’s Rebellion (peasant uprising) (suppressed the rebellion)
- Serfdom continued in Russia
- Patron of Diderot
- Increased women’ education
- Smallpox immunization

Poland Partition
- Austria
- Prussia
- Russia
- These countries divided Poland up
- Poland had little centralization

Peace of Westphalia
- Ended Hapsburg
- Hohenzollerns gained power
- Prussia gained power

Mercantilism —> Capitalism (free market economy)

- Adam Smith (wealth of nations)

Enclosure
- Agricultural trend that uses fencing to privately own territory
- Increased agricultural productivity

Putting Out System

- Private contractors
- Cottage industry (stuff made at home) developed merchant class
- Consumer culture increased as well

Commercial Rivalry
- Competition for colonial power over the Atlantic
 - Netherlands and Britain feuding over the mediterranean

Empiricism
- Observational theory

Inductive
- Observation before premise
- Francis Bacon

Deductive
- Premise and then assumptions
- Aristotle

Diderot
- Encyclopedia

Voltaire
- Religious Toleration
- Candide
- Diest

Montesquieu
- Spirit of the Laws
- Separation of Power

Locke
- Right of revolution
- Life, Liberty, Property

Rousseau
- Social contract
- Majority is freedom
- Emile (anti-feminist)

Hobbes
- Leviathan
- No government = Chaos

Mary WollstoneCraft
- A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Salons
- Female centered spaces to expand enlightenment thought
Baroque
- Motion
- Emotion
- Contrast
- Grand things

Rococo
- Extremely ornate art
- Asymmetrical

Neoclassical
- Jacque Louis David
- Grecian and Roman inspiration