290! Glebe Table (2.3) Effective Width and Buckling Factor for Stiffened Compression Elements Effective Width be for tress Distributi 6 f Stress Distribution pe daors.005yy) 2 < For1>¥2-1: . ke = oe oe Trey 0.112(1-¥ 210814 y) A>Y>-2 lh eee oe Buckii z . [ESP ks = | = fy f - [M-TM | ety bet = 0.5be 2b bez 2 O.5be —!- " i>y20: f - (Tim |“ Dey pez bet =2bei(5-¥) b 1 deo = De~ Bet . f b, be! ws: be =pb,=PbAt-¥) Ps eed fo by, =04be a beg =0.6 be L_ Allowable Stresses 23Table (2.4) Effective Width and Buckling Factor For Unstiffened Compression Elements Stress Distribution w= fal f4 Effective Width b, for p=(4y-0.15-0.05y)/22 <1 O> yo 7 0.578 , 2 Buckling factor ky 0.43] y +0.34 1.70] 1.7-5Y+17.1W" | 23.8) l>y>0: Dg = pC yw<0: fy be brs'2 be = pdg2 PCI(1-V) — vos fol ft [1 foo] = i> yea f Buckling factor kK, 0.43 | 0.87 re _—_ 0.85 | 0.57-0.21 +0.07 y? 1 br Allowable Stresses |}. C__| be 1>y20: be = pC 24 Hr Aa > be = Pb, = PCI(1-¥)Mi wt), Where: (M,/M.) is the algebraic ratio of the smaller to the larger end moments taken as positive for reverse curvature bending. When the bending moment at any point within the unbraced length is larger than the values at both ends of this length, the value of (Cp) shall be taken as unity. I. Compression on extreme fibres of channels bent about their major axis and meeting the requirements of Table 2.1. 800 Fon = oly S058 Fy eter etree ith Ly diAy b y 2.29 II. Slender sections which do not meet the non-compact section requirements of Table 2.1 shall be designed using the same allowable stresses used for non-compact sections except that the section properties used in the design shall be based on the effective widths be of compression elements as specified in Table 2.3 for stiffened elements and Table 2.4 for unstiffened elements. The effective width is calculated using a reduction factor p as be = p b where: p=(K, -0.15-0.05y)/7, EV ceecccecceeeees 2.30 and normalized plate slenderness given by: 2.31 k, = Plate buckling factor which depends on the stress ratio y as shown in Tables 2.3 and 2.4. b= Appropriate width, (see Table 2.1) as follows: Allowable Stresses 2111.6 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLAT WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIOS FOR COMPRESSION ELEMENTS The following Table gives the maximum allowable. flat width- thickness ratios for compression elements. The definition of flat width for the different elements is shown in Fig. 11.1. Table (11.1) Maximum Allowable Fiat Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements Description Unstiffened compression elements (C, and C2). Stiffened compression element having one longitudinal edge connected to a web or flange element, the other stiffened by: (b 1} Simple lip. Any other kind of stiffener: i) when I,< |, ii) when 4,2 |. Stiffened compression element with both longitudinal edges connected to other stiffened elements (b 2). Yeo os Figure (11.1) Defi Elements ion of Flat Width of Compression Cold-Formed Sactians 184Where |, and I, are the adequate and the actual moment of inertia of the stiffener as detailed in Clause 11.9.1. 11.6 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEB DEPTH-THICKNESS RATIOS FOR FLEXURAL MEMBERS Table (11.2) Maximum Allowable Web Depth-Thickness Ratios for Flexural Members Description Unstiffened webs. Webs which are provided with bearing stiffeners only. Webs which are provided with bearing stiffeners and intermediate transverse stiffeners. dy = Depth of flat portion of 7} web measured along the plane of web. dy ty = Web thickness. tw Where a web consists of two or more sheets, the dit, ratio shall be computed for the . individual sheets. Figure (11.2) Definition of Web Depth 11.7 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION The following Table gives recommended deflection limits for some structural members, Circumstances may arise where greater or lesser values would be more appropriate. Other members may also require a deflection limit to be specified, e.g., sway bracing. The determination of the moment of inertia, |, used in computing beam deflection, shall be based on the effective section properties, for which the effective widths are computed for the compressive Stresses developed from the applied bending moment. The actuat compressive stresses due to applied moment shall be used to compute the normalized plate slendemess, Rp. rather than Fy Cold-Formed Sections 185in Clause 2.6.5.5. Table (11.3) Maximum Allowable Deflection Deflection of beams due to live load without dynamic effect Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish, Span / 300 Allother beams. Span / 200 Cantilevers. Length / 180 Purlins and side girts (rai:s). To suit the characteristics of : the particular cladding system. Deflection of columns other than portal frames due to live and wind loads Tops of columns in single-storey buildings. Height / 300 in each storey of a building with | Height of storey under more than one storey. consideration / 300 41.8 ALLOWABLE DESIGN STRESSES The allowable stresses shall follow the slender section design requirements as detailed in Clause 2.6.5.5. Thus, for members under axial compression, axial tension, bending, shear, web crippling, or combined axial compression and bending, the requirements of Chapter 2 shall apply. However the allowable stresses for cylindrical tupular members shall be as given in Clause 11.13. 44.9 EFFECTIVE WIDTHS OF COMPRESSION ELEMENTS WITH AN EDGE STIFFENER OR AN INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER 11.9.1 Effective Width of Uniformly Compressed Elements with an Edge Stiffener 1- When bits S/3 I, = 0 (no edge stiffener required) be=b 1141 d’, = d; d, = d', for simple lip stiffener A’s=d'st A, = A’; for other stiffener shapes 1,= PH12 Coid-Formed Sections 1862- When S/3< bt 40° and 0.25 2 D/b, the value of kg becomes: Ky = 3.57 (1, l,)"7+ 0.43.54 The effective width of the stiffener is determined from Table 2.4 as: d’, = p d with the value of k, =0.43 d, = Cz d’, = (Iv/I,) d's 's = d's t} As = (Ila) A’s 3- When b#t2 8 1, ={ [115 (bA)/S) +5} ¢4 C2 =I, $1 C, = 2-C, For simple lip stiffener with 140° 2 @ 2 40° and 0.25 < D/b $0.8 and @ is as shown in Fig. 11.3, the effective width for the flange is determined as: b. =p b according to Table 2.3 with the following ke ko = [4.82 — 5(D/b)} (1, /la)"/* + 0.43 < 5.25 - 5(D/b) 11.3 For simple lip stiffener with 140° 2 6 2 40° and 0.25 2 D/b, the value of ke becomes: ko = 3.57 (1, fla)" + 0.4354 The effective width of the stiffener is determined from Table 2.4 as: d', = p d with the value of k, =0.43 d, = C, d', la) d's Als = d's t; As (Ila) A’s Cold-Formed Sections 187f for flange Stress fy for lip ~\ De Figure (14.3) Elements with Edge Stiffener In the previous equations: s Fy Ko By Dg, b 4, oO”. Cr, Ce As la “ 1.28 JE/Fy tees Yield stress. Plate buckling factor. Dimension defined in Fig. 11.4. Dimensions defined in Fig. 11.3. Reduced effective width of the stiffener, d, shall be used in computing the overall effective section properties. Effective width of the stiffener according to Table 2.4. Coefficients defined according to Fig. 11.3 to calculate the effective width instead of Table 2.3, Reduced area of the stiffener. It shall be used in computing the overall effective section properties. The centroid of the stiffener is to be considered located at the centroid of the full area of the stiffener. Adequate moment of inertia of the stiffener, so that each Cold-Formed Sections 188