“a Contes 7 Dangers Driving Aden Sx andthe ‘Gendered Epes of Pai cen Ey Tweneh Centar Mex hy Kethrne ain Bs ad Bla 8 Docrig the National Body Gender Race, Eugenics andthe “Invert” in Urban Brazil, ca, 1920-1945 semen Gren 9 Masel, Prinitv and Power: Gaucho, Tg and th ‘Shaping of Argentine National Identit " : ‘Bawardo P. Archetti 10 Gender, Sexual an Revolution: Making Hisories nd altura Potten Nicaraga, 19-2001 Gone Hove 11. Gender the Space of eats Memory, Democratization, and the Dometic Iasi Fraser -Appen: Mexican Internet Sites for Gender and Seni ‘Wendy A. Vogt * [ibogaphy Index ‘Aout the Contributors 18, a2 20 261 205 a1 so sor Introduction: Gender, Sexuality, and Power in Latin America since Independence William B, French and Katherine Elaine Bliss TE ORES nmonac wca rn they use the term gender twas rough the work of Jost Wallach Sua that gender Became ewsefl category of analysis for many historians in ‘North Amerie and elsewhere inhding historians intrested in Latin Amer IEnsA istorian of modern France, Set ved rom her ntl interest inthe Tabor history and politcal actions ofthe glassworkes of Carma. in which the idenibed worker’ experience of ccrupatonal change asthe kry toe ‘lining their behavior to a concern both with gender sa form of power nd ‘Bh dione that is the production of particular Kinds of knowledge about Tate through the use of language, images, spaces, and symbols. Wing ‘eal twenty years ago, Sct ree rom feminist and posstractualit henry {offer st pat definition ofthe concept of gender Inthe fist part she ‘Sglatned how symbols, nots, and instutions helped to shape or construct ttn and female identities, in other words, how they made or created mascu- Tine and feminine subjects. For Scott and many oer, gender i thas he 5 ‘al reprsentation of peecvedbilogel differences. Used in his sense a it {ity the editors and authors in this book, gender canbe seen tobe defined in ‘Geren way at ferent ies and places. Gender i thus a problem fo is {ork oveigaton rather than a given or something that canbe taken for (pated: in short it basa history. This what historians mean when they say ‘ar feininity and maseulnityare socially constructed and bistocialycon- tingent eategores Th the scond part of he definition of gender, Sot makes case for why she fects tha gender must be included ar a necessary component in any discussionof power. ett argues tht femininity and macaliity are not ony scialy consructed and history contingent but. asthe ar constrced say th fam as tary ha an be peed Inthe fn ey masini, Sich a biary construction rutin two negate comsequeeny fs, mis the post fee ternative constuctans of gence ae, second makes the defintons offen an sculay seen sue no subject to change The fllowing examples nay hl asec ise, cept. When newspeper columns in etly-twenteth century Mec wasted to comment nately on the increasing number of women working sewage laborers thy ikened women woking outside te home to women feng se {0 grow bar on ther hes In oer words, thee joann were seg {hatch behavior was ot oly ferent rom womess previo ee Ba tag it seemed to go apinst nature ile Likewise, in he present wluse, Dad Fark sows that mae poliins in Unga a about tat sme te de ‘ei statements made by jroo politcians who then eft back thos statements up by ducing atheists of «woman Ia his cn ar yon wil ce when you ed Parker's chap the binary cosaction that sored pits responsible” genlemen against women, asumed to be inherently inc able of dung this manne elite men nt only coset eels {he opposite of women they made Wome’ fl peticpation ia plea, thinks even seem to go ait nate” ‘These capes alo seat the portant point ta he bat eminin- fnlnascinty also suppor other binaries by making them appeat naturel letimata wel. Othe ire tht flow fom out exper might tad 4 follows: homel work, privatepublic and pases In each of ee ris the fist ofthe paris gendered feminine wie the soon penned ‘mata. I turm-f the-century Mexicans were then o goon tod ices thei government (or any individual or institution) at bean, nse or tae sve this rics became powerfl because th ak between pase ‘ocily constructed ideas of frnininiy, es in ths way hat pees ees 1 mea f orang ies fee and inqultyandHece sea ‘itor eld where powered, ‘ “The eon among gad, ome, nd es abou gay sae the most comping rer for nderaing hier rose enugh te lens of gender history cerythig gendered Th aloha ok var set ths wy hore fered in such ings plc ig ‘ons intertonareatons, economics nl cl groups, soe ethers can alo ind ene esl egy fired ee ts for xml have aed wat ened amas might real ato be histor ofthe Mexican Revo, te vst pe whch Wek pegs fe tween 10nd 120 This tly question, a inp in seta the sumption ht studying ede’ nas tajing men, Sonn ee srroucion 2 ot the ain combatants (although they ein paripte in he lest phase ofthe elton in many wy ining ar combatant), ten know Tagmeredbout rome active othe inking goes ould 0 chang our tidestanding othe gins tajeory, or oxtome of chan event Also hated inthe qustion the dim ht ome things te more inporat © Stay than others such as plik economic an eats, for camp, tae than women or ve en abou nity nd axa Th ou opin, aking subject of Hore ngiy a hierarchy om zee norte th go to i fo he Sogthe) ive rest mile policy conics an ye ven evens ime bon ented within i eines teat in pat gende Inder en Ihab ef the Mian Reolston fom the pemece of poder history tight help us to understand thereon wore, well me fom dif Ent ds and repons were motivated to perpte in such 4 sougl- ta ‘thr word ivngatbee understanding of ofc end popular en aout tnuscly an feniaty ght be essential to expan the econ eo pesboth ne and women, ade, both daring aod fer the decade of el tin Moreover politcal pan and the tore of pole, sch wellknown arbor ofthe evolution ae ofen expres ingly gendered lan un aarti concrpe torn atonal entity that reo 0 Eero He wy il aden gros ons bat th wa een ented to partite pois and pbc dicose me Brenly st se wl sen mnt cups of thiols on under Sami a ender Whe hntodcon io eps owes sory {te Mtn Revolution though he les of gender ior. many isa Shs tae ake ap thet fk ndang Kathrin ss on A Bla thi caper inticolecton, The powingbodyo work cone Witham derstanding the history of gender ad te Mexican Revoition sugges tht the orga tetrad outcome of tht complex procs were indeed Shaped by considerations of ender” Debating Gender ‘Delegates tothe Fourth United Nations Confrence on Women, hel in Bei fing, hing inthe pring of 95 pet wes eotnting dni fhe {erm gender tha could ext everyone present Some participants argued that the tem denoted differences between the sexs, while others insisted that it signified 4 wider range of meanings, induding homosexuality or s- Struct and dissemination of male and female homoseuaiies and their fol in the imagining ofthe Argentine nation "These author works illustrate ome of the atrs that have edt difrenss ‘aon country to country the timing of adoption and choice of esearch agea- dds Rather than fusing onthe deonsruction of discourses about women ‘writen by men he tak for many historians in Latin America and elsewhere, Tend and ofen stl remains) one ofeoveryof oth the voles of women tnd of evidence of their presence within the historical recor?¥This work ao tlemonstates that popular pressure and the organization of soil movements fave been ental to providing an impetus to thee stu, [New Directions: Gender in Latin American History Jun asthe dy of revlon hat beefed om a analysis ta ines fender ter pli! movement and events slong wih process of ate TEmmaton re now recng tention fm gender sori Many histor- tr of Chics tment century pail history, for example, now inst on ‘cong gender ot an intresting aon othe extn erate on po ‘Sst as ley w understanding polis and Nore proceses ths in tenea-nthe ete of Chie Agrarian Reforn, an expropriation of ea ha counteys grt nd betwen 1962p 197 that inves She politzal mobllatin on the pr ofthe ral poor, gender expectations tile wamen sinning Inunequl ways The ela per el, peed upon sec and sme tines conwadcry notion of sppoprite feminine and masculine gender ‘oles ed arguments ove the meaning of ender adie women bares bit ‘hen confi eee Liew, between 1936 and 1946, gender om Sracted in pat the popolr-ront projet of sate ung in hls ut at Strveshapeymeny ofthe actions of the tate lke pubes campaigns tnd welate policies ™ This wotkon Chile during the first half ofthe twentieth century, Thomas ‘Kubock insists onthe importance of gender to understanding the relationship0 ian Fecha Kthrie Blaine Bs ee fected eam martacctrge aera ciieh = rr iemcanafucin at en ‘new understanding of politi itself Examining the controversy SsrouRin SEE gt etc wean ict nace Segimsaaeioaeetrenmaen gn Theda etree same dae esr ns pia emt ponte thirties Sretthgertg secon uum terol Saline tee orotic asa ‘complete, or flawed. nae cor erty go pane ERIE sy cris, historians, and others has ued the mony woe eee ace Sele som cata nn S sascinehonor and the ways tht conceptions of asc hed ook Soir ‘As you might hae imagine, xesive dscsion and debt foowed he soprano Sts wos ates han ing gnder esl ego of Niercal amass, one of heretics eal it a ‘postmodern eteor of paralss®® Moh of th ext ete on the fundamental shits that tere inven conceptualizing agency, Ment and experience (all i aed ltr) ia this new appro and reveled sound the far at the Switch Som "ware to geod” would be plc dsstous forthe womess movement Some aio expressed concen that focusing on gender would our difren among women and privlege represen oer womens gen For nen al ofthe authors dus in ths nvodection, towever employing the Woe ols atocated by Sant bas not meant abandoning either women ot history (r pois), Instead the have aban- done the ies of + stable, unied and autonomous subject one that wes often deine in such away aso spre ferences and group all women ino asingle category More esr, Sct hel as expres esevations abou the wy shat theides of gnderhasbeen ake pan ed by sehr The problem of = scribing ender ta category accorng Seth ees sume that nomi abut me an "woent fai o owen in advance Rater than deserbing acta people hese ters, sensi ees hate sed to relate beuvion, Artemtig to understand the very prodton of the cater of wore” and men” themes, Sat any How ae ts ke ‘ead woe ed in pric context? Tn what wys have boundaries Detveen the sexs been enforad and why? And, how are laonships of power conse by apes 0 sexual dfience?™ Scotts questo on- {ioe to inform te wor one genertons of hitriane wtiing on te w= Sal constection of emits and mascainits in Latin Ameren history Ss chewhere Sct, fr camp, was eely featred a one of he heyote ‘peatrs atthe Second International Colloguium of the Hisory of Women Au of Gender in Mexico, hed in September 2003 in Gundars, Mes. raving tom Sant’s proesring work, out undnanding of ger and shar ets of ety formation, he sexy ec, maton, and s,s Bsn power infened bythe concept of doar. Discourses ‘The porance of undertanig the estionsipbeween power and di- conta ao pega nie 0 wing bol of inorder to understand he gence of on- {spr Te gender end soci is dere by the ae tht fenini ovine and hers have made ofthe work of French philosopher Mikel Foucault since the 19702 ition ech and Katherine Haine Bs Profesor ofthe history of stems of thought in Pars wnt his death in 1984, Foucault was chil intrested inthe quttion of powen its tenes, and elects Instead of cing powers something wise oly by armies the police, or the state, with some exercising power and others without i Fou ‘lt found power to be present everywhere, ai, for example, elation be ‘een parents and children, teachers and students, and doctors and patents Rather than sesing power as purely represive or tsricive he found ha ‘ould bea mechanism of uration, associated with even productive of plea Sc and dese, Cosy connected io power ws kowledge way of oder. ‘ng the world that was not absolute o "roe" but rather eave eegoy for Foucault and one subject to many diferent interpretations? Focusing ini tial on prisons. insane asylums eter isitutions, and evenly on sexe itghesaw as is main tsthe construction ofansrchaclogyof knowledge” ‘hats an explanation ofthe conditions that edt the emergence of partion lar forms of knowledge a these and other sites and to the rules. os grammy these forms of knowledge use to diferentnte what was tue frm what wa fake. Connecting power to knowledge was “discourse” Discourses restatements or groups of statements swell as mage, sym bol and bul environments, that produce certain Kinds of knowles aout ‘objects because they potayor represent these subj in epee manner, Discourses link power and knowledge because they position those speaking ot bse inn eaten ofcnin ne een ering ad date» ‘Wt rch Kathrine Baie Bie scene pce = acento ibs aiaecaciafogceteemeess fede ean nai e yn ea eae feat acer aon tai ed Ser and Sesto Latin America (Nee York New York Univer a ard ache," vides msc vie ita ae Se 25, Henan Gnd Wher sn at Cate Sp ie ‘tinh Che Ain Retr 0-197! Higa nee aa Snare A014 Tee pes ages ae Metwnsby sen snbwooen cote dew efdee tenes Tse eee Wee on oe Le ae (Spe ak ea oe, 24 ous Lost, Lik Matin, Dane nd he ina of Fewer ‘exp Gla Grventy of Calon rey Ana ta os Pee oy {ius rn ten Canin Teen he 4 Gi (er: Une of Catone, 809 eer tae Fn Ben hy Hr aod ie a ae ee ND ee 2 Sethe hint eu Mathew Geto td a Vi in Gunn eng in aaa aa ae re Hater Pt Caf a Wine Hey eer es ai eet nthe ahora ne a verity Press, 1959) ch. 10, “Some More a coher gra main teak eee wasn on lets ee wt en rel te eee oie Insoucion = sings of ch nog ae and een conte pty ad poe th es is eoutipe of dominion ad arnton se canst. Set dco of Towbin Goa sf ca 2 Sted MC Hlperi, Hay Do he iy of Homenalty(Chiage Uist Cag re 202-4 prs nigh hve en epee me We ae ‘Sn exe on hem a etn hs noc james Gre, Rojo Camb ie Hoon Tench Cer Bes (Chap Deny sf Cg Pe 99) for dca of te homens emir epi. Shel Foca The Hit of Semi: nin at (ew Yer Vitae ‘Bek 90) Tock Get pitied a oh 176 and opps a Egan. "9 Foc waka en dice ees it ed ine. The folowing ws ‘ave inn partly inthe weg of ect of te edo ele “foucat Hinrne oy Werth ea 14 (i 192) ety Weds Maa ‘St sry (Came, Ue Pay ra 200 Det Hp," Tow» History of Sei ry Tiny 28 m3 (989) an Halper Ho Dh sy of se ‘Sygate caper ened Terting Four” 3 Sct dan Bats Du Then Bena th Sti A Da Paitin phen Conary Gray Cie Hara rest Pre 101), he “Twa Hiary fe a We Cen dare the ge af meal oes ot ‘ig acres oy it Bangs dow ape beet ol aig om de ‘sopmenn ine are inal uf he toners thei “Gray oeen or te ameter at en "cout toler ost 39 Sr cp he wos f Nee His: The Cs rc Son 1978) cul fhe ingore mera and ope mato eee Mowe Nation ae ey Car ly Sea Nr ners ape (ado: Users Was Po 95) epee dco “fo. Thowe LaueOrpach Cention dt erp Ragin The om Sey Ready Lease an Jeon Ti Hee et roe cen ling So ad and Gn fo Gs ed (Caria MR. ‘ie Uses ro 3, Rn tn Sth a Gk it etc Sey (er ek BB. 200) "2, Vin “Wh Set a Ry 4 Nt AN Tha a? Vea May 24,206 "Dose, Tie han en Si steps chad History ote Bay {UC Dade The Wma hese te in {6 ape lie oe ty of Homie 19 46 Hat, ww Do be istry of Hono BB, 12°10, {ah ie her hac tr ne Dc i Se ok Role, oper the nsoucon, cps pa, 10 an 5 "Sst dco ee Wes Te ind Sry Mode Ae Idi son Mode Sto Suara Die Hs, Doe aber and Kaos Thome (ani nc 199) pcp 38038 nd Halpin Hw De be sy (Films 0-38 {0 Sr op Laces Te ew Nr Sei Sn nd opr ae Bare tein air Prem 203) 1-10 fora son of tera Be oe Tt Mater peal ch 8, "Cwaly Que 22-42» ‘Win remand Kathrine in Bs «ci oh vty mein! vet ans a meng tae ng Capa a Tne sear Gn RPC Seb ay nh mictaly naa Ganmes hrpeacatiicaiescne ee ons whan ya Deere ace sienna pn ea ap hy ea ‘nips es nh an dan ote Dae AE Neon re en a smn a yan scales oe ‘pnt en i men a eee ‘Soe pn ric oct Rl it a ab Sy psa ae nga ad ea oe hp i eas es enema en ce ot sc ih neem ey ‘So Se Chain on ct ae 10-160 Hk Unto oh Caroling Pres, 2004). mie ik Cr nin ot Pot Sec Te sn ai Rey yh ey este einen eh os ae ee tha man itn 5 eae a ei et ane surat ac ogee Hh SP get Be of Ors HO Sata Pe 1999), ee cha eager etme ere een prensa Tete tonalnelerigy lib athinee terete ance ets ES tae ce eto orig eee nd etn St odo Vb Reeth of lal Sa nd Po sev tc ty a eet ey on en tai nay Dahan eee loa ces Sidon nce Dna Say Soa 1 Vicenta Ochoa, Dead Many Times: Gender, Politics, and a Death Sentence in Early Republican Caracas, Venezuela Arlene J. Diaz el Omega st om we dod intent ne ity of Caracas in Venezua Enid “Venta Ochon and Her Con svtiona Rights and “Vicente Ochoa, Dead Many Times” the propaganda leaded forthe commutation ofthe death sentence against Viceta Ochos! A poor young, marred mother who was expecting he second child, Ochoa was {o be eaceuted in the popula Plaaof Sa Jacinto because she had stolen fom find murdered Mara dela Cru, female slave Inthe opinion ofthe “eonst tutional friends of humanity” (a the publishers ofthe flyers called them ‘eies) the eyes of cvlation and af the new republic demanded that such a Aastic act be dicused ina pli forum. A the same time, costered nuns tnd another group of women cling themseles "mothers of Caracas” pet- tioned the president of Gran Colombia (asthe republic comprising Calo bi, Venezu, and Ecuador founded io 1819 and lasing wai 1850 wos dalla) to commute Ochoa’ sentence of death. "The vices of those participating in the debate over Ochs’ sentence evel that, while in agreement a othe need to save Ochos life, women and men eed in their arguments an strategies aswel asi ther under}ying poit- {eal aims. Given that women’s partition in polit inthe new republic twas not acceptable, Ochos's death seatence created, intentionally oF 10% an ‘portunity fo bring attention to womeats plight. This chapter afers 2 gen ‘ete andi, that a dtcussion of how some men and women may ave txpetienced this event, the possible meanings oftheir argument, and how that discussion, a definitive ides of unequal rationships of power among the ‘eats emerged out oftheir statements Inthe arguments used to save Vieata