Nama Kelompok :

1. Dwi Chandra Saputra

2. Muhammad Rakha Sayamputra

NATURAL DISASTER IN INDONESIAN

1. Volcanic Eruptions

Indonesia is a country that has the most active volcanoes in the world. The Eurasian
Plate, the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate are three active tectonic plates that
cause collision zones which then form these volcanoes. Indonesia is estimated to have
129 volcanoes, all of which are carefully monitored by the Center for Volcanology and
Geological Hazard Mitigation. This is done because a number of volcanoes in Indonesia
continue to show activity. Moreover, it is estimated that more than five million people
live (and/or work) in the "danger zone" of a volcano (which should be evacuated
immediately if the volcano shows a significant increase in activity).

There is at least one significant volcanic eruption in Indonesia every year. However,
this usually does not cause major damage to the environment or cause loss of life because
the most active volcanoes are usually located in remote places.

Some of the major volcanic eruptions in Indonesia's history are listed in the table
below. This list includes only eruptions that were large in scale and killed at least 20
people.
In addition to causing fatalities, volcanic eruptions can cause significant damage to the
local economy by harming small and medium-sized companies involved in the tourism,
culinary, commercial accommodation, agriculture, plantation and livestock industries.

Volcanic eruptions now take fewer lives (than in the past) due to better methods of
volcano surveillance combined with more organized emergency evacuations. However,
given that the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation carefully
monitors all volcanoes in Indonesia and immediately reports to the authorities and local
residents if a volcano exhibits dangerous activity, the death toll should be very low
because local residents have enough time. to leave the danger zone.

The problem is, many locals refuse to leave their homes (which are in the danger
zone). This refusal could be related to their livelihood (eg their farms or gardens - their
only source of income - are in the danger zone). But the refusal can also be explained by
animistic belief systems (a warning sign of a volcano - such as ash and thunder - was
considered a sign of the anger of their ancestors, and by praying to local gods, local
people believed they would be protected).
2. Earthquake

Earthquakes are probably the biggest natural disaster threat in Indonesia because
they occur suddenly and can strike densely populated areas, such as big cities.
Earthquakes measuring around 5 on the Richter scale occur almost daily in Indonesia but
usually cause no - or only minor - damage. If the earthquake strength exceeds 6 on the
Richter scale, an earthquake can cause a lot of damage. On average, every year there is
one earthquake with 6 on the Richter scale (or more) in Indonesia and causes loss of life
and damage to infrastructure and the environment.

Earthquakes are a constant threat in Indonesia due to the confluence of tectonic

plates and volcanic activity in this region. Some earth scientists are currently waiting for
the next "big earthquake" in Indonesia due to the heavy pressure on one of the earth's
major plate boundaries west of Sumatra (i.e. the "collision" between the Indian oceanic
plate and the Asian plate), which is similar to a magnitude 9 earthquake, 2 which
occurred on 26 December 2004 and caused a severe tsunami (more information on this
tsunami is provided below). However, scientists do not know when, or where, the next
major earthquake will occur.

Part of the reason for the large number of deaths in Indonesia during major
earthquakes is due to poor construction of houses and infrastructure. That is why a
moderate earthquake can cause many casualties, the collapse of buildings, and the loss of
shelter for many people. A publication from the World Bank (released in October 2010)
expressed concern about the dire repercussions that would occur if an earthquake
measuring 8.5 on the Richter scale occurred in a megapolitan like Jakarta.

3. Tsunami

An earthquake or volcanic eruption in the ocean can cause a tsunami wave that has
a terrible impact on humans and all objects near the sea. In 2004, several countries in the
world were rocked by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean and the tsunami that followed,
killing 167,000 people in Indonesia (mainly Aceh) and causing displacement of more
than half a million people as thousands of homes were removed by the sea. Although a
tsunami as large as the one in late 2004 is extremely rare, the Sumatra region is often
struck by underwater earthquakes that have the potential to cause a tsunami.

With the 2004 tsunami still fresh in memory, the level of public concern is very
high. Indonesians living in villages or towns near the coast often flee to hilly areas
(located further inland) after an earthquake occurs because they are afraid of becoming
victims of a tsunami (although usually a false alarm due to the absence of a tsunami). . On
average, every five years a major tsunami occurs in Indonesia, usually on the islands of
Sumatra and Java. In general, the damage to infrastructure outweighs the loss of life.
There are warning system devices installed in many coastal areas but there are reports that
not all of them are functioning properly.
4. Floods

The rainy season in Indonesia (which occurs from December to March) usually
causes heavy rainfall. Combined with deforestation and drains clogged with garbage, this
can cause rivers to overflow and flood. Floods and landslides occur in many parts of
Indonesia and can cause hundreds of casualties, destruction of homes and other
infrastructure, and loss of local businesses. Even in a megapolitan like Jakarta, flooding
occurs regularly (every year) due to poor water management combined with heavy
rainfall. For example in January 2013, a very large area of Jakarta was flooded. This
affected more than 100,000 homes and caused the loss of life of more than 20 people.
Also in February 2017 Jakarta was plagued by massive flooding that caused thousands of
homes to be inundated with brown murky water, sometimes as deep as 1.5 meters.

During the rainy season, floods usually disrupt distribution channels and therefore
Indonesia tends to experience inflationary pressures during January and February when
the rainy season tends to peak. Wet conditions can be made worse by the La Nina weather
phenomenon. La Nina (essentially the opposite of El Nino), is a phenomenon that occurs
once every five years on average, bringing cooler-than-average ocean temperatures in the
tropical areas of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. Therefore it causes wetter than
usual weather in Southeast Asia, usually from November to February.

5. Forest Fires

In general, Indonesians have low awareness of sustainable environmental practices. This

is reflected in the use of slash-and-burn practices by smallholders and companies (a
strategy to clear land for plantation development, usually for expansion of oil palm
plantations or the pulp and paper industry), especially on the islands of Sumatra and
Kalimantan. The slash-and-burn strategy is the least expensive option which is why it is
often used. While this practice is not actually permitted by Indonesian law, weak law
enforcement and the presence of corruption make it possible. However, this practice
implies major risks and impacts for the environment.

For example, forest fires that occurred in June to October 2015 were very out of control.
According to a World Bank report - released in December 2015 - about 100,000 man-
made fires (fires) destroyed about 2.6 million hectares of land between June and October
2015 and caused toxic haze to spread to other parts of Southeast Asia, causing tensions.
diplomatic. This disaster is estimated to cost IDR 221 trillion (1.9 percent of gross
domestic product) and emit about 11.3 million tons of carbon every day (a figure that
exceeds 8.9 million tons of daily carbon emissions in the European Union), making it one
of the most one of the worst natural disasters in human history.
The forest fires in 2015 got very out of control due to the unusually dry weather. The El
Nino weather phenomenon, the strongest since 1997, brought severe dry weather to
Southeast Asia and therefore firefighters could not count on support from rain. El Nino,
which (on average) occurs once every five years, causes climate change in the Pacific
Ocean which then causes drought in Southeast Asia and therefore also has a large impact
on agricultural commodity harvests.

QUESTION

1. What is a tsunami?
2. Who was affected by the tsunami?
3. When was the tsunami that occurred in Indonesia that killed 167,000 people?
4. Where was the tsunami that occurred in 2004?
5. Why did the tsunami occur in Indonesia?
6. How do you know if a tsunami is coming?

Dwi & Rakha