See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/351590541

Review on Antibiotics and their Positive and Negative Impact on Health

Article · May 2021

CITATIONS READS

0 1,123

4 authors:

Intisar Obaid Alfatlawi Amal Saadoon Majeed

Altoosi University College University Of Kufa
21 PUBLICATIONS   74 CITATIONS    41 PUBLICATIONS   27 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Dr.Saher Mahmood Jawd Anaam Jawad Alabbasy

University University Of Kufa
94 PUBLICATIONS   366 CITATIONS    35 PUBLICATIONS   41 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Comparative study of sequential and synchronous merging zone technique View project

Certificates of Achievement View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Dr.Saher Mahmood Jawd on 14 May 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Trends in e-ISSN: 2582-4457
Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June, 2021)

www.matjournals.com

Review on Antibiotics and their Positive and Negative Impact on Health

Intisar Obaid Alfatlawi1, Amal Saadoon Majeed2, Saher Mahmood Jawd3*, Anaam Jawad
Alabbasy4
1
Lecturer, Chemistry Field, Department of Altoosi University College, Iraq
2
Assistant Professor, Sub-Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Nursing, Kufa University, Iraq
3, 4
Professor, Department of Biology, College of Education, Kufa University, Iraq

ABSTRACT
Most of the antibiotics were discovered by
chance. Antibiotic production can be
divided into three methods: natural
fermentation, semi-synthetic, and synthetic
methods. As bacteria carry on be
impervious to antibiotics, investigation and
expansion of novel antibiotics endures to be
significant. Perfections in this part have
gotten the capability to enhance antibiotics
straight to entrenched strategies, banish
antibiotics for straight distribution, besides
combination antibiotics through non-
antibiotics to progress outcomes. The
increase in disease-causing bacteria strains
that are resistant to antibiotics has
increased the urgency to fund research and
development of antibiotics and the desire to
produce new and better antibiotics., For
more than 2,500 years, people have treated
some skin infections with moldy fungi,
which are antibiotics. However, the modern
scientific study of these materials did not
begin until the late nineteenth century AD.
At that time, French chemist Louis Pasteur
discovered that bacteria spread infectious
diseases. Then the German bacteriologist
Robert Koch developed methods for
separating and preparing different types of
bacteria. Koch has also identified specific
bacteria that cause certain diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Antibiotic, are organic materials produced by
microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi
during their growth and are able in low
concentration to destroy or inhibit the growth
of microorganisms other than the organisms
that produced them [1-3]. Or they are
substances produced by many microorganisms
(bacteria, fungi) that disrupt the growth of
other microorganisms and ultimately eliminate
them. Antibiotics can be classified as either
stopping the growth of germs, or fatal to them.
People expand the term to include synthetic
antibacterial such as sulfonamides and
quinolones. There are numerous appliances via
which the bacteria struggle the antibiotic, like
the evacuation of enzymes that interrupt it,
besides this is what transpires in the
circumstance of bacteria impervious to
penicillin "G" that harvests the enzyme beta-
lactamases that dislocate this antibiotic [4-6].
Antibiotics assumed to faunas for example
intimidates, conformist in addition roosters on
homesteads principal to the appearance of
impervious draining of bacteria, besides that
these antibiotics influence human physiques
once they plague their essence besides milk,
then thus central to the appearance of
impervious draining of microorganisms[7-11]
shown in Fig 1-3.

Keywords-- Antibiotic, Bacteria, Disease,

Effect, Microbial, disease, Penicillin

36 Page 36-44 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved

 Trends in e-ISSN: 2582-4457
Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June, 2021)

www.matjournals.com

Figure 1: Antibiotics as tables.

Figure 2: Antibiotics as injection.

Figure 3: Antibiotics as a cream.

37 Page 36-44 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved

 Trends in
Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology
www.matjournals.com
HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS
Penicillin was the basis of treatment
for many infectious diseases before the
beginning of the twentieth century medical
literature. As a treatment for inflammation, it
was mentioned in ancient Chinese medicine
using plants that have powerful properties
such as antibiotics. It began to be used more
than 2,500 years ago. And in many other
ancient cultures, including the ancient
Egyptians, Greeks and Arabs in the Middle
Ages [12-15], mold was used. Eucalyptus bark
was an effective treatment for malaria on a
large scale in the seventeenth century, disease
caused by parasites of the genus Biomorphs
and the use of scientific efforts to understand
what causes these diseases, the development of
chemotherapy for synthetic antibiotics, and the
isolation imposed on natural antibiotics
remarkable development in antibiotics.
Vitality, The story of antibiotic chemotherapy
began as a science in Germany with Ehrlich,
the late nineteenth century [16-19]. Dr. Ehrlich
noticed that certain pigments could enter and
stain human and animal cells and
microorganisms, while others would not color
them. Then he suggested the idea that it might
be possible to make some dyes or chemicals
that would act as a magic solution or a
selective drug that could bind to the
microorganisms and then kill them without
harming the host's cells. After many
experiments and sorting hundreds of dyes
against various organisms, he discovered a
useful medicinal drug, which is an antibiotic
discovered by humans The discovery of
natural antibiotics produced by
microorganisms stemmed from previous work
in monitoring antibiotics between
microorganisms. Pasteur noted that “if we
were able to intervene in the antagonism that
exists between some types of
microorganisms”, this might provide the
greatest hope for a cure. The bacterial
antagonism shown by Penicillium was first
described by John Tyndall in England in 1875.
However, his work has not received much
attention from the circles. Scientific, until
Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in
1928. Until then, the therapeutic potential of
penicillin had not been pursued, but more than
ten years later, Ernst Chen Howard Florey
became interested in Fleming’s work. Thus, a
38 Page 36-44 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
e-ISSN: 2582-4457
Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June, 2021)
purified form of penicillin was produced that
showed anti-bacterial activity against a wide
range of germs. With low toxicity to the host
as it can be ingested without harmful effects.
Moreover, unlike sulfonamides, its effects
were not inhibited by biological agents such as
pus exudates. At the time, no one had
discovered a compound equivalent to this
activity [20-22]. The discovery of penicillin
led to a renewed interest in the search for
compounds of antibiotics with similar
capabilities. Because of the discovery of
penicillin, Ernst Chen, Howard Florey and
Alexander Fleming shared the Nobel Prize in
Medicine in 1945. In 1939 Rene Dupus
isolated gramicidin, one of the first
commercially made antibiotics used during
World War II to prove highly effective in
treating wounds and sores. Fleury credited
Dubos for reviving his research on penicillin
[23-25].
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF
ANTIBIOTICS IN THE BODY
Evaluation of the effect of an
antibiotic is crucial to the success of
antibacterial treatment. We recall here that
non-microbiological factors - such as host
defense mechanisms, location of infection,
underlying disease, pharmacokinetic and
pharmacokinetic properties of antibiotics -
interfere in determining treatment efficacy and
success. Antibiotics are mainly classified as
either bactericidal, meaning they have a fatal
effect, or they are bacteriostatic, meaning they
inhibit their growth. The effect of bactericidal
antibiotics is in the stage of bacterial growth
and reproduction. In most cases, but not all,
the action of many of these antibiotics depends
on the activity of cells and their continuous
division. ; But in practice, both of these types
are able to eliminate bacterial infection, In
vitro characterization of the action of the
antibiotic to assess the measurement of the
activity of the minimum concentration and the
minimum inhibitory concentration of the
bacterium having excellent antimicrobial and
excellent indicators of antimicrobial potency
[26-29]. However, in clinical practice, these
measurements alone are not sufficient to
predict clinical outcomes. By combining the
pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic and the
antibacterial activity, several pharmacokinetic
 Trends in
Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology
www.matjournals.com
parameters appear to be significant markers of
drug efficacy. This activity may be from the
concentration-dependent antibiotic and the
characteristic increase in bacterial activity.
With gradually higher antibiotic
concentrations, it is vitally important that the
minimum inhibitory serum concentration is
maintained for a certain period of time. Oral
antibiotics simply mean to be swallowed
orally; IV antibiotics are used in more severe
cases, and antibiotics may sometimes be
Figure 4: Mechanism of action of antibiotics in the body.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
The emergence of antibiotic resistance
is an evolutionary process that relies on
selecting organisms that enhanced their ability
to survive with doses of antibiotics that were
previously lethal. The antibiotics like
penicillin and erythromycin that used to be
miracle cures are now less effective because
the bacteria are becoming more resistant.
Antibiotics themselves act as a selective
pressure that allows bacterial resistance to
grow within the population and inhibit
susceptible germs. The selection of antibiotics
for resistance within bacterial populations
appeared in the 1943 year of the Luria -
Delbrück experiment. Often the survival of the
bacteria results from the inheritance of
resistance, the risk of antibiotic resistance may
impose a biological cost and the spread of
antibiotic resistance has been hampered by the
low efficacy associated with resistance, which
proves the inadequate survival of the bacteria
when antibiotics were not present. However,
additional mutations may offset these costs
and efficiency and help these bacteria survive.
The overuse of antibiotics such as penicillin
39 Page 36-44 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
e-ISSN: 2582-4457
Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June, 2021)
applied topically to the skin or mucous
membranes, as is the case with ointments or
eye or nose drops, Antibiotics that target
bacterial cell wall (penicillin, cephalosporin)
or cell membranes (polymixin) or interfere
with basic bacterial enzymes (quinolones
sulfonamides) are usually bactericidal in
nature. Those that target protein synthesis,
such as aminoglycosides, macrolides and
tetracycline, are usually bacteriostatic [30, 31]
shown in Fig. 4.
and erythromycin that used to be one of the
miracle cures has been associated with
resistance emerging since the 1950s. The
therapeutic use of antibiotics in hospitals may
be seen to be associated with increased
resistance of bacteria to multiple antibiotics.
Common types of antibiotic misuse include
not taking the patient's weight and history of
antibiotic use into account before, as both can
severely affect the effectiveness of antibiotic
prescribing, and not fully taking the prescribed
antibiotic.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when
microorganisms develop the mechanisms that
protect them from the effect of antibiotics.
Resistant microorganisms are more difficult to
treat, require higher doses, or need alternative
treatments that may be more toxic, as well as
more expensive. Microorganisms that are
resistant to many antibiotics are called multi-
resistant. All kinds of microorganisms can
develop this resistance ability Fungi develop
resistance to antifungals, viruses develop
resistance to antivirals, protozoa develop
resistance to antivirals, and likewise bacteria
develop resistance to antibiotics. Resistance
arises either naturally through genetic
 Trends in
Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology
www.matjournals.com
mutations or through the transmission of
resistance from one sex that has acquired it to
another sex that has not acquired it yet. It may
also appear momentarily as a result of genetic
mutations, but the use of antibiotics for long
periods seems to stimulate the emergence of
mutations in the genes that cause resistance to
In particular. Accordingly, reducing the
misuse of antibiotics by not using them except
when they are really needed is an urgent
matter. As for patients who take these drugs at
home without consulting a doctor, educating
them about the correct way to use them is of
utmost importance. Antibiotic resistance is
used as a useful tool in the field of genetic
engineering. For example, a plasmid is made
that contains the antibiotic resistance gene in
addition to the genes desired to be translated,
in this way the researcher can make sure that
when the bacterial cells proliferate, only the
bacteria carrying the plasmid can survive
while the others die due to the effect of the
Figure 5: Antibiotic Resistance.
SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS
Although antibiotics are generally
considered safe, they have been associated
with a wide range of adverse effects. Side
effects are many and varied and can be very
dangerous depending on the antibiotic use and
the target microorganism. The safety features
of newer drugs may not be recognized as those
drugs that have been in use for many years. Its
harmful effects can range from fever and
nausea to major allergies such as
photodermatitis. Avoiding the use of
40 Page 36-44 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
e-ISSN: 2582-4457
Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June, 2021)
antibiotic. Thus, this method can confirm that
the desired genes to be translated are
transmitted through cells when they are
proliferated. The antibiotics used in the field
of genetic engineering are old and are no
longer used to treat patients, such as:
Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Tetracycline,
Chloramphenicol. The antibiotic resistance
method is not preferred in the industry, One of
the methods of combating antibiotic resistance
is the development of compounds capable of
inhibiting the mechanisms that allow germs to
resist the antibiotic. The most famous example
of this is the addition of clavulanic acid to the
compound amoxicillin and the production of
the world-famous compound amoxicillin /
clavulanic acid called Augmentin. This
addition allowed to inhibit the enzyme beta-
lactamase, which was produced by some
bacteria and was able to completely suppress
the action of amoxicillin [30-32] shown in Fig.
5.
antibiotics can, in some cases, reduce the
chances of infection with antibiotic-resistant
bacteria. One study showed that the use of
fluoroquinolone is clearly linked to
Clostridium difficile infections, which are the
main cause of hospitalized diarrhea in the
United States of America and the serious cause
of death in the world.
Vaccines do not have problems with
regard to resistance because the vaccine
increases the natural immunity of the body
while the antibiotic works independently of
this immunity. However, new bacterial strains
 Trends in e-ISSN: 2582-4457
Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June, 2021)

www.matjournals.com

evolve to escape the immunity resulting from Medical Journal. 24(6), 571-578.
the vaccine. The first years of the discovery of Available at:
antibiotics, they were produced naturally and https://www.hkmj.org/system/files/hkmj1
were produced by fungi, such as penicillin,
77149.pdf
which could produce antibiotics including
streptomycin and tetracycline to produce the 2. Duchesne E (23 September 2017)
largest amount of antibiotics. A mutation is . Duchesne's Antagonism between molds
often used by introducing a mutagen such as and bacteria, an English Colloquial
ultraviolet or X-rays. Selection and more Translation. ISBN 978-1-5498-1696-3.
Reproduction of high-yielding strains over 3. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali, Aseel
several generations can increase yields by 20 Mahmood Jawad, Imad Kareem Alwan
times or more, and another technique used to
Alsabri (2020). Public Health in
increase yields is gene amplification, in which
copies of genes encoding enzymes involved in Hospitals. Eliva Press. 1st Ed., ISBN:
producing antibiotics can be inserted back into 9798636352129 .
the cell, via Vectors like plasmids. This 4. Jawad, A. M., Nagham Mahmood
process should be closely related to re-testing Aljamali., & Aseel, M. J. (2020).
of antibiotic production [3, 32]. Innovation, Preparation of Cephalexin
Drug Derivatives and Studying of
CONCLUSION
(Toxicity & Resistance of
Despite the extensive hotchpotch of Infection). International Journal of
recognized antibiotics, a reduced amount of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(04),
1% of antimicrobial mediators has appreciated 3754-3767.
therapeutic or profitable constituents. The 5. Blaser, M. J., Melby, M. K., Lock, M.,
antibiotics are distinguished from each other & Nichter, M. (2021). Accounting for
by many things, including: the mechanisms of
variation in and overuse of antibiotics
action, and the types of germs that eliminate
them (germs are usually classified according among humans. BioEssays, 43(2),
to their shape, ability to live in the air, 2000163. DOI:
possibility of coloring, and other https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.20200016
considerations). Antibiotics are the most 3
important weapons of modern medicine, but 6. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali., Imad
they are losing their therapeutic capacity due Kareem Alwan A., Hasaneen Kudhair
to misuse, which is either by administering
Abdullabass., Aseel Mahmood Jawad.,
them unnecessarily, or by not completing the
prescribed amount, which led to the Intisar O Alfatlawi .,Ahmed Adnan
emergence of bacterial strains resistant to the Abdul H., Manar Ghyath Abd
antibiotic, and in some cases resistant to many Almutalib A ( May- June 2020).
of them, and the responsibility for this Review in SARS-Corona Virus
deterioration is partly due to reasons. Natural (Types, Infection, Diagnosis,
as a result of the adaptation of germs, and Chemical Antiseptics for this Virus).
many of them are due to human error in the
Journal of Science and Technology,
behavior of the doctor, the pharmacist, and the
patient 05(3) 111-224.
7. Aseel Mahmood Jawad , Nagham
REFERENCES Mahmood Aljamali., Jwad, S. M., MJ, A.,
& MJ, S. (2020). Development and
1. Hung, K. K., Lam, R. P., Lo, R. S., Preparation of ciprofloxacin Drug
Tenney, J. W., Yang, M. L., Tai, M. C., Derivatives for Treatment of Microbial
& Graham, C. A. (2018). Cross-sectional Contamination in Hospitals and
study on emergency department Environment. Indian Journal of Forensic
management of sepsis. Hong Kong Medicine & Toxicology, 14(2), 1115-

41 Page 36-44 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved

 Trends in e-ISSN: 2582-4457
Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June, 2021)

www.matjournals.com

1122. DOI: Kareem Alwan Alsabri , Nemah Sahib

https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.3067 Mohammed Husien , Ahmed Adnan
8. Imad Kareem Alwan Alsabri, Hasaneen Abdul Hussein, Wisam Hasan Ali
Kudhair Abdullabass, Nagham Mahmood Alfatoosi. Review on Reasons for The
Aljamali (2020). Invention of Spread of Corona Virus , International
(Gluta.Sulfazane-Cefixime) Compounds Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular
as Inhibitors of Cancerous Tumors. 11 (2) Processes. 2020; 6(1): 30-39p.,
44-55. DOI: 15. Rabab Mahdi Ubaid Mahmood,
http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcdr.2020.11.0 Intisar Obaid Alfatlawi, Saher
2.09 Mahmood Jawd., Review on Causes
9. Atared Saad Jebur AL-Mashhadi. (2021). of Diarrhea (Bacterial, Parasitic, Viral)
Review on Development of the Internal in Children., Journal of Clinical Trials
Control System. Journal of Accounting and Regulations ., Volume-3, Issue-1
Research, Business and Finance (January-June, 2021) .,p: 14-20.
Management. 2 (1) 12-20. 16. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali. (2016).
10. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali., Synthesis and Biological Study of Hetero
Abdullabass, H. K., Jawad, A. M., (Atoms and Cycles) Compounds. Der
Alfatlawi, I. O., & Jawd, S. M. (2020). PharmaChemica, 8(6) 40-48.
Review on Types of Automatic 17. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali., A M
Sterilization Systems in Jawad., Alfatlawi, I. O., Saher Mahmood
Hospitals. International Journal of Jawd. (2020). Review on Hospital
Industrial Biotechnology and Bacteria (Causes, Infections,
Biomaterials, 6(1), 15-21p. Prevention). Infection, 11, 16.
11. Kolář, M., Urbánek, K., & Látal, T. 18. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali., & Rabab
(2001). Antibiotic selective pressure and Mahdi Ubaid Mahmood. (2021).
development of bacterial Synthesis, Spectral Investigation and
resistance. International journal of Microbial Studying of Pyridine-
antimicrobial agents, 17(5), 357-363. Heterocyclic Compounds. European
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924- Journal of Molecular & Clinical
8579(01)00317-X Medicine, 7(11), 4444-4453.
12. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali, Hussein 19. Rabab Mahdi Ubaid Mahmood, Rajaa
Mejbel Azeez., Synthesis and Abdul Ameer Ghafil., Synthesis and
Characterization of Some New Formazan Characterization some Imidazolidine
- Cefixime and Study of Against Breast Derivatives and Study the Biological
Cancer Cells., Annals of R.S.C.B., Activity ,Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:
ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021., 1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021,
Pages. 8562 -8578. Pages . 569 - 584 .
13. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali, Asmaa 20. Mohammed, M., Nagham Mahmood
Kefah Mahdi., Synthesis, Aljamali., Abdalrahman, S. A., &
Identification and Anticancer Shubber, W. A. (2018). Formation of
Studying of Heterocyclic- Mefenamic Oxadiazole Derivatives Ligands from
Drug via Thiosemicarbazide., Annals Condensation and Imination Reaction
of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. with Reference to Spectral Investigation,
25, Issue 3, 2021., Pages. 8521 – 8537 Thermal and Microbial Assay. Biochem.
. Cell. Arch, 18(1), 847-853.
14. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali, 21. Shireen R. Rasool, Nagham Mahmood
Hasaneen Kudhair Abdullabass, Imad Aljamali , Ali Jassim Al-Zuhairi.,

42 Page 36-44 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved

 Trends in e-ISSN: 2582-4457
Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June, 2021)

www.matjournals.com

Guanine substituted heterocyclic http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-

derivatives as bioactive compounds., 360X.2015.00263.2
Biochem. Cell. Arch. Vol. 20, 28. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali., Jawd, S.
Supplement 2, pp. 3651-3655, 2020 ., M., Jawad, Z. M., & Alfatlawi, I. O.
DocID: (2017). Inhibition activity of (Azo–acetyl
https://connectjournals.com/03896.2020.2 acetone) on bacteria of mouth. Research
0.3651 Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.
22. Mohammed, M., Nagham Mahmood 10(6), 1683-1686.
Aljamali., & Abbas, N. A. (2018). 29. Azeez, H. M., & Nagham Mahmood
Preparation, Spectral Investigation, Aljamali .(2021). Synthesis and
Thermal Analysis, Biochemical Studyin Characterization of New Trimethoprim-
of New (Oxadiazole-Five Membered Formazan Derivatives with Studying
Ring)-Ligands. Journal of Global Them against Breast Cancer
Pharmacy Technology, 10(1), 20-29. Cells. International Journal of
23. Mestaf M, Nawfel Muhammed Baqer Biochemistry and Biomolecules, 7(1), 2.
Muhsin., NeuroQuantology, 2019.,17,11, 30. Pirotta, M. V., & Garland, S. M. (2006).
11-16 .,10.14704/nq.2019. Genital Candida species detected in
17.11.NQ19108. samples from women in Melbourne,
24. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali Australia, before and after treatment with
.,Synthesis of Antifungal Chemical antibiotics. Journal of clinical
Compounds from Fluconazole with microbiology, 44(9), 3213-3217.
(Pharma-Chemical) Studying, Available at: https://jcm.asm.org/content
Research journal of Pharmaceutical, /44/9/3213.short .
biological and chemical sciences, 31. Atared Saad Jebur AL-Mashhadi .
2017, 8 (3), 564 -573. Review on Programs of International
25. Hussein Ali Ahmed, Nagham Accounting Standards., Journals of Micro
Mahmood Aljamali .Preparation, & Small Business Management, 2 , 1
Characterization, Antibacterial Study, (January-June, 2021).
Toxicity Study of New Phenylene 32. Lewis, T., & Cook, J. (2014).
diamine-Formazan Derivatives. Indian Fluoroquinolones and tendinopathy: a
Journal of Forensic Medicine & guide for athletes and sports clinicians
Toxicology, April-June 2021, Vol. 15, and a systematic review of the
No. 2, DOI Number: literature. Journal of athletic
10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14848 . training, 49(3), 422-427. DOI: https://doi.
26. Kawther Mejbel Hussein, Review in org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.2.09
Digital Data in Supporting of 33. Marchant, J. (2018). When antibiotics
Information Technologies., Journal of turn toxic. Nature, 555(7697), 431-433.
Digital Integrated Circuits in Available at: https://refp.cohlife .org
Electrical Devices., 6, 1 (January- /when_antibiotics_turn_toxic.nature.2018
April, 2021)., P: 23-29. .pdf.
27. Panigrahy, U. P., & Reddy, A. (2015). A 34. Atared Saad Jebur AL-Mashhadi & Al-
novel validated RP-HPLC-DAD method Fadhel, M. A. (2020). The Role of
for the estimation of Eluxadoline in bulk Knowledge Machinery in Supporting
and pharmaceutical dosage Financial and Accounting Transparency
form. Research Journal of Pharmacy and in the Economic Unit. PalArch's Journal
Technology, 8(11), 1469-1476. DOI: of Archaeology of
Egypt/Egyptology, 17(8), 931-956.

43 Page 36-44 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved

 Trends in
Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology
www.matjournals.com
35. Wang, X., Ryu, D., Houtkooper, R. H., &
Auwerx, J. (2015). Antibiotic use and
abuse: a threat to mitochondria and
chloroplasts with impact on research,
health, and
environment. Bioessays, 37(10), 1045-
1053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bies
.201500071
36. Kawther Mejbel Hussein, Review on
Principles of Electrostatic Classification.,
Journal of Controller and Converters., 6,
1 (January-April, 2021., P: 37-45.
37. Ray, K. (2012). Adding weight to the
microbiota's role in obesity—exposure to
antibiotics early in life can lead to
increased adiposity. Nature Reviews
44 Page 36-44 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
View publication stats
e-ISSN: 2582-4457
Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June, 2021)
Endocrinology, 8(11), 623-623. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.173.
38. Atared Saad Jebur AL-Mashhadi, Muiead
A.K. Al-Fadhel (2021). Transformational
Leadership Model & Marketing
Supporting the Rall of Auditor According
to Job Ethics and International
Accounting Standard. Turkish Journal of
Computer and Mathematics Education,
12 (5), 1497-1511 .
39. Jess, T. (2014). Microbiota, antibiotics,
and obesity. New England Journal of
Medicine, 371(26), 2526-2528. Available
at: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full
/10.1056/NEJMcibr1409799