PHYSICS PROJECT

Name- ARYAN SHARMA

CLASS- XII-S2
ROLL NO.- 16
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ………………………………. is a

bonafide student of grade XII (session 2022-23) of THE
JAIN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, KANPUR and has
completed his/her project on the topic …………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………… of…………………… under my
supervision and guidance.

External Examiner Internal Examiner Mr. M.K.

Panda
(Principal)
 INDEX

SL.NO CONTENT PAGE

. NO.
1. Certificate 2

2. Acknowledgement 4

3. Aim/Objective 5

4. Introduction 6

5. About the topic 10

6. Experiment 14

7. Conclusion 19

8. Bibliography 20

9. End of project 21
ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
I have taken efforts in this project.
However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many
individuals. I would like to extend my
sincere thanks to all of them.
I thank God for providing me everything
that I required in completing the project.
I am highly indebted to the teacher
in-charge MR MOHIT TIWARI for his
guidance and constant supervision as well
as providing necessary information
regarding the project and also his support
in completing the project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my
classmates in developing the project and
the people who have willingly helped me
out with their abilities.
 OBJECTIVE

● To study the earth’s

magnetic field using a
compass needle-
● Bar magnet by plotting field
lines.
● Using Tangent Galvanometer.
INTRODUCTION
Earth’s magnetic field, also known as the
geomagnetic field that extends from the Earth’s
interior to where it meets the solar wind, a stream
of charged particles emanating from the Sun. its
magnitude at the Earth’s surface ranges from 25
to 65 microteslas (0.25 to 0.65 gauss). Roughly
speaking it is the field of a magnetic dipole
currently titled at an angle of about 10 degrees
with respect to Earth’s rotational axis, as if there
were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the
centre of the Earth. Earth’s magnetic field changes
over time because it is generated by a
geodynamic.
The North and South magnetic poles wander
widely, but sufficiently slowly for ordinary
compasses to remain useful for navigation.
However, at irregular intervals averaging several
hundred thousand years. The Earth’s field reverses
and the North and South
Magnetic Poles relatively abruptly switch places. These
reversals of the geomagnetic poles leave a record in
rocks that are of value to paleomagnetists in calculating
geomatic fields in the past.

The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere

and extends several tens of thousands of kilometres
into space. Earth’s magnetic field serves to deflect most
of the solar wind, whose charged particles would
otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects the
Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Near the surface of the Earth, its magnetic field can be
closely approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole
positioned at the centre of the Earth and titled at an
angle of about 10 degrees with respect to the
rotational axis of the Earth. The dipole is roughly
equivalent to a powerful bar magnet, with its south
pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North pole. The
north pole of a magnet is so defined because, if
allowed to rotate freely, it points roughly northward (in
the geographic sense). Since the north pole of a
magnet attracts the south poles of other magnets and
repels the north poles, it must be attracted to south
pole.
ABOUT THE TOPIC
Tangent Galvanometer
A Tangent Galvanometer is an early
measuring instrument used for the
measurement of electric current. It works by
using a compass needle to compare a
magnetic field of the earth. It gets its name
from its operating principle, the tangent law
of magnetism.
TANGENT LAW OF MAGNETISM: This law
states that the tangent of the angle a compass
needle makes its proportional to the ratio of
the strengths of the two perpendicular
magnetic fields. It was described by Claude
Pouillet in 1837.
A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of
insulated copper wire wound on a circular
non- magnetic frame. The frame is mounted
vertically on a horizontal base provided with
levelling screws. The coil can be rotated on a
vertical axis passing through its centre. A
compass box is mounted horizontally at the
centre of a circular scale. It consists of a tiny,
powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the
centre of the coil. The magnetic needle is free
to rotate in the horizontal plane. The circular
scale is divided into four quadrants. Each
quadrant is graduated from 0° to 90°. A long
thin aluminium pointer is attached to the
needle at its centre and at right angle to it. To
avoid errors due to parallax, a plane mirror is
mounted below the compass needle.
In operation, the instrument is first rotated
until the magnetic field of the Earth, indicated
by the compass needle, is parallel with the
plane of the coil. Then the unknown current is
applied to the coil. Then the unknown
current is applied to the coil. This creates a
second magnetic field on the axis of the coil,
perpendicular to the Earth’s magnetic field.
The compass needle responds to the vector
sum of the two fields, and deflects to an angle
equal to the tangent of the ratio of the two
fields.

The current supply wires have to be wound in

a small helix, like a pig’s tail, otherwise the
field due to the wire will affect the compass
needle and an incorrect reading will be
obtained.
A tangent galvanometer can also be used to
measure the magnitude of the horizontal
component of the geomagnetic field. When
used in this way, a low-voltage power source,
such as a battery, is connected in series with a
rheostat, the galvanometer, and the ammeter.
The galvanometer is first aligned so that the
coil is parallel to the geomagnetic field, whose
direction is indicated by the compass when
there is no current through the coils. The
battery is then connected and the rheostat is
adjusted until the compass needle deflects
45° from geomagnetic field, indicating that
the magnitude of magnetic field at centre of
the coil is same as that of horizontal
component of the geomagnetic field.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MAGNETIC FIELDS
A magnetic field is the region around a magnet where a

force acts on another magnet or on a magnetic material.

DETECTING MAGNETIC FIELDS

A magnetic field is invisible, but it can be detected using a

magnetic compass. A compass contains a small bar magnet

on a pivot so that it can rotate. the compass needle points in

the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field, or the magnetic

field of a magnet.
 ●Magnetic fields can be
mapped out using small
plotting compasses:
1. Place the plotting compass near the
magnet on a piece of paper.
2. Mark the direction the compass
needle points. Move the plotting
compass to many different
positions in the magnetic field,
marking the needle direction each
time.
3. Join the points to show the field
lines.
The needle of a plotting compass
points to the south pole of the magnet.
DRAWING A MAGNETIC FIELD
The diagram shows the magnetic field
around a bar magnet.

The diagram shows these key features:

●The magnetic field lines never
cross each other.
●The closer the lines, the stronger
the magnetic field.
 ●The lines have arrowheads to
show the direction of the force
exerted by a magnetic north pole
●The arrowheads point from the
north pole of the magnet to its
south pole.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF TANGENT
GALVANOMETER
ADVANTAGES:
● It can be used to find the
horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field and to measure
electric field.
● It has more sensitivity, that is, it
can measure small changes in
current also.
● It is more accurate compared to
other types of galvanometers.
DISADVANTAGES:
● Itis not a direct reading
instrument to find current.
● After finding the deflection of
coil, the current is calculated
by using a formula. It cannot
measure very low currents.
CONCLUSION
In this lab we experimented with
magnetism and magnetic fields
through simulations. In the first
activity we used a compass relative to a
magnet and examined the effect of
different locations for the compass on the
magnet. We noticed that the magnetic
field showed the compasses all pointing in
one direction with the red arrow pointing
towards the south pole of the magnet. We
noticed that the magnetic field was the
strongest when it was very close to the
poles of the magnet. The strongest point
was in the middle of the magnet. We even
simulated the magnetism of the Earth and
ironically found that the geographic
locations of the North and South Pole are
opposite of the magnetic field of Earth.
BIBLIOGAPHY
✔ Wikipedia
✔ NCERT practical’s
✔ www.slideshare.net
✔ Illustrative Oxford Book
END OF PROJECT

THANK YOU!!