Phenolic acid:

Phenolic acid is a form of phytochemical usually known as polyphenol and one of the
primary families of phenolic compounds. The biggest concentrations of them may typically
be found in the various plant-based meals such seeds, fruit and vegetable skins, and seeds and
leaves.(Cooper & Nicola, 2014) The term "phenolic compound" refers to a wide variety of
plant substances with an aromatic ring containing one or more hydroxyl substituents. The
majority of phenolic compounds are glycosides, which are usually present in the cell vacuole,
and so have a propensity to be water-soluble. Although there are significant numbers of
simple monocyclic compounds, phenylpropanoids, and phenolic quinones, flavonoids make
up the largest group of the over a thousand natural phenolic compounds with known
structures.

Many plants contain the polyphenolic compound resveratrol (RV), which is also present in
berry, grape, and peanut fruits. It has a well-established relationship with a number of
positive health effects, such as glucose metabolism, anti-obesity, cardio protective
neuroprotective, and anti-tumour actions. Future pharmaceutical treatments for human
diseases that pose a concern to public health could include RV. Food-borne microorganisms
like E. coli are resistant to its antimicrobial capabilities. The actions of S. aureus and V.
cholera are mediated by the cleavage of DNA. They might serve as a barrier to prevent cell
division. RV performs and displays a wide range of curative medicine. A number of food-
borne pathogens can be inhibited by RV, among its numerous other inhibitory properties. It
has a wide range of therapeutic effects against different cancers, including neurogeneration. It
has several positive effects, including the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD),
cancer, and neurological, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and neurological disorders. But
RV continues to only do a little medical work. Numerous studies are being conducted to
determine the dosage and mode of action for the treatment of various disorders.(Zhang et al.,
2021) The expansion of compound research may contribute to increasing the longevity of
several species of creatures.
Polyphenolic substances are a diverse group of naturally occurring molecules that are known
as flavonoids and are present practically everywhere. The bulk of the over 8000 individual
flavonoids that have been identified so far can be found on the surfaces or in the cells of
various plant tissue organs. Wide variety of edible plant species contain flavonoids, which are
regarded to be a key nutritional component for humans. Flavonoids are one of the most
common and extensive classes of secondary metabolites, and because of their many
physiologically active components as well as the fact that they help give plants their colour,
they are extremely helpful to humanity. Due to the availability of foods containing flavonoids
and the confirmation of the reliable positive effects of flavonoids, such as the prevention of
cancer, there is a significant deal of interest in research.(Ashok & Upadhyaya, 2012)

Astringent and bitter, tannins are plant polyphenols that either connect to proteins and
precipitate them or shrink them. The mouth feels dry and puckery after consuming red wine,
strong tea, or an unripened fruit due to the tannins' astringency. Nevertheless, the phrase is
widely used to refer to any substantial polyphenolic substance that has enough hydroxyls and
other appropriate groups (such as carboxyls) to form robust complexes with proteins and
other macromolecules. The use of tannins in turning animal hides into leather is referred to as
"tannin." Tannins have molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3000. Tannins are
amorphous aggregates that resemble powder, flakes, or sponges and are yellowish or light
brown in colour. It's fascinating to notice that tannins are present in almost every type of
plant and environment on Earth. The name "tannin" is derived from the French word
"tannin," which means "tanning material," and is used to designate a range of natural
polyphenols. Mosses, fungi, and algae are lower plants with less tannin content. However, the
quantities of tannins in various plants vary. While many plants lack enough of them, certain
plants have significant levels of them. Tannins are frequently prevalent in tree bark, where
they protect the tree by acting as a barrier to microbes.(Ashok & Upadhyaya, 2012)

Quinones:

Quinones are a class of toxicological intermediates that have the capacity to affect a variety
of living things, including the development of cancer, acute cytotoxicity, and
immunotoxicity. Quinones can have a wide range of effects, and their modes of action can be
rather complex. Quinones are Michael acceptors and can cause cellular damage by alkylating
crucial cellular proteins and/or DNA. Quinones are highly redox active molecules that can
undergo a redox cycle with their semiquinone radicals, making it possible for them to
produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ultimately
the hydroxyl radical. The generation of ROS can substantially harm cells' resistance to
oxidative stress by leading to the oxidation of cellular macromolecules such lipids, proteins,
and DNA. Bases that have suffered oxidative damage, like 8-oxodeoxyguanosine, have been
related to ageing and the emergence of cancer. Additionally, ROS have the ability to activate
a number of signalling pathways, such as RAS and protein kinase C. In order to study the
many harmful effects of quinones, this article includes concrete examples such as benzene-
derived quinones, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, estrogens, and catecholamines. The
evidence is strong that the pathology of the parent chemical can be connected to the
numerous quinone toxicity mechanisms (such as alkylation vs oxidative stress).(Bolton et al.,
2000)