Introduction to Botany

Where do plants lock carbon dioxide? In their tissues

How do greenhouse gases heat the atmosphere? It absorbs infrared light
A substance from plant bark that prevents malaria. Quinine
Total land area of earth 510 065 284 km2
How much land area do forests occupy?
31%, 297 000 plant species existing
(40% is in SA, Africa, and SEA)
1900 – 70%
1999 – 18.3%
Decline of the Philippine forest
2010 – a. 6.6%
b. 19%
Tropical lowland evergreen rain forest
Tropical lower montane rain forest
Tropical upper montane rain forest Typically mossy
Tropical subalpine forest
Forest over limestone or carst (???) Yellowish gold
Forest over ultramafic rock Typically red soil, rich in iron
Beach forest
Mangrove forest Efficient buffers in water surges
Heat swamp forest
Freshwater swamp forest
Tropical semi evergreen rain forest
Tropical moist deciduous forest
Anthropogenic activities cause forests to decline
Common Plant Phyla
Green algae Chlorophyta
Non-vascular plants Bryophytes
Lycopods Lycopodiophyta
Ferns Pteridophyta
Cone-bearing plants, conifers Gymnosperms
Flowering plants (most common, evolved 100-120 million
years ago, lower cretaceous period) Angiosperms
Oldest and largest global environmental network
International Union of Conservation of Nature
dedicated in conserving biodiversity
Saribus (genus) rotundifolius (specific epithet)
Anahaw
Family: Arecaceae
Pterocarpus indicus
Narra
Family: Fabaceae
Euanthe sanderiana
Family: Orchidaceae
Waling-waling
Epiphytic plant (grows on another plant or object for
physical support, not parasitic)
Parasitic flowering plant
Rafflesia Host is the tetrastigma
Some are endemic in the Philippines
Accumulation of co2
Responsible for changing global climate (Plants can’t reverse accumulation because release of co2
exceeds assimilation)
Scientific study of plants
Botany
Classification or systematics
Study of structure and interactions of different parts of
Plant physiology
plants to maintain its life processes
Based on the phylogenetic tree, they are more related to
Fungi were once considered plants but are now excluded. animals. Morphologically speaking, they can be more
Why? related to plants. Through DNA sequences, species are
declassified to their evolutionary classifications.
Yes, because they have similar biochemistry and cell
structure.
Are green algae plants? No, because their genetics, anatomy, and reproduction
differ.
(Still included in the study of botany)
Plants’ means of storing and using information Genes
Applying human characteristics to non-human organisms
Anthropomorphism
or things
Assumption that processes or structures have a purpose Teleology
Types of Plant Tissues
Outermost layer for protection Dermal
Bulk of inner layers Ground
Conducting tissue for support Vascular
Tissues composed of one kind of cell Simple
Tissues composed of more than one kind of cell Complex
Root system
- Anchors the plant
Underground portion of the plant
- Absorbs water and minerals
- Storage and synthesis of hormones
Shoot system
- Support
Aerial portion of the plant - Transportation of water and minerals
- Photosynthesis
- Reproductive part
From a group of green algae 850 million years ago, but
algae may also have evolved as early as 1 billion year ago.
Where did plants evolve from?
Lost algal features to gain characteristics necessary to
survive life on land through natural selection
Process that results in the adaptation of an organism in
Natural selection
its environment
When did life on Earth begin? 3.5 billion years ago with prokaryotes (lack nuclei)
When did photosynthesis first take place? 2.8 billion years ago in a cyanobacterium
- Eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic association
with prokaryotes, supported by studies in mitochondria
Endosymbiosis theory and chloroplast believed to have evolved from bacteria
living in large cells
Some organelles in eukaryotes were prokaryotic microbes
Bacteria
Domains Archaea
Eukarya
Unchanged morphological characteristics of species to its
Relictual or plesiomorphic features
ancestors
Physical features unique to particular species, features
Apomorphic features
that evolved from ancestral species
Response resulting in curvature of organs toward or away
Tropism
from a stimulus, a growth response
Life cycle found in plants that alternates between two
Alteration of Generation
different versions of adult plants
Haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis Gametophytic (n)
Diploid and produces haploid spores by meiosis Sporophytic (2n)

Plant Life and Cell Structure

Functions:
Cell metabolism and energy use
Synthesis of molecules
Communication
Reproduction and inheritance
Studied plant cells Matthias Schleiden
Studied animal cells Theodore Schwann
Theorized biogenesis Rudolf Virchow
1. All living things consist of cells
Cell theory
2. All cells came from pre-existing cells (biogenesis)
Outermost component of the cell that controls
movement in and out of the cell, phospholipid bilayer
polar hydrophilic – phosphate layer Plasma membrane
non-polar hydrophobic – lipid layer ‘tail’
semi-permeable
Movement of solute from higher to lower solute Diffusion
 concentration (emphasis on solute molecules)
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
Osmosis
membrane (emphasis on solvent molecules)
Solution with same solute concentration as another
Isotonic
solution, no net movement of water particles
Higher solute concentration than another solution, water
Hypertonic
particles will move out of the cell
The cell will plasmolyze and produce crenation, cell will
What happens when water particles move out of the cell?
shrink
Lower solute concentration than another solution, water
particles will move into the cell and the cell will expand Hypotonic
and eventually lyse
Moves substances across the cell membrane from an
area of low concentration to an area of higher Active diffusion
concentration, ATP is required
Intake of material through the cell membrane by a
Endocytosis
formation of a vesicle
Intake of liquid Pinocytosis
Intake of solid Phagocytosis
Material is eliminated from the cell Exocystosis
Colorless material comprised of all the living materials of
Protoplasm
the cell, includes organelles but not the cell wall
Who coined the term protoplasm? J.E. Purkinje
Stores the organism’s genetic information
Contains nuclear pores where materials pass in and out
of the nucleus
Nucleus
separated from the cytoplasm through the nuclear
membrane (has outer and inner nuclear membrane)
occupies up to 50% of cell volume
Dense region where RNA is synthesized Nucleolus
Silver material inside the nucleus Nucleoplasm
Protein that provides structural support to chromosomes,
Histone
gives the chromosomes a compact shape
Stores water, salts, crystals, starch, protein, bodies, and
other granules
Central vacuole
Critical for cell enlargement
80% of the plant cell cytoplasm
Single membrane of the vacuole Tonoplast
Site of cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell
Produces ATP Mitochondria
Have circular DNA like that in prokaryotes
Inner membrane folds in the mitochondria Cristae
Double-membrane organelle found in plants and algae,
Plastids
manufacturing and storing food, includes chloroplasts
Inner fluid of the plastid Stroma
Stacks of thylakoids Granum
Site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Stroma and granum
Type of plastid responsible for photosynthesis, contains
Chloroplast
chlorophyll, has own DNA
Starch-storing plastid
Occurs in non-photosynthetic areas of the plant Amyloplast
Compartment-like membrane stores the starch
Plastid that stores bright lipid pigments found in some
fruits and flowers, typically containing a yellow or orange Chromoplast
pigment
Large, colorless organelle for storage of starch, fat, and
Leucoplast
lipid, also involved in fat and lipid synthesis
Iron protein complex almost exclusively stored in plastids Phytoferritin
Most plastids are found in root and shoot tips
(meristems)
Protein factories of the cell, protein synthesis (occurs in
the cytoplasm and rough ER), translation (creation of Ribosomes
proteins)
 Cluster of ribosomes bound together by messenger RNA Polysome
System of narrow tubes and sheets of membrane that
moves materials around the cell, important in both Endoplasmic reticulum
manufacturing and transporting of molecules
ER covered with ribosomes, protein synthesis Rough ER
ER involved in lipid synthesis and membrane assembly Smooth ER
Stacks of thin vesicles held together in an array that
processes materials to be secreted, small Golgi
Dictyosomes
apparatus, dito pumupunta yung protein na nasynthesize
ng rough ER
System consisting of all the cell membranes except for
the inner membrane of mitochondria and plastids, endo
Endomembrane system
“within”, works together to modify and transport lipids
and proteins
Clear substance of the cytoplasm, various organelles and
Cytosol
particles are suspended
Organelle found in animal and plant cells, only visible
under the electron microscope, contain oxidative
enzymes (production and accumulation of oxygen Microbodies
reaction), small spherical bodies that isolate reactions
that produce or use hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2)
Detoxifying by-products of photosynthesis Peroxisomes
Involved in converting stored fats into sugars Glyoxysomes
Provides shape and support for the internal system of the
cell, framework
Cytoskeleton
Means of motility for organelles and whole cells
Separates chromatids during cell division
Structural elements of the cell that act as a cytoskeleton,
Microtubules
provides structural support
Two types of protein with a globular tertiary structure
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin
that makes up the microtubules
Maintains cell shape Intermediate filaments
Involved in structure and movement Microfilaments
Microfilaments are assemblies of what globular protein? Actin
Starch (sometimes converted into lipids and stored as
large oil droplets)
Other products that plants can store
Crystals of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate
Silica, tannins, or phenols
Provides support and protection to plant and bacterial
Cell wall
cells, also a site of considerable metabolism
Cellulose (mainly)
Primary components of the cell wall Hemicellulose
Pectin
Components of the primary cell wall Polysaccharide cellulose and pectin
Structural fiber, intracellular layer of plant cells mainly in
Pectin
fruits
Polysaccharides that bind cellulose microfibrils Hemicellulose
Crystallized parallel cellulose molecules Microfibrils
How is the wall of one cell glued to adjacent cells? Through the middle lamella composed of pectins
Some cells contain secondary wall that forms between
the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane
Allows direct communication in plant cells
Plasmodesmata
Small channels that connect adjacent cells
Connects ER to adjacent plant cells, connected through
plasmodesmata and the particular connection is called Desmotubule
the ______