Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Performance analysis of journal bearing operating on nanolubricants

with TiO2, CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles as lubricant additives
Tushar P. Gundarneeya a,⇑, D.P. Vakharia b
a
Mechanical Engineering Department, Government Engineering College, Surat 395001, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVNIT, Surat 395007, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Present experimental study investigate the performance analysis of Journal bearing operating on
Available online xxxx Nanolubricants prepared by adding TiO2, CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles as lubricant additives in Avalon
ISO Viscosity grade 46 oil. By adding nanoparticles, the viscosity of the lubricant oil is improved, and,
Keywords: in effect, a performance characteristic of journal bearing is enhanced. Nanoparticles used for present
Hydrodynamic journal bearing work is mixed with base oil with volume fractions of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% with the help of mechanical
Nanolubricants agitator and ultrasonication. Journal bearing Test Rig TR-60 is used to experimentally investigate pressure
Viscosity
distribution and load carrying capacity. Performance of bearing is measured at speeds 250 rpm, 500 rpm
Pressure distribution
Load carrying capacity
and at loads 300 N and 450 N. The results indicate a rise in maximum pressure and load carrying capacity
of journal bearing by adding TiO2, CuO, and Al2O3 nanoparticles as lubricant additives compared to base
oil without nanoparticles additives.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Second International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering (ICAMSE 2021).

1. Introduction additive in lubricant. In contrast to base fluids, few studies have

Due to the lower wear and strong damping features, journal
bearings are commonly used in rotating machines. [1]. Journal
bearings are used as essential bearings in most rotating machinery,
such as steam turbine, blower, compressor, internal combustion
engine, rolling mills and ship propulsion shafts etc. There is a need
for improvement in journal bearings performance [2]. Tribologists
have been continually challenged by growing load and speed con-
ditions in modern machines to develop better solutions to improve
the efficiency of support bearings. A great deal of significance is
given to improving the properties of oil usage in addition to new
designs in bearing configurations. [3–6]. Nanotechnology is known
as a 21st century futuristic technology. Due to their small size and
very large specific surface area, nanoparticles have many remark-
able properties. In order to generate solutions to current engineer-
ing problems, nanoparticles are increasingly being used.
Nanolubricants are a new class of lubricants formulated by insert-
ing nanometer scaled particles in the base fluid. Nanotribology has
recently shown the property of decreasing friction and wear and
greater capacity for load carrying using nanoparticles as an
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: tushar_7211@yahoo.com (T.P. Gundarneeya).
documented enhanced rheological behaviour of nanofluids. In
recent years, rheological research on nanofluids has earned great
impetus. Many re-searchers have investigated the viscosity of
aqueous based nanofluids. Recent research has showed that the
addition of nanoparticles to lubricants results in increased viscos-
ity relative to oils without nanoparticles being added [24–26]. In
addition, the pressure distribution, load carrying capacity and
other static and dynamic features of journal bearings are affected
by these nanoparticles mixed in the lubricants.
2. Literature review
K. G. Binu et al. [6] used TiO2 nanoparticle to prepare nanolubri-
cant as a lubricant additive by taking particle concentration as /
= 0.02 to study static performance properties of Journal bearings
working in the low shear state. This study simulated static charac-
teristics like pressure, load capacity and friction force for TiO2
nanolubricants. Results indicate increase in pressure and load car-
rying capacity in low shearing condition compared to high shear.
Kalakada Sreedhar Babu et al. [7] developed mathematical model
to study effect on viscosity for the nanolubricant prepared by
adding Al2O3 and ZnO in SAE-15 W40 multi-grade engine oil. This
developed approach utilizes to identify static Journal bearing

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.350
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Second International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering (ICAMSE 2021).

Please cite this article as: T.P. Gundarneeya and D.P. Vakharia, Performance analysis of journal bearing operating on nanolubricants with TiO2, CuO and
Al2O3 nanoparticles as lubricant additives, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.350
T.P. Gundarneeya and D.P. Vakharia
properties such as load capacity, friction force and end leakage.
Computational results show addition of nanoparticle increases
lubricant viscosity which in turn increase load carrying capacity
by 12.53% (Al2O3) and 11.16% (ZnO) at eccentricity ratio e = 0.9.
Binu K. G. et al. [8] studied effect of TiO2 nanoparticles as lubricant
additives on viscosity of lubricant using modified Krieger-
Dougherty viscosity model. Experimental measurement of viscos-
ity is carried out using rotational rheometer at different shear con-
dition and variable temperature. DLS particle size analysis is used
to evaluate the distribution of particle size in order to identify
the aggregate size of nanoparticles in engine oil. Study reported
that higher value of aggregate particle size increases load carrying
capacity significantly. B. S. Shenoy etal. [9] studied the influence of
additives such as TiO2, CuO, and Nano-Diamond as nanoparticles in
API-SF engine oil, on different performance variables like, pressure
distribution, load capacity, oil flow, friction force of externally
adjustable fluid-film bearing. API-SF engine oil particularly with
titanium dioxide nanoparticles improves load carrying capacity,
which is obtained around 23 percent and 35 percent greater than,
with API-SF engine oil without additives for nanoparticles and base
Oil, respectively. Furthermore addition of nanoparticles found to
increase friction force and reduction in end leakage.
K. Prabhakaran Nair et al. [10] investigated static as well as
dynamic performance variables of journal bearing running with
oil having nanoparticle as lubricant additives. Result reveals by
adding nanoparticle in lubricating oil increase the viscosity and
as a effect it changes static as well as dynamic performance vari-
ables of journal bearing. Saju K. K et al. [11] studied static as well
as dynamic characteristics of journal bearing working on nanoflu-
ids. Nanoparticles such as copper oxide, titanium dioxide as well as
nanodiamond in engine oil have been used (SAE30 LB51153). In all
cases with nanolubricants, increase in load carrying capacity has
been observed with nanolubricants and it has been observed that
by adding titanium dioxide as nanoparticles in the oil produces sig-
nificant increase in load capacity. The addition of nanoparticles fur-
ther increases the threshold velocity and minimizes the frequency
of the damped whirl. This behavior shows that the addition of
nanoparticles improves the bearing system stability. Ashutosh
Kumar et al. [12] analyses static as well as dynamic performance
variable for two-lobe journal bearing on TiO2 mixed in lubricant
oil. Results reveal increase in load capacity as well as flow coeffi-
cient whereas without influencing the steadiness of the two-lobe
journal bearing with the application of nanofluids, the friction
parameter reduces. Sreedhar Babu Kalakada et al. [13] studied sta-
tic performance characteristics for nanolubricant-operating ther-
mohydrodynamic journal bearings. Various nanoparticles used
are CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3, and the lubricant used is SAE15W40
multigrade oil. The load carrying capacity of the journal bearing
for different eccentricity ratios is increased by nanolubricants,
and this increase is more significant in the thermoviscous case
and at a high eccentricity ratio value. S. B. Kalakada et al. [14] car-
ried thermohydrodynamic analysis of the journal bearing that
works under nanolubricant for various performance variables like
load carrying capacity, force of friction, end leakage as well as atti-
tude angle. Result shows that with increase in volume concentra-
tion with an improvement in eccentricity ratio, the non-
dimensional load improves. Rashmi Deshmukh et al. [15] checked
the efficiency study of the journal bearing in lubrication oil with
hybrid nano-additives. Journal bearing load capacity mainly
depends upon the viscosity of lubricating oil. When the bearings
are filled with lubricating oil, heat is generated due to shear of
lubricant which in turn reduces viscosity and load carrying capac-
ity. The addition of nanoparticles to market lubricants can increase
the viscosity and load capacity. Kanjirakat A. et al. [16] studied rhe-
ological characteristics of SiO2 mixed in mineral oil at higher pres-
sure and temperature using viscometer. The observation made
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
were (a) The viscosity of nanofluids has been improved with
increased nanoparticle concentration. (b) Viscosity values of
nanofluids were reduced with a temperature rise following the
power function and substantial effect was found above 100 °C.
(c) With increase in pressure, viscosity improvement found in both
base fluid as well as nanofluids. However, viscosity of base fluid
was more affected at higher pressure and temperature compared
to nanofluids. M. Silambarasan et al. [17] studied experimentally
the influence by time of ultrasonication, particle concentration
on viscosity and thermal conductivity of TiO2 particles in water
for future application such as coolants. The outcome indicates that
the increase of ultrasonic time decreases the aggregate size. Fur-
thermore with increase in particle concentration, increase in vis-
cosity was observed irrespective of ultrasonication time.
Madhusree Kole et al. [18] presented outcomes on the viscosity
of nanolubricants made with a 40 nm diameter CuO nanoparticles
dispersion in gear oil with particle concentration ranging from
0.005 to 0.025. Oleic acid is used as surfactant to stabilize nanolu-
bricant. Viscosity of nanolubricant is enhanced by three times
compare to base oil at volume fraction of 0.025 owing to the rise
in nanoparticle concentration, the internal shear stress of the fluid
is increased, thus the viscosity. Madhusree Kole et al. [19] repre-
sent the viscosity of nanofluids prepared by Al2O3 having size of
50 nm dispersed in commercial car coolant. The measured quan-
tity of oleic acid is used as a surfactant which shows 80 days of
stable suspension after ultrasonication for 3 hr and magnetic force
agitation of 1 hr. In general, the viscosity of nanofluids increases
significantly with an increase in nanoparticle concentration in
the base fluid. This is because the volume fraction of nanoparticles
raises the internal shear stress, thus the rise in viscosity. T.V.V.L.N.
Rao et al. [20] described simple as well as rapid method to evaluate
important design parameters like, maximum pressure, load capac-
ity, highest temperature, and power loss as well as flow. Mustafa
Akbulut [21] discussed the effect of most critical parameters like
size, form, nanocomposite, functionalization of surfaces, and
nanoparticle volume fraction on tribological property of
nanoparticle-based lubrication system. Fatima Leonor et al. [22]
investigated tribological property of base oil with and without cop-
per nanoparticles at two concentration level of 0.3 and 3.0 wt%.
Results show that mineral oil based copper nanoparticles signifi-
cantly reduces friction and wear at 0.3 wt%. Wear was found
reduced by 64% due to presence and deposition of nanoparticles
in contact surface. Meena Laad et al. [23] investigated Titania
(TiO2) as nanopaticle additives in multigrade engine oil to test
lubricating property for tribological behavior like friction and wear.
Result shows reduction in coefficient of friction by 86% with 0.3%
concentration by weight by nanolubricant compared to base oil.
However, all of these studies on nanoparticle lubricant additives
concentrated on their effect on lubricating properties in the bound-
ary lubrication scheme, very few studies have been carried out to
examine the impact of nanoparticle additives on the hydrodynamic
stage of lubrication. Keeping in this view present study focus on
effect of nanolubricants on distribution of pressure and load capac-
ity by considering different volume fraction of different nanoparti-
cles such as TiO2, CuO, and Al2O3 for journal bearing.
3. Experimental methods
3.1. Nanofluids preparation
TiO2, CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles are purchased from Nano
Labs, Jharkhand –India. The TiO2 particles are 20 nm in size with
a spherical crystallographic structure and white colour is 99.5 per-
cent pure. The CuO nanoparticles have size of 50 nm, black in color
T.P. Gundarneeya and D.P. Vakharia Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. (a) TiO2, CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles; (b) Veedol Avalon 46 oil; (c) Mechanical Agitator; (d) Ultrasonicator.

Fig. 2. (a) Digital weighing scale; (b) Micro Pippette; (c-f) Al2O3 Volume concentration from 0.25% to 2%.

Fig. 3. (a) Journal Bearing Test Rig TR-60; (b) WINDUCOM 2010 Software.

with spherical morphology. Whereas, Al2O3 nanoparticles have

Table 1 size of 50 nm, white color and spherical morphology. (Fig. 1(a)).
Specification of journal bearing test rig. These nanoparticles are mixed in Veedol Avalon ISO Viscosity
Part Detail Range grade 46 oil (Fig. 1(b)) by mechanical agitator (Fig. 1(c)) for more
Journal diameter 39.90 mm
than 12 h at 1000 rpm for uniform mixing. Then the mixer is
Bearing ID (D) 40.12 mm applied ultrasonication at frequency 50 KHz (Fig. 1(d)) to break-
Bearing length 40 mm down aggregate particles and distributed them as a uniform sus-
L/D ratio 1 pension. Prepared sample show good suspension stability for two
C/R 0.0055
weeks. Quantity of nanoparticle required is weigh by digital weigh-
Radial force (Fr) Up to 750 N in steps of 150 N
Speed 150 to 2000 rpm continuously variable ing scale as shown in Fig. 2(a) having least count of 1 mg. Oleic acid
is utilized in the dispersion as a surfactant to reduce agglomeration

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T.P. Gundarneeya and D.P. Vakharia Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2
Maximum Pressure, Maximum pressure angle, percentage increase in maximum pressure and percentage increase in load capacity for TiO2 nanoparticle in comparison to the base
oil.

Sr. Lubricant Load/ Max. Max. Pressure Increment in Max. Pressure compared Percentage increase in load capacity in
No. Speed Pressure Angle To the base oil (%) comparison to the base oil (Avg)
(kPa)
1 Base Oil 300 N, 641 180 – –
250 rpm
450 N, 1117 179 – –
250 rpm
300 N, 672 181 – –
500 rpm
450 N, 1200 183 – –
500 rpm
2 Base 300 N, 657 181 2.49 4.95
Oil + 0.25 vol% 250 rpm
TiO2 450 N, 1145 180 2.5
250 rpm
300 N, 689 179 2.52
500 rpm
450 N, 1230 180 2.5
500 rpm
3 Base Oil + 0.5 vol 300 N, 691 178 7.8 10.35
%TiO2 250 rpm
450 N, 1205 179 7.87
250 rpm
300 N, 725 180 7.88
500 rpm
450 N, 1294 180 7.83
500 rpm
4 Base Oil + 1 vol% 300 N, 710 178 10.76 16.25
TiO2 250 rpm
450 N, 1238 180 10.83
250 rpm
300 N, 745 179 10.84
500 rpm
450 N, 1330 180 9.89
500 rpm
5 Base Oil + 2 vol% 300 N, 794 179 23.86 22.73
TiO2 250 rpm
450 N, 1384 178 22.41
250 rpm
300 N, 832 180 22.86
500 rpm
450 N, 1487 180 21.94
500 rpm

of nanoparticles and thus enhance the stability of nanoparticles
for dispersion. Required quantity of oleic acid was measured with
help of micro pipette (Fig. 2(b)) having least count of 10 ml. Fig. 2
(c) to (f) shows different samples of prepared nanolubricants in
four different concentration of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 vol% basis in base
oil for Al2O3.
3.2. Experimental setup details
Journal Bearing Test rig TR-60 is capable of conducting test for
determining the pressure distribution over journal. It is capable
of operating at high speed with precision and good repeatability.
This Test rig is supplied by Ducom Banglore. This test rig is
intended for regular operation under hydrodynamic lubrication,
where the slipping surfaces of the bearing and shaft are offset from
each other by hydrodynamic pressure in the oil. This test rig is
designed to operate normally under hydrodynamic lubrication,
where hydrodynamic pressure in the lubricant keeps the sliding
surfaces of the bearing and shaft separated from each other. The
hydrodynamic pressure is caused by the sliding motion.
The test rig comprises of the frame, a bearing unit and systems
for loading, driving, lubrication, control and measuring. (Fig. 3(a)).
In the frame, the major components of the test rig are installed. The
bearing assembly consists of the bearing, the housing, the shaft and
the bearing support. The loading mechanism produces the load for
the bearing. The drive mechanism drives the shaft and consists of a
transmission unit and a control unit. The lubrication system lubri-
cates the bearing, it consists of a tank with bearing immersed
inside it, the main operation of the test rig is controlled by the con-
trol system and automated control systems are preferred. The
measuring device measures and records the data needed for the
case being studied for monitoring and analysis. The measurement
system consists of instruments that measure and record the data.
For measurement of oil film pressure, peizo pressure sensors are
fixed to bearing surfaces. To measure bearing pressure a pressure
sensor is mounted on the face of bearing facing vertically down-
wards, the sensor tip immersed inside oil. Radial load on bearing
is applied by an L shape loading lever pivoted over base plate with
1:5 ratio mechanical advantages, to apply max of 750 N force. The
data processed in controller is transmitted to serial port on PC with
data acquisition cable & displayed on PC screen; these test param-
eters are stored for post evaluation of results. Software WINDU-
COM 2010 is installed on PC. This software is in lab view format
and its application is stored as WINDUCOM2010. The software
has three screens, Acquire, file view and compare. The Acquire
screen is for displaying sensor values in digital form on screen
(Fig. 3(b)). After test, results are evaluated by opening view file,
it has screen for showing pressure distribution in polar co-
ordinates, pressure distribution in Cartesian co-ordinates and view
all both in polar and Cartesian coordinates. View file is used for

4
T.P. Gundarneeya and D.P. Vakharia
Fig. 4. (a) Comparison of Pressure profile of TiO2, CuO, and Al2O3 Nanoparticles with base oil at 300 N and 250. (b) Comparison of Pressure profile of TiO2, CuO, and Al2O3
Nanoparticles with base oil at 300 N and 500 rpm.
post evaluation of test result. Enter the max & min values in PLOT
CONTROL to improve graph appearances, the maximum pressure
inside bearing and angle at which it is appearing is displayed. Spec-
ification of Test rig is given in Table 1.
3.3. Experimental procedure
The TR-60 model consists of a variable speed motor turning a
shaft with a journal bearing fixed on it. The instrument does have
a system for applying a requisite load on the journal bearing and
providing the appropriate lubrication. To build a wide range of test
scenarios with the selected bearing, it is possible to set the speed of
the journal bearing and vary the load and lubricant. Using elec-
tronic pressure sensors, pressure is measured. Test Rig has facility
to apply load in multiple of 150 N up to 700 N. Speed range is from
200 to 2000 rpm. Oil tank has capacity of 3 L and oil reservoir
capacity is 500 ml. Digital stainless steel isolated pressure sensor
with range of 3447 Kpa and least count of 1 Kpa is measure the
pressure around the shaft. The lubrication system lubricates the
bearing, it consists of tank with bearing immersed in it, and the
main operation of the testing rig is controlled by the control sys-
tem. The measuring device tests and records the details needed
to monitor and interpret the case being studied. To measure the
oil film pressure, peizo pressure sensor is fixed to the bearing sur-
face. The data processed in controller is transmitted to serial port
on PC with data acquisition cable and displayed on PC screen;
these data points are stored for post evaluation of results. Win-
ducom has a screen for showing pressure distribution in polar
coordinates and Cartesian coordinates in view section. First of all
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
base oil is tested for different load condition like 300 N and
450 N for two different speed 250 and 500 rpm. Pressure profile
is generated in data acquisition display and stored for comparison
purpose for further analysis. Now different nanofluids of TiO2,CuO
and Al2O3 nanoparticles having volume fraction of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%
and 2% is prepared by mechanical agitator for stirring over 12 h to
get uniform mixing. Appropriate amount of oleic acid is added to
get uniform mixing. Software Winducom has a window to compare
and view different pressure profile to compare the impact of differ-
ent nanoparticle concentrations on journal bearing pressure pro-
file; which further can be utilized to recognise an improvement
in journal bearing load carrying capacity.
4. Results and discussions
Table 2 shows Maximum Pressure, Maximum pressure angle,
percentage increase in maximum pressure and percentage increase
in load carrying capacity for TiO2 nanoparticle in comparison to the
base oil for different case of load 300 N and 450 N with speed
250 rpm and 500 rpm. Result shows increase in maximum pres-
sure in range of 3 to 21% for various cases of nanolubricants. Sim-
ilar trend is observed in increase of average load capacity from 5 to
22.73% compared to base oil. This increments is observed higher
value for TiO2, then for CuO and lowest for Al2O3 nanoparticle addi-
tives for different load, speed and volume concentration.
Fig. 4(a) and (b) shows relative pressure profile curve for TiO2,
CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles compare to base oil in Cartesian
coordinate system. It also shows value of maximum pressure, max-
imum pressure angle and for load condition of 300 N with 250 rpm
T.P. Gundarneeya and D.P. Vakharia
Fig. 4 (continued)
and 300 N with 500 rpm. Similar pressure profiles are recorded for
all cases of nanoparticles, concentrations, loads and speed condi-
tions. Curves clearly indicates higher value of pressure profile,
higher maximum pressure and if we find percentage increase in
load capacity by finding area under curves, in comparison to base
oil, we can observe an increase in the load capacity of
nanolubricants.
5. Conclusions
The experimental results and its analysis lead to the following
conclusions.
 The result reveals an increase in maximum pressure and load
carrying capacity by adding nanoparticles to the base oil
 Experiment verification shows improvement of 2 to 20 percent
in maximum pressure and 5 to 23 percent load capacity for dif-
ferent cases of nanoparticle and volume fraction compared to
base oil.
 This increments is observed higher value for TiO2, then for CuO
and lowest for Al2O3 nanoparticle additives for different load,
speed and volume concentrations.
 It has been found the effect of size of nanoparticle as; smaller
the size of nanoparticle more is improvement in viscosity and
leading to higher value of pressure distribution and load
capacity.
 Higher volume fraction of nanoparticle results in higher maxi-
mum pressure and high load capacity of journal bearing. But
it should be optimized in terms of dispersion stability, flow
property and necessary load capacity.
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
 By adding nanoparticles in to base oil increases the cohesive
forces and collision between particles results in increase of vis-
cosity. Furthermore drag due to nanoparticles also leads to vis-
cosity improvement, which ultimately increase load capacity of
journal bearings.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Tushar P. Gundarneeya: Conceptualization, Investigation,
Resources, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review
& editing. D.P. Vakharia: Conceptualization, Formal analysis,
Methodology, Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
Author would like to thanks DDIT, Nadiad and Shah-Schulman
Center of Nanotechnology, DDIT, Nadiad, Gujarat for providing
research facility to prepare nanolubricants and allows carrying
out testing on Journal Bearing Test Rig.
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