OPTIMUM SIZING & SITTING

CHAPTER 3

3 Optimum sizing & sitting

of substations
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The best size and spacing of sub-stations is that which results
in the least annual cost of the sum of fixed charges on sub-stations
and feeders, operation and maintenance, and losses .
-Increasing the number of substations for a given load density tends
to increasing total cost.
-However, increasing the number of substation reduces the cost of
feeders and feeder losses . Clearly than, the least total annual cost is
a function of substation and feeder cost, capacity of feeder, and load
density.
The following symbols will be used to determine the relationship of
the above factors in deriving an equation for total annual cost:

D Load density
KVAs Substation KVA capacity
S Distance between substations
a Fixed charge on feeder equipment LE/year
b Cost of feeder /Km
C Cost of part of substation capacity
d Cost of each KVA of substation
KVAf Feeder KVA capacity
nf number of feeders wire supply the loads in 1 Km2
Cs Cost of substation /Km2

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Ct Total annual cost of substation & feeders /Km2

The following relations used to determine the optimum size of sub-
station and the spacing between them.

KVAf= 3 *V*I KVA.

nf=DS2/KVAf

Cost of feeders to supply loads in the unit area

=nf*cost of feeder
=(D/KVAf)*(a+bS/2)

Substation cost to supply unit area

=(C/S2)+dD

Ct=(D/KVAf)*(a+bS/2)+(C/S2)+dD

 For optimum cost:

(dCt/dS) = 0
(Db/KVAf) = 2C/S
S=1.59(C*KVAf/Db)1/3
KVAs=DS2
KVAs=D(1.59)2*(C*KVAf/Db)0.666

3.2 APPLICATION ON 6 AREAS

1. Agriculture.
2. Residential (1).
3. City centre.
4. Residential (2).

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5. Industrial (1).
6. Industrial (2)
1st AREA : Agriculture
The load profile in this area is low.
We can build the substations on large area due to low price of land.
Large transformer will use (Large Oil Transformer)
Due to Light load a Aluminum cables will used.

-Load density =0.812 MVA/Km2

-Area =80 Km2

 Classifications of cables

From the tables in the catalog of ARAB CABLES ELSEWEDY

Rating voltage 12/20 Kv

Kind Multicore Copper Conductors.
XLPE Insulated and PVC Sheathed.
Cross section 120 mm2
Rating current 240 Ampere
Price 27.1 L.E/m Including conductors & Towers

Take the total cost of substation in this area=20,000,000L.E.

C=30% of total cost.
C=6,000,000 L.E.
b=27100 L.E.

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KVAf= *V*I *0.7

= *11*240*0.7
=3200.82 KVA.
3200KVA.
S= 1.59{C*KVAf/ (D*b)}1/3
=15.189 Km.
KVAs= D*S2.
=187.35 MVA.

No. of substations =area/ S2.

=80/15.1892
= 0.346  1
 HINT:
Due to the nature of area we will use two substations

Max. Load in this area = 64.96 MVA.

Load of one substation =64.96/2= 32.48 MVA.

We will use substation with 4 transformer * 25 MVA=100 MVA.

nf = D*S2/KVAF
=58.54
No. of feeders per substation 60
There is no overload.

Two transformers cover the load without overload, then the third
transformer will be stand by and the fourth will be for future use.

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CHAPTER 3

2nd AREA : Residential (1)

The load profile in this area is medium.
The price of the land in this area is very large, so we will use high
rating transformer and use large number of transformers on each
substation to minimize the area of building of substation Oil
substations will be used.
We will use Aluminum cables (It’s rating less than rating of copper
cables) due to all loads doesn’t ON with each other-some loads is ON
and others is Off-we can use diversity factor.

-Load density = 2.48 MVA/Km2.

-Area =40 Km2.

 Classifications of cables

From the tables in the catalog of ARAB CABLES ELSEWEDY

Rating voltage 12/20 Kv

Kind Multicore Aluminum Conductors.
XLPE Insulated and PVC Sheathed.

Cross section (3*240+120) mm2

Rating current 340 Ampere
Price 97300L.E+10% sales tax L.E/m+25%
assembly

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CHAPTER 3

Take the total cost of substation in this area=20,000,000L.E.

C=30% of total cost.
C=6,000,000 L.E.
b=131355 LE.
KVAf= 3 *V*I *0.7 KVA.
= 3 *11*340*0.7
=4534.5 4600 KVA

S= 1.59{C*KVAf/(D*b)}1/3 Km.
=6.98 Km.

KVAs= D*S2.
=120.944 MVA.

No. of substations =area/ S2.

=40/6.982
= 0.82  1
 HINT:
Due to the nature of area we will use two substations

Max. Load in this area = 99.2 MVA.

Load for one substation= 49.6 MVA.

We will use substation with 4 transformer * 25 MVA=100 MVA.

nf= D*S2/KVAF
= 26.26
No. of feeders per substation =28.

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There no overload.
Two transformers cover the load without overload, then the third
transformer will be stand by and the fourth will be for future use.

3rd AREA : City centre

The load profile in this area is medium.
The price of the land in this area is very large, so we will use high
rating transformer and use large number of transformers on each
substation to minimize the area of building of substation, Oil
substations will be used.
We will use Aluminum cables (It’s rating less than rating of
copper cables) due to all loads doesn’t ON with each other-some loads
is ON and others is Off-we can use diversity factor.

-Load density = 6.159 MVA/Km2

-Area =50 Km2

 Classifications of cables

From the tables in the catalog of ARAB CABLES ELSEWEDY

Rating voltage 12/20 Kv
Kind Multicore Aluminum Conductors.
XLPE Insulated and PVC Sheathed.

Cross section (3*240+120) mm2

Rating current 340 Ampere

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OPTIMUM SIZING & SITTING
CHAPTER 3

Price 97300L.E+10% sales tax L.E/m+25%

assembly

Take the total cost of substation in this area=20,000,000L.E.

C=30% of total cost.
C=6,000,000 L.E.
b=131355 L.E.
KVAf= 3 *V*I *0.7 KVA.
= 3 *11*340*0.77
=4534.5 4600 KVA

S= 1.59{C*KVAf/(D*b)}1/3
=5.156 Km.

KVAs= D*S2.
=163.78 MVA.

No. of substations= area/S2

=50/5.1562
=1.882

Max. Load in this area = 307.97 MVA .

Load of one substation = 307.97 /2= 153.98 MVA.

We will use substation with 4 transformer * 50 MVA=200 MVA.

nf= D*S2/KVAF
= 35.59
No. of feeders per substation= 36
There is no overload.

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CHAPTER 3

Three transformers cover the load without overload, then the fourth
transformer will be stand by.

4th AREA : Residential (2)

The load profile in this area is medium.
The price of the land in this area is very large, so we will use high
rating transformer and use large number of transformers on each
substation to minimize the area of building of substation Oil
substations will be used.
We will use Aluminum cables (It’s rating less than rating of copper
cables) due to all loads doesn’t ON with each other-some loads is ON
and others is Off-we can use diversity factor.

-Load density = 4.97 MVA/Km2.

-Area =20 Km2.

 Classifications of cables

From the tables in the catalog of ARAB CABLES ELSEWEDY

Rating voltage 12/20 Kv

Kind Multicore Aluminum Conductors.

XLPE Insulated and PVC Sheathed.
Cross section (3*240+120) mm2

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OPTIMUM SIZING & SITTING
CHAPTER 3

Rating current 340 Ampere

Price 97300L.E+10% sales tax L.E/m+25%

assembly
Take the total cost of substation in this area=20,000,000L.E.
C=30% of total cost.
C=6,000,000 L.E.
b=131355 LE.

KVAf= 3 *V*I *0.7 KVA.

= 3 *11*340*0.7
=4534.5 4600 KVA

S= 1.59{C*KVAf/(D*b)}1/3 Km.
=5.53 Km.

KVAs= D*S2.
=152.47 MVA.

No. of substations =area/ S2.

=20/5.532
= 0.654 1
 HINT:
Due to the nature of area we will use two substations

Max. Load in this area = 99.2 MVA.

Load for one substation= 49.6 MVA.

We will use substation with 4 transformer * 25 MVA=100 MVA.

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CHAPTER 3

nf= D*S2/KVAF
= 33.04
No. of feeders per substation =34.

There no overload.
Two transformers cover the load without overload, then the third
transformer will be stand by and the fourth will be for future use.
5 th
AREA : Industrial (1)
The load profile in this area is high due to the existence of
industry, so we will use high rating transformer, high rating cables
and we will use large number of transformers on each substation, and
oil substations will be used.
Due to large load copper cables will used with large cross section
area.

-Load density =11.67 MVA/Km2

-Area =40 Km2

 Classifications of cables

From the tables in the catalog of ARAB CABLES ELSEWEDY

Rating voltage 12/20 Kv

Kind Multicore Aluminum Conductors.

XLPE Insulated and PVC Sheathed.

Cross section (3*240+120) mm2

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OPTIMUM SIZING & SITTING
CHAPTER 3

Rating current 340 Ampere

Price 97300L.E+10% sales tax L.E/m+25%

assembly

Take the total cost of substation in this area=20,000,000L.E.

C=30% of total cost.
C=6,000,000 L.E.
b= 131355 LE.

The feeder is coming out from a transformer 66 / 11 KV

Current = 340 Amp
Burial depth de-rating factor = 0.7

KVAf= *V*I *0.7 KVA.

= 3 *11*340*0.7
=4534.5 4600 KVA.
S= 1.59{C*KVAf/ (D*b) }1/3 Km.
= 4.16 Km.
KVAs= D*S2.
=202.67 MVA

No. of substations =area/ S2.

= 40/4.16 2

=2.3  3

Max.Load in this area = 466.82 MVA.

Load of one substation =466.82/3=155.6 MVA.

We will use substation with 6 transformer * 35 MVA=210 MVA.

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nf = D*S2/KVAF
= 43.9

No. of feeders per substation = 44.

There is no overload.
five transformers cover the load without overload, then the sixth
transformer will be stand by.

6th AREA : Industrial (2)

The load profile in this area is high due to the existence of

industry, so we will use high rating transformer, high rating cables
and we will use large number of transformers on each substation, and
oil substations will be used.
Due to large load copper cables will used with large cross section
area.
-Load density =10.959 MVA/Km2
-Area =45 Km2

 Classifications of cables

From the tables in the catalog of ARAB CABLES ELSEWEDY

Rating voltage 12/20 Kv

Kind Multicore Copper Conductors.

XLPE Insulated and PVC Sheathed.

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OPTIMUM SIZING & SITTING
CHAPTER 3

Cross section (3*240+120) mm2

Rating current 340 Ampere

Price 97.3 L.E.+10% sales tax L.E/m+25%

assembly

Take the total cost of substation in this area=20,000,000L.E.

C=30% of total cost.
C=6,000,000 L.E.
b=131355 L.E.

KVAf= 3 *V*I *0.77 KVA.

= 3 *11*340*0.77
=4534.5 4600 KVA

S= 1.59{C*KVAf/(D*b)}1/3
=4.25 Km.
KVAs= D*S2.
=198.469 MVA.

No. of substations =area/S2

=45/4.252
= 2.49  3.

Max. Load in this area = 493.16 MVA.

Load of one substation =493.16/3

=164.38 MVA.

We will use substation with 6 transformer * 35 MVA=210 MVA.

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CHAPTER 3

nf= D*S2/KVAF
= 43.031.
No. of feeders per substation 4
There no overload.

Five transformers cover the load without overload, then the sixth
transformer will be stand by.

Summary

 Agriculture:
No. of substations 2
No. of transformers in each substation 4
Rating of each transformer 25 MVA

 Residential (1):
No. of substations 2
No. of transformers in each substation 4
Rating of each transformer 25 MVA

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 City Center:
No. of substations 2
No. of transformers in each substation 4
Rating of each transformer 50 MVA

 Residential (2):
No. of substations 2
No. of transformers in each substation 4
Rating of each transformer 25 MVA

 Industrial (1):
No. of substations 3
No. of transformers in each substation 6
Rating of each transformer 35 MVA

 Industrial (2):

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No. of substations 3
No. of transformers in each substation 6
Rating of each transformer 35 MVA

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