l

'..

MINNESOTA MUL TIPHASIC

PERSONALITY INVENTORY

'-

\-,
MANUAL 1977

..._
(MMPI)

·-
S.R. Hathaway, Ph.D. & J.C. McKinley, M, D
'-

ADAPTED FOR PAKISTAN

By
,_

Laeeq Mirza, Ph.D.

·--

(j PSYCHO -AIDS

,_

,_
Published by psycho-Aids - 12, Dayal Singh Mansions,
Shahrah-e-Quaid-I-Azam, Lahore: Pakistan
·-

,,., ...,,_ .. _ _ ...,._.,,,I I '"'& Ojlll.._..fa'.,..._,_._ .......... __ ·1--11--~. ,c,.,. .... ~ ,...,._,,._ •...._ ____________ ·---
 .._,.

3
... _.
TABLES OF CONTENTS

Page

I. Description and Background of the Inventory 5

II. Forms of Inventory 6

III. Urdu Translation ofMMPI 7

IV. Standardization of Urdu MMPI 8

v. Administration of Inventory (Group Form) 9
VI. Scoring 11
VIL The Profile and Coding 13
VIII. Description of the Scale 17

,...._

TABLES

1. Fraction of Raw K 23
- 2. T - Score Conversion Table. Male (K Corrected) 24
T - Score Conversion Table. Female (K Corrected) 27
- 3.
4. T - Score Conversion Table. Male - Female Without K Correction 30
5. Means and Standard Deviation for Pakistan Males 33
6. Means and Standard Deviation for Pakistan females 34
-
APPENDICES
1. Profile 35
11. MMPI Report 36
111. Bibliography 38
_

,_ ,., •.,_..__,,.....•,..,.,,,1
- - - · · - ... - - 1 . . . fltall-l ·~,j~I.D al ,,,a,.,...,______ ,._•••au.,~-~•••
 5

.._
MANUAL FOR ADMINISTRATION AND SCORING

DESCRIPTION AND BACKGROUND:

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is designed to provide
an objective assessment of some of the major personality characteristics that
effect personal and social adjustment. The point of view determining the
importance of a trait in this case is that of the clinical or personal worker who
wishes to assay those traits that are commonly characteristic of disabling
psychological abnormality. The carefully constructed and cross-validated scales
provide a means for measuring the personality status of literate adolescents and
adults together with basis for evaluating the acceptability and dependability of
each test record. Nine scales were originally developed for clinical use of the
inventory and were named for the abnormal conditions on which their
construction was based. The scales were not expected to measure pure traits nor
to represent discrete etiological or prognostic entities. Since they have been
shown to have meaning within the normal range of behaviour, these scales are
now commonly referred to by their abbreviations.

Hs (hypo-chondriasis), D (depression), Hy (hysteria), Pd (psychopathic deviate),

Mf (masculinity - femininity), Pa (paranoia), Pt (psychasthenia), Sc
(schizophrenia), and Ma (hypomania) or by their code numbers to avoid possibly
misleading connotations. Many other scales have subsequently been developed
from the same items; Si (social introversion) is one that is commonly scored and
routinely included in the MMPI profile and coding procedures. There are also
three validating scales L (Lie), F (validity), and K (correction),

The complete instrument contains 550 statements covering a wide range of

subject matter - from the physical condition to the moral attitudes of the
individual being tested.

The MMPI is based on the concept that the items form numerous potential scales;
those originally selected were merely the scales most easily derived. As it has
been developed, the procedure permits the introduction of each new scale as it is
- derived without additional equipment other than a new scoring key and
standards. The original normative were derived from a sample of about seven
'-
hundred "normal" individuals who visited the University Hospitals, and may be
considered representative of a cross section of the Minnesota population. The
sampling was fairly adequate for ages 16 to 55 and for both sexes. In addition,
data were available on 250 pre-college and college students, a group which
represented a reasonably good cross-section of college entrance applicants.

-
'-
i,1e,,11tlllllllll1•••., ... •.,,,•••·..... . . . . ................ _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . _ _ ~111-...,ss.,·•··1•1·11•,,_.Jill111-911!1,l·-1i>i11,_.<ll . . . . . ...,.........,...-t111>9 ... 'P'*"""'''''.._11..JJ•••--••--•··-•~• .. , 1,,a.__,,_,__"'•~·-;. ,.,,.

-i

TABLE-I
AGES AND MARITAL STATUS OF THE GROUP OF NORMALS
MINNISOTA STANDARDIZATION SAMPLE

FEMALE MALE
AGE RANGE (IN YEARS)
SINGLE MARRIED SINGLE MARRIED

16-25 62 45 70 28
26-43 39 194 26 28
44-54 8 61 5 123
55 - 65 2 14 0 9
TOTAL 111 314 101 188

Source: Hathaway & McKinley (1940)

The scales were developed by contrasting the normal group with carefully
studied clinical cases. Over eight hundred such cases were available from the
neuropsychiatric division of University Hospitals when the inventory was
published. The details of scale derivation are too variable and extensive for brief
description, but several methods were employed. The chief criterion of
excellence was valid prediction of clinical cases as compared with the
neuropsychiatric staff diagnosis, rather than statistical measure of reliability and
validity.

FORMS OF THE MMPI

_....,

The MMPI in English is available in the following formats-

1) The individual (card) Form. It was the first to be used and most of the
original data was collected with its help. It consists of 550 statements printed
separately on small cards and placed in a box.

2) The Group Form. The items are printed in a booklet form and given a
permanent setting and order. A separate sheet is provided for the recording of the
responses by the subject himself in terms of 'true' and 'false' categories only.
.........
 7
..._

The total number of items on the complete Group Form Booklet is 566. The
actual number of statements is 550; sixteen items in the booklet are repeated for
reasons of economical scoring by the machine.

3) Form 'R'. The actual number of the items in regular use in the form of the
three validity scales, the nine clinical scales and the social introversion scale are
399. The rest of the items are used in the secondary scales. It was necessary in
the old booklet form to answer all the 566 questions even if the administrator
wanted scores on the basic scales only because the last few items were scattered
over the whole booklet.

It was thought desirable to arrange the items in such a way that the performance
could be stopped at item No. 399 to get scores on the required scales. Form "R"
also makes it possible for the translator of the test to limit his efforts initially to
the basic scales.

The Urdu translation of the test follows the items arrangement of Form "R" and
stops at item No. 399

URDU TRANSLATION OF MMPI

Work on translation of MMPI into Urdu was undertaken in 1968 as part of

schizophrenia research Project at Jinnah Post-Graduate Medical Centre, Karachi.
The effort was confined to the 399 items that make up the thirteen scales in
regular use. Modifications and adaptation of the translated items was affected by
...._ repeated testing of the proposed version. Altogether four versions were prepared
one after the other in the light of the experience gained and tried out on groups of
university students.

The final version used for standardization was the result of cultural adaptation of
the original items and not merely a literal translation. At the same time effort was
made to keep radical departures from the original to as few items as possible in
order to preserve the validity of the instrument for cross-cultural research.

- • ,r,u,_o,._,_, a>1•1 p, I , J !Ii •lf'l_._ _ _ _ _ .. ,._._ ____ ,~·'1111'1 ......... , H 111111 . . <I ,.-..i• .,._1--,-·il-•IOaiSl.li,Jl._lJ UA..._ .. _,lfllb< "' ·-• • ,_,,.,,._• . , _ ~ , • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · · - - - -
 ------·---------------,~-19'--lll"••r• I- -11~--•-,ri ... 41!'".!1'11•1•-··-·---·--··lt'·. 9:JIWl .,
t ,,,--a··~-.....-.. --.. -.~·, 1 I I"·-·-·--..~· .,.

STANDARDIZATION OF URDU MMPI

Standardization was achieved with the sample drawn from various areas of the
urban population of Karachi. Because of the extremely mixed nature of the
population of this city, it is possible to use the norms obtained with its help for
the urban population of the whole country.

The sample consisted of 500 males and 400 females. The breakdown of the
sample according to 5 year age groups and marital status is given in the following
table: -

TABLE II
DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO AGE AND MARITAL STATUS
--,

FEMALE MALE
AGE GROUP
Single Married Total Single Married Total

16- 19 97 0 97 115 2 117

20-24 109 10 119 123 17 140
25-29 65 38 103 34 27 61
30-34 15 49 64 7 26 33
35-39 5 40 45 3 14 17
40-44 1 26 27 0 11 11
45-49 0 22 22 0 8 8
50-54 1 13 14 0 6 6

55-59 0 5 5 0 2 2
60-64 0 4 4 1 4 5
Total 293 207 500 283 117 400

The means and standard deviation for various scales for the Karachi sample are given in table 5 and 6.

The T - score conversion tables for corrected and uncorrected scores are given in tables 2, 3 and 4.
 9
..._

ADMINISTERING THE INVENTORY

Who Can Take the MMPI

Subjects sixteen years of age or older with at least six years of successful
schooling can be expected to complete the MMPI without difficulty. When an
individual is specifically referred for testing, it can generally be ascertained
beforehand whether the MMPI is appropriate for him. Thus, any embarrassment
that might arise from failure during the actual administration can be avoided.

The Testing Situation

Although in administration the MMPI is less demanding of professional skill than

many other personality instruments, it should never be forgotten that the use of
any personality measure is a professional action. The MMPI has simple,
.._ straightforward instructions and is a self-administering inventory .

Even in this situation, however, a subject easily senses a test administrator's

..._
attitude, especially as it may be reflected in superficiality or flippancy of manner.
The subject may respond with similar lightness or with an unwillingness to reveal
personal feeling or socially unacceptable audience. Care must be exercised in
handling the materials after the subject is finished. Every effort should be made
to convince him that his responses are important and will be treated as
._
confidential and professional communications .

- The administration of the MMPI does not require the presence of one who is
specially trained in psychology. Although a psychometrist is of course best, in
routine use in a hospital or clinic the examiner may be any willing and interested
person who is able to obtain the required information and present the directions
for inventory. Attendants, receptionists, secretaries, and nurses have been shown
to be very competent examiners. They may offer the MMPI as part of the regular
clinic or hospital procedure by saying, for example, "This questionnaire is part of
what you do here", or," The doctor wants this information on everyone; it will
help him to understand your case", Lack of Psychological training is usually not
a handicap in administering the MMPI, although such examiners should be
cautioned against being too officious, overly friendly, or gossipy .

.,., ,,,,,_.,._a_,,..,••·llt-- I
>II ·~1t-,,... ._......_ .... ____ ,~-.1119it_,, ,, l-ijr<8o, 8 ,,., • • . _ . _ _ _ 111_••••1..,, .. _,, ·~-,. . ~ ........ , "'' .... , - ·-·-··--,-~----------------------
ll••,·••• •1111 ,............ ••uum, b• f II;;;; I ..W.. - ..........,.......................... fll<•:~tMa•t••~ • \lilll, 111 ·-11111,.--~ d-l11Bk"!ll'99!11J~.~-awt1-•·· ~ m11m-1 ·j ,_.,.111•.JJ•..•-••---..-.L..., 1 ,1,, .. ....,, · - - · -.. - ·. .,,.. ·-

--,

10

The subjects should be clearly told that they need not respond to any item that
they fell they cannot or should not answer. When giving the instructions the
examiner should say something like this: "You may leave an item blank if you
wish, but try to answer even if you are not sure the statement really applies to
you".

Some subjects seek advice, or clarification of the items. Since the success of the
inventory in showing personality differences is based on the different ways
examiners should avoid giving this kind of help. If possible, he should use
dictionary definitions when the meaning of a word is asked, and in other
instances he should explain that the subject's own feeling or opinion is what is
wanted.

Another general question that many people ask about the MMPI is whether they
should answer the items as they apply to themselves now or as they did just
before some special circumstance. The general instructions tell the subject to
answer the item true if it is "mostly true"

This is usually a sufficient guide to enable the subject to overlook the special
circumstances of hospital confinement, or other temporary considerations.
However, there are some situations that make an important difference in the set
of replies the subject gives. If he has faced a trauma such as a parent's death, for
example, he may be in doubt whether to answer the question "the way I feel
now", or "the way I felt before mother died". In such a case, the subject should
be advised to give current feelings and reactions.

In scoring the MMPI, any item not answered either true or false is, in effect,
eliminated. Therefore, the examiner should make every effort to keep the number
of unanswered items at a minimum. Instructions to the subject before he begins
will help to prevent this form evasion. Answer sheets should be examined before
the subject is dismissed to see if an unusually large number of items have been
left unanswered. Carefully phrased requests to reconsider the unanswered items
are usually effective in reducing the number of these items to ten or below.

Many of the slow administrations can be prevented if the subject is told at the
beginning that he does not have to spend a great deal of time on any one item,
and that his first impression is generally desired.
 11

-
SCORING
The Answer sheet for the booklet format, is scored either directly by an I.B.M.
machine or by hand with the help of perforated templates. The answer sheet most
regularly in the use requires 16 templates to get the scores for the basic scales.
Twelve of these templates are used on one side and 4 on the other. If all the 399
items that make up the regular scales are printed on the same page, the total
number of templates required could be reduced to twelve. This is the procedure,
which has been adopted for the Urdu MMPI. Items on scale L are placed on the
Urdu Answer sheet in such a way that their scoring needs an additional score on
the "cannot say" scale (?) is simply the total number of questions: left
unanswered.

Standard Scores ( T Scores )

The total of the significant responses counted with the help of the templates or
otherwise, gives us the raw scores. The score on one scale in this form is not
comparable with the scores on the other scales because the total number of items
on the scales very greatly. To change them into comparable figures all the scores
except the "Cannot say" scores, are converted into standard scores (T scores).
The T scores are determined by taking the nearest integral value of' T ' in the
following formula :

T = 50 + 10 ( Xi-M)
SD

- X 1 is the raw score and M and SD the mean and standard deviations of the raw
scores on the particular scale for the Minnesota or the Pakistan Normative Group.
The scores are calculated for both the sexes whenever necessary and conversion
tables are prepared for the raw scores on all of the regular scales for ready
reference.

The K Correction:

The defensive and distorted responses to questions of personal nature have been
one of the biggest shortcomings of the questionnaire type test. Scale K of the
MMPI was evolved to work as a suppressor variable. It was estimated by authors

•- " ' " " " ' - - , - , ....... 1>1,I

"'--....__._...____ ,.,__ . __ . ,..... " , . , ...... _~----------·•o,,w---·
hr,es,111 111• , • • ,._,..., ••Mua,,,..._ ...............,11•,..•••-.........
u . _. . . . l'll••-.,•·•1 • th·" •tMJd.llrm, »-•1..,............,.........,_,_,._.iv·· w ••Nt ,, ,_, .........i ..-•-••--..,,-J,"" 1 " · · · - . . , . . , _ . _ ... ,.~ , _,

-"'\

12
-'I

that the defensiveness as measured by scale K in the Minnesota sample could be

used to correct the raw score on five of the clinical scales. The actual fractions
that were affective in this respect were found to be 'SK for Hs, '4K for Pd, l 'OK
for pt, l 'OK for Sc and '2K for Ma. The T scores are calculated for the total of
the raw scores and the appropriate K correction added to it. A conversion table to
this effect is provided in the manual.

In the case of standardization of Urdu MMPI, it was not found possible to

constitute satisfactory criterion groups. Therefore no large scale validation was
attempted and it was decided to adopt the fractions of K evolved with the help of
the Minnesota sample. This was considered feasible because of the closeness of
mean score on scale K for the Pakistani normative sample to that for the
Minnesota group. However, it is advisable to keep this fact in mind and avoid
extensive dependence on K corrected T scores for interpretation.
 13

THE PROFILE
Triad Totrad etc.

The T scores, despite their supposed equivalence in terms of elevation on

respective scales are not easy to compare with each other at a quick glance. To
help the eye in the picking up of the salient features of the scores more clearly, a
profile form has been evolved. On this form the scores show their elevation
graphically and a composite picture of the variables measured is built-up. The
peaks stand out and the rest of the graph can be analysed for its characteristic
slopes and other special features. Sufficient experience with the profiles helps to
see the formation of meaningful patterns. A lot of work on the validity of the
inventory and its diagnostic efficiency has been based on the pattern analysis,
instead of the magnitude of the single scale elevations.

APPENDIX NO. 1

Coding

The scales were given numbers for their easy handling in the early history of
their derivation. Apart from the convenience provided, this process helped to get
away from the earlier association of the names with psychiatric categories.
Kraeplinian nosology has lost favour with significant section of workers with
._ psychiatric patients. New meanings and co relates were discovered for the MMPI
scales which were not strictly compatible with the criterion behaviour originally
taken as their model.

This open-minded approach has made it possible to discover some of the

important personality characteristics measured by the MMPI.

Hathaway Code

The original Hathaway ( 194 7 ) code which listed only the high and the low
scores; the former in the descending and the latter in the ascending order. The
scores lying within four points of the norm were ignored. The scores elevated
more than T Scores of 70 were specially marked out. T Score of 70 is taken as

.... ,~,,------ ....... ,,,'

~·-,·---·- ---9-•- ••w I, '"'11'1<-4 ,.,.,....__, _______ ...._.... ,._,,•••••--1,11,,....,, ••-·•••-•,_..._---·---------··-----------
,.,..,••• •- •-•a--w•n••_,, -----1······---···---•11•9.,,,....,a,..1a •lfl' ltl•19alfltl-l~lf .... •!':!'IHl·ll--• ...,...........,_1'11••_.,, ~ Wl!Of.!.''---111 .... j . . . . ,..,_llllo _ _ _ _ ,.,.J,""" I ,1,;._.,., ...... ,-...-,,,~ ,_,

-,

14

the cutoff point between the normal and the abnormal scores. This point lies two
standard deviations from the mean.

In the example the scores lying next to each other numerically were underlined.
Validity scale I scores are given in the raw form.

The Total Code by Welsh

It was found desirable to make the code carry more information than it was
possible by the use of the Hathaway code. Therefore, the method was extended to
include all the scales whatever their elevation. Furthermore, a number of new
symbols were introduced to mark out different levels of evlevation, starting from
thirties and below to ninety and over. All scores are listed in the descending
order. The validity scale scores are also given in their form in terms of T scores.

Example:
The following example gives the necessary information about results of MMPI
administration to a male subject diagnosed as schizophrenic:
Scale Names L F K HS D HY Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si
Code Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Raw Scores 1 29 4 12 19 14 24 27 22 32 45 36 30
Corrections 2 3 4 4 1
Raw Scores
1 29 4 14 19 14 27 27 22 36 49 37 30
Corrected
Scores
31 94 36 48 45 39 36 51 72 60 67 83 48
Corrected
Scores
31 94 36 58 45 39 61 51 72 68 73 73 48
Uncorrected
Hathaway
Code 96' 87 -432 x 1: 29: 4
Corrected
Hathaway
Code 896' 741-32 x 1: 29: 4
Uncorrected
Welsh Code
9" 6' 87 - 5 I 102 : 34 # f * " ' -/ ,KL#
Corrected
Welsh Code
896' 74 - 15 I 02 : 4 # f * " ' - I KL#
Uncorrected
 15

INTERPRETATION OF SCORES, CODES AND PROFILES

Interpretation of MMPI scores is mostly attempted with the help of the sequence
of scales in the code. Data collected in Minnesota indicated that T - score 70
could be used as a cut - off point to sort out the normals from the abnormal
persons. This procedure was found successful in 60% of the cases.

The mean score on most of the scales in case of the Pakistani population lie either
very close to this level or above it, according to the American norms. The new
norms worked out for Pakistan makes it possible to use MMPI for diagnostic and
screening purposes with the cutoff point of T score 70. However, in the light of
the tendency among the Pakistani population to obtain elevated scores on scale F ,
and clinical scales except Hs, Hy and Pd, all interpretations must be attempted
with due care.

Description of the Scales

The earlier manual contained a detailed description of the scales, which was later
left out of the revised additions. One reason for this change was the need to move
away from the textbook connotations of the diagnostic labels.

However, for want of relevant information in Pakistan regarding the scales and
meaningful co-relates of different score levels, their description is given in the
following pages. During interpretation of Pakistani subjects, due consideration
should be given to the fact that this description is based on the observations
made in the United States of America.

The Question Score ( ? )

The question score is a validating score consisting simply of the total number of
items put in the Cannot say category; the size of this score affects the
significance of the other scores. Large Question scores invalidate all others A "
borderline " Question score probably means that the subject's actual score, if he
had not used the cannot say category at all, would deviate farther from the
average than his observed score indicates. In its Own right the Question score is
an indicator of personality factors, out no specific clinical material on it has been

_, J·~•·•--,- --•·I I
"••·•••• 11•1••11--••u••~·- .-......_.....11•••--••--...,••••--...r..i•..,.,,a1••• iH ,,,mal'llll1•-•it~l1'11rr9•11~---,~-•-l!II-•·,, ""'!ill, ••-11-J{.-..•-•••---,-J., ..,., ,,i,,,....,., .., - - - - · " "

16

analyzed. High scores have often been observed to occur in psychasthenic and
retarded depression patients.

The Lie score ( L )

The L score is also a validating score that affords a measure of the degree to
which the subject may be attempting to falsify his scores by always choosing the
response that places him in the most acceptable light socially. A high L score
does not entirely invalidate the other scores but indicates that the true values are
probably higher than those actually obtained. In some cases the L score may be
of interest in its own right as a measure of a special personality trend.

The Validity Score ( F )

The F score is not a personality scale but serves as a check on the validity of the
whole record. If the F score is high, the other scales are likely to be invalid either
because the subject was careless or unable to comprehend the items, or because
extensive scoring or recording errors were made. A low F score is a reliable
indication that the subject's responses were rational and relatively pertinent.

The K Score ( K )

The K score is used essentially as a correction factor to sharpen the

discriminatory power of the clinical variables measured by the Inventory. As
such, K acts as a suppressor variable.

If it is to be given any concrete non-statistical meaning, the K score is to be

thought of as a measure of test-taking attitude, and is related to the L and F
attitudes but is somewhat more subtle and probably taps a slightly different set of
distorting factors. A high K score represents defensiveness against psychological
weakness, and may indicate defensiveness that verges upon deliberate distortion
in the direction of making a more "normal" appearance. A low K score tends to
indicate that a person is, if anything, overly candid and open to self-criticism and
the admission of symptoms even though they may be minimal in strength. A low
K score can also result from a deliberate attempt to obtain bad scores or to make
a bad impression ("plus-getting"). Users of the MMPI should become acquainted
with the literature relative to K before making independent use of the variable.
 17

B. THE CLINICAL SCALES

1. Hypochondriasis Scale ( Hs)

The Hs scale is a measure of amount of abnormal concern about bodily functions.

Persons with high Hs scores are unduly worried over their health. They
frequently complain of pains and disorders which are difficult to identify and for
which no clear organic basis can be found. It is characteristic of the
hypochondriac that he is immature in his approach to adult problems, tending to
fail to respond with adequate insight.

Hypochondriacal complaints differ from hysterical complaints of bodily

malfunction in that the hypochondriac is often more vague in describing his
complaints and in that he does not show such clear evidence of having got out of
an unacceptable situation by virtue of his symptoms as does the hysteric. The
hytpochondriac more frequently has a long history of exaggeration of physical
complaints and of seeking sympathy.

With psychological treatment a high score may often be improved, but the basic
personality is unlikely to change radically. Common organic sickness does not
raise a person's score appreciably, for the scale detects a difference between the
organically sick person and the hypochondriac.

2. The Depression Scale ( D )

The D scale measures the depth of the clinically recognized symptom or

symptom complex, depression. The depression may be the chief disability of the
subject of it may accompany, or be a result of, other personality problems. A high
D score indicates poor moral of the emotional type with a feeling of uselessness
and inability to assume a normal optimism with regard to the future. In certain
cases the depression may be well hidden from casual observation. This is the so-
called "smiling depression". The depressive undercurrent is revealed in such
cases by the subject's specific discourse and his outlook in the future. Often such
persons insist that their attitude is the only realistic one, since death is inevitable
and time passes. Though this may be true, the average person in possibly
erroneously not so deeply concerned with the grim realities of life. A high score
further suggests a characteristic person lity background in that the person who
reacts to stress with depression is characterized by lack of self-confidence,

•-I ,.,,,, _ _ _ , . , . . , , . . , ... ~,II I • .,.. . . '-' • . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . ., _. . _-HIII. . U . . . . . j t,)11(1.. ~ ,.,,...,._. _ _ _ _ 11._.,.•._,. . l ....... n,,.-.,._.,,_ L ,_, -·-·-·-----
i<t.,,.111'• II-•• ............
V!Hlb·,..... . . . . .. . . . . ~. . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . , .., . . t. •j•• 11 •IIC!llffll•tlrm'~ lf--,rf(M,..l~. . . ~-t-oll••·•"• ~ ... II!"~ J flj-Jl ... - - - · · - - -...'"..J.
t .... I 1111 _ _ ,,,__. _ _ , ,, , _,

18

tendency to worry, narrowness of interests, and introversion. This scale, together

with the Hs and Hy scales, will identify the greater proportion of those persons
not under medical care who are commonly called neurotic, as well as individuals
so abnormal as to need psychiatric attention.

Some high-scoring persons will change rather rapidly in response to improve

environment or to pep talks and psychotherapy, but such individuals will be
likely to remain subject to other attacks. The greater number, on the other hand,
will not respond readily to treatment, but their scores will slowly tend to
approach the normal level with the mere passage of time.

3. The Hysteria Scale ( Hy )

.......,

The Hy scale measures the degree to which the subject is like patients who have
developed conversion-type hysteria symptoms. Such symptoms may be general
systemic complaints or more specific complaints such as paralyses, contractures
(writer's cramp), gastric of intestinal complaints, or cardiac symptoms. Subjects
with high Hy scores are also especially liable to opisodic attacks of weakness,
fainting or even epileptiform convulsions. Definite symptoms may never appear
in a person with a high score, but under stress he is likely to become overtly
hysterical and solve the problems confronting him by the development of
symptoms. It has been found that this scale fails to identify a small number of
very uncomplicated conversion hysteria's which may be quite obvious clinically
and with a single or very few conversion symptoms.

The hysterical cases are more immature psychologically than any other group.
Although their symptoms can often be "miraculously" alleviated by some
conversion of faith or by appropriate therapy, there is always the likelihood that
the problem will reappear if the stress continues or recurs. As in the case of
hypochondriasis, the subject with a high Hy score may have real physical
pathology, either as a primary result of concurrent disease, such as diabetes or
cancer, of as a secondary result of the long-time presence of the psychological
symptoms. For instance, constant fears are a frequent background for the
development of demonstrable ulcers of the stomach. This interrelationship is
particularly important to the physician who undertakes therapy for the individual.
 19

4 . The Psychopathic Deviate Scale ( Pd )

The Pd scale measures the similarity of the subject to a group of persons whose
main difficulty lies in their absence of deep emotional response, their inability to
profit from experience, and their disregard of social mores. Although sometimes
dangerous to themselves or others, these persons are commonly likable and
intelligent. Except by the use of an objective instrument of this sort, their trend
toward the abnormal is frequently not detected until they are in serious trouble.
They may often go on behaving like perfectly normal people for several years
between one outbreak and another. Their most frequent digressions from the
social mores are lying, stealing, alcohol or drug addiction, and sexual immorality.
They may have short periods of true psychopathic excitement or depression
.......
following the discovery of a series of their social or antisocial deeds. They differ
from some criminal types in their inability to commit social acts with little
thought of possible gain to themselves or of avoiding discovery.

No therapy is especially effective in improving persons with high Pd scores, but

time and careful, intelligent guidance may lead to an adequate adaptation.
Institutionalization of the more sever cases is probably no more than a means of
protecting society and the offender. Some active professional persons have high
Pd scores, but their breaks, If any, are either disregarded by others or effectively
concealed.

5. The Interest Scale ( Mf)

- This scale measures the tendency toward masculinity or femininity of
interest pattern; separate T scores are provided for the two sexes. In
either case a high score indicates a deviation of the basic interest
pattern in the direction of the opposite sex. The items were originally
selected by a comparison of masculine with feminine, males and of the
two sexes. Some were inspired by Terman and Miles and others are
original.

Every item finally chosen for this scale indicated a trend in the
direction of femininity on the part of male sexual inverts. Males with
very high Mf scores have frequently been found to be either overt or
repressed sexual inverts. However, homosexual abnormality must not

·-, _,,.,. __ ,,._., ..... "'''

l<•*"•••s ••1•e,;111*<... •••T1~-.,..... Lzlizl...__.......~11..... •----••---..PG•,..._•,•••t• 1..,,,.,,..,.,,.~"•~~r1-..-111'1111••••llllll•~.......-·-,••e,.,,. • ••~~·l ,,_,..,..,,.JJ .... __ ,.. ____,,...J,,"' , ,1,,.--,,,.,..,__ .,, ,_,

20

be assumed on the basis of a high scores cannot yet be safely assumed

to have similar clinical significance, and the interpretation must be
limited to measurement of the general trait.

The Mf score is often important in vocational choice. Generally

speaking, it is well to match a subject vocationally with work that is
appropriate to his Mf level.

6 . The Paranoia Scale ( Pa )

The Pa scale was derived by contrasting normal persons with a group of clinic
patients who were characterized by suspiciousness, over sensitivity and delusions --
of persecution, with or without expansive egotism. The diagnoses were usually
paranoia, paranoid state or paranoid schizophrenia. Here again, however, we
have observed a few very paranoid persons who have successfully avoided
betraying themselves in the items of this scale.

Persons with an excess amount of paranoid suspiciousness are common and in

many situations are not especially handicapped. It is difficult and dangerous to
institutionalize or otherwise protect society from the borderline paranoiac
because he appears so normal when he is on guard and he is so quick to become
litigious or otherwise to take action vengefully against anyone who attempts to
control him. It should be needless to add that persons receiving very high scores
on this scale must be handled with special appreciation of these implications.
Although valid scores of 80 and above on this scale are nearly always significant
of disabling abnormality, the range from 70 to 80 must also be checked by
clinical judgment.

7 • The Psychasthenia Scale ( Pt )

The Pt scale measures the similarity of the subject to psychiatric patients who are
troubled by phobias or compulsive behavior. The compulsive behavior may be
either explicit, as expressed by excessive hand washing, vacillation, or other
ineffectual activity, or implicit as in the inability to escape useless thinking or
obsessive ideas. The phobias include all types of unreasonable fear of things or
situations as well as overreaction to more reasonable stimuli.
 21

Many persons show phobias or compulsive behaviour without being greatly

incapacitated. Such minor phobias as fear of snakes or spiders and such
compulsions as being forced to count objects seen in are rarely disabling.
Frequently a psychasthenic tendency may be manifested merely in a mild
'- depression, excessive worry, lack of confidence, or inability to concentrate.

Pt is correlated to a negligible degree with the other scales, except for the Sc
scale. There is an understandable tendency for depression to accompany
abnormally high scores. The basic personality pattern of the psychasthenic
.._
individual is relatively difficult to change, but insight and relief from general
stress may lead to good adjustment. As in the Pa scale the valid T scores above
80 are likely to represent disabling abnormality, but the range of 70 to 80 should
be checked by clinical judgment since with a favorable environment or with other
compensatory factors the subject may not be markedly handicapped.

.._ 8 . The Schizophrenia Scale ( Sc )

~
The Sc scale measures the similarety of the subject's responses to those patients
who are characterized by bizarre and unusual thoughts or behavior. There is a
,_ splitting of the subjective life of the schizophrenic person from reality so that the
observer cannot follow rationally the shifts in mood or behavior.

The Sc scale distinguished about 60 per cent of observed cases diagnosed as

·- schizophrenia in the Minnesota University Hospitals. It does not identify some
paranoid types of schizophrenia which, however, usually score high on Pa , and
._ certain other cases which are characterized by relatively pure schizoid behavior .
It is probable that one or two additional scales will be necessary to identify the
.... ~
later cases, but this is not surprising in the light of the frequently expressed
psychiatric opinion that schizophrenia is not a clinical entity but a group or rather
hetero-geneous conditions.
The clinician should be very hesitant to apply the diagnostic term schizophrenia
because of its bad implications.

9 . The Hypomania Scale ( Ma )

The Ma scale measures the personality factor characteristic of persons with

_ marked overproductivity in thought and action. The word hypomania refers to a
lesser state of mania. Al though the real manic patient is the lay person's
_

·-· ~,,. ___ .

,_,.,,,.,. .,,,'
,...... ___,_.. ., __ .,. __ ,.,_..,.M __ , • ,.,._.. ~ "'°"-~---.-i._.._•••.,~1J11-t1ua..-.,a... i:.1_, ,..,.-,.,._. ....,___________________________ _
11,ai,,ua, 111ie • • • • • - • ~ , . . . . ,...._ ................................... ._._.111••.._•1•1-.ii1• ,iM i,,,..,..w•-•11t ......,,il!I,..,~... _.,~-·--·--,, ...,,i,1, i_,11-JJ-----·•--•••,·-•L ,..,, , ""--"'·-·---,,,.. ••••

22
-
prototype for the "insane" the hypomanic person seems just slightly off normal
-,
responses. A principal difficulty in the development of the scale was the
differentiation of clinically hypomanic patients from normal person who are
merely ambitious, vigorous and full of plans.

The hypomanic patient has usually got into trouble because of undertaking too
many things. He is active and enthusiastic. Contrary to common expectations he
may also be somewhat depressed at times. His activities may interfere with other
people through his attempts to reform social practice, his enthusiasitc stirring up
of projects in which he then may lose interest, or his disregard of social
conventions. In the latter connection he may get into trouble with the law. A fair
percentage of patients diagnosed psychopathic personality (see Pd) are better
called hypomanic.

This scale clearly identifies about 60 percent of diagnosed cases and yields a
score in the 60 - 70 range for the remainder. For scores around 70 the problem of
normality hinges more upon the direction of the overactivity rather than upon the
absolute score. Even extreme cases tend to get better with time, but the condition
tends to reappear periodically. -.

0. The Social I.E. Scale (Si)

The Si scale (8) aims-to measure the tendency to withdraw from social contact
with others. Since on appreciable sex differences were3 found for the
standardization population (which consisted of college students), the Scores
presented in Table IV are used for both males and females.

The Si scale is not a clinical scale in the strict sense of being chiefly for use with -.
hospitalized patients; it is, however, valuable for use with normals, and has been
widely used in counseling and guidance work. High scores on the scale have, for
example, been found to distinguish college women who engage in few
extracurricular activities from those who engage in many activities.
-
-,

-,
 23

Table No. 1

Fractional Raw Scores For Any Given Raw Score of K

Fractions of Raw K
• I I~
,, - \,
/)
t
t-1
v
r
I ,

,,_,
RawK SK 4K 2K
30 15 12 6
.._ 29 15 12 6
28 14 11 6
27 14 11 5
26 13 10 5

25 13 10 5
24 12 10 5
23 12 9 5
22 11 9 4
21 11 8 4

....... 20 10 8 4
19 10 8 4
18 9 7 4
--~ 17 9 7 3
16 8 6 3
,_
15 8 6 3
14 7 6 3
- 13
12
7
6
5
5
3
2
11 6 4 2
- 10 5 4 2
9 5 4 2
8 4 3 2
7 4 3 1
- 6 3 2 1

5 3 2 1
4 2 2 1
3 2 2 1
2 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
_,

..
,,,,- -·-·"·"""''''''
"'1 ,.,._,,_.,_._,_______ 11_,_,._IO_r •!'!"a<" do·••ll-~"9~11t-•11••1111,~...._,t1~,--~•l.1t•f,,01, ,•I· •1-1•1-·,---··------•••
 •-------~,......,t........._. ._._,. ..
....,.f.,•1·•,,1N ,t~1e,a1••·-~~ ..-•1mtt1•••-••...........-•-•-,_, ~ •'l!•t·~ ,_r,•.-..lm_...,_,.__,.,..,,_•~•••
-.

24
........

Table No. 2 -
TSCORE
CONVERSION TABLE FOR THE BASIC SCALES
(K CORRECTED)
MALE -
RAW
SCORE
L F K 1-HS 2-D 3-Hy 4-Pd 5-Mf 6-Pa 7-Pt 8-Sc 9-Ma 0-Si -
79
78 100
77
76
99
98 -
75 96
74 95
73 94
72 93
71 92
70 91 100
69 90 99
68 89 98
67 87 96
66 86 95
65 85 94
64 84 93
63 83 91
62 82 90
61 81 89
60 120 101 80 87
59 118 99 78 86
-
58 116 97 77 85 -,

57 115 95 119 93 76 83
 25

RAW
SCORE
L F K 1-HS 2-D 3-Hy 4-Pd 5-Mf 6-Pa 7-Pt 8-Sc 9-Ma 0-Si

56 113 93 116 92 75 82
55 111 92 114 90 74 81
54 109 119 90 112 88 73 80
53 107 117 88 110 87 72 78
52 105 115 86 107 85 71 77
51 104 113 84 105 83 69 76
50 102 111 82 103 82 68 74
49 100 109 80 101 80 67 73
48 98 107 78 98 78 66 72
47 96 105 76 96 77 65 70
46 94 103 74 94 75 64 102 69
45 93 101 72 92 73 63 100 68
44 91 99 70 89 72 62 98 67
'-
43 89 97 68 87 70 60 96 65
.........
42 87 95 66 85 69 59 94 64
41 85 93 64 83 67 58 91 63
40 119 84 91 62 80 111 65 57 89 61
39 117 82 89 60 78 109 64 56 87 60
'-- 38 115 98 80 87 58 76 107 62 55 85 59
37 113 96 78 85 56 74 105 60 54 83 57
36 110 64 76 83 54 71 102 59 53 81 56
35 108 62 74 81 52 69 100 57 51 79 55
34 106 89 73 79 50 67 98 55 50 76 54
33 103 87 71 77 48 65 96 54 49 74 52
32 101 85 69 75 46 62 94 52 48 72 51
31 99 83 67 73 44 60 91 50 47 70 50
30 96 85 81 65 71 42 58 89 49 46 68 48
29 94 83 79 63 69 40 56 87 47 45 66 47
28 92 81 77 62 67 38 53 85 45 44 63 46

........

-· '""'"~"'-·-·-·-•1,1, I < , ... ,.,..._, _ _ _ _ J[_,W, . . . , . . . . . . l i l ~ i •"llliliM ,I , . . . _ . _ _ _ _ _ ·-··••<Ll;s-llti • .,Jbll-a,o,, - · ·~-••i•-••----------------··-·-----

I 111ai,,. . . , . . . 1• • ,.,~-~1ff.., ... 'I,,,,, Ii l,..._..~.....--............... ~ J.• ~·- T"f-dt..-1 lf.-llJl'illl···~·~-·---..-,, 0 • • !<,! ~ ·---JJ ____. , . . _ _.·..,.~~ ...,,, > IIJJ,._,;_,_ _ ''''"' ,_,

26
"'"'I

RAW
SCORE
27
L F

89
K

79
1-HS

75
2-D

60
3-Hy

65
4-Pd

36
5-Mf

51
6-Pa

83
7-Pt

44
8-Sc

42
9-Ma

61
0-Si

44
-
26 87 77 73 58 63 34 49 81 42 41 59 43
25 85 74 71 56 61 32 47 78 40 40 57 42
24 82 72 69 54 59 30 44 76 39 39 56 40 -.
23 80 70 67 52 57 28 42 74 37 38 53 39
22 78 68 64 51 55 26 40 72 35 37 51 38
21 75 66 62 49 53 24 38 70 34 36 48 37
20 73 63 60 47 51 22 35 68 32 35 46 35
19 71 62 58 45 49 20 33 65 30 33 44 34
18 68 59 56 43 47 18 31 63 29 32 42 33
17 66 57 54 41 45 16 29 61 27 31 40 31
16 64 55 52 40 43 14 26 59 25 30 38 30
15 89 61 53 50 38 41 12 24 57 24 29 35 29
14 84 59 51 48 36 39 10 22 54 22 28 33 28
13 80 57 49 46 34 37 8 20 52 21 27 31 26
12 76 54 47 46 32 35 6 17 50 19 26 29 25
11 72 52 45 42 30 33 4 15 48 17 24 27 24
10 68 50 42 40 29 31 13 46 16 23 25 22
9 64 47 40 37 27 29 11 44 14 22 23 21
8 60 45 38 35 25 27 8 42 12 21 20 20
7 56 43 36 33 23 25 6 39 11 20 18 19 --,

6 52 40 34 31 21 23 4 37 9 19 16 17
_...,
5 48 38 32 29 19 21 2 35 7 18 14 16
4 43 36 30 27 18 19 33 6 15
-,
3 39 33 28 25 16 17 31 4 13
2 35 31 25 23 14 15 28 2 12
1 31 29 23 21 12 13 26 1 11

-
........._
 27

- Table No. 3

TSCORE
CONVERSION TABLE FOR THE BASIC SCALES
(K CORRECTED)
FEMALE

RAW
SCORE
L F K 1-HS 2-D 3-Hy 4-Pd 5-Mf 6-Pa 7-Pt 8-Sc 9-Ma 0-Si

79
78 98
77 97
76 96
75 95
74 94
73 93
'-
72 91
71 90
70 89 96
69 88 95
68 87 94
..._ 67 86 92
66 85 91

- 65
64
84
83
90
89
63 81 87
62 80 86
61 79 85
60 111 118 2 78 84
59 110 116 4 77 82
58 108 115 5 92 76 81
57 106 113 7 90 75 80

.__
11ea1,.,.,111•,••·•-•tut1tt11t11· ................... 6,.......,........J.it.... ___ ~ ... --1:9.,...._r•1-', • .1• , . ·-•vm~••n 1t.._•11!lm11•J.J.~,-.. _,..:i, ~ _.,.,., ,, ..J.J----··--••·•~J ... ,
· , - ..

-
28

RAW
SCORE
L F K 1-HS 2-D 3-Hy 4-Pd 5-Mf 6-Pa 7-Pt 8-Sc 9-Ma 0-Si

56 104 111 9 89 74 79
55 102 109 11 87 73 77
54 120 100 108 12 85 72 76
53 118 99 106 14 84 70 75
52 117 97 104 16 82 69 74
51 115 95 102 18 81 68 72
50 113 93 101 100 20 79 67 71
49 112 91 99 98 21 77 66 70
48 110 90 97 96 23 76 65 69
47 109 89 95 94 25 74 64 67
46 107 86 93 92 27 73 63 102 66
45 105 84 92 90 28 71 62 100 65
44 104 82 90 89 30 70 61 98 64
43 102 80 88 87 32 68 59 96 62
42 101 78 86 85 34 66 58 94 61
41 99 77 85 83 35 85 65 57 92 60
40 97 75 83 81 47 108 63 56 90 59
39 95 73 81 79 39 105 62 55 88 57
38 94 89 71 79 77 41 103 60 54 85 56
37 92 87 70 78 76 43 101 58 53 83 55
36 91 85 68 76 74 44 99 57 52 81 54
35 89 83 66 74 72 46 97 55 51 79 52
34 88 81 64 72 70 48 95 54 50 77 51
33 86 80 62 70 68 50 93 52 48 75 50 ~

32 84 78 60 69 66 51 91 51 47 73 49
31
30
83
81 85
76
75
59
57
67 65
65 63
53
55
89
86
49
47
46
45
71
69
47
46
-
29 80 83 73 55 64 61 57 84 46 44 67 45
28 78 81 71 46 62 59 59 82 44 43 65 43
.....,
 29

._

RAW
SCORE
L F K 1-HS 2-D 3-Hy 4-Pd 5-Mf 6-Pa 7-Pt 8-Sc 9-Ma 0-Si

27 76 79 69 44 60 57 60 80 43 42 63 42
26 75 77 67 43 58 55 62 78 41 41 61 41
25 73 75 65 41 57 53 64 76 40 40 58 40
24 71 73 64 40 55 52 66 74 38 38 57 38
23 57 71 62 38 53 50 67 72 36 37 55 37
22 55 69 60 36 51 48 69 70 35 36 53 36
21 53 67 58 35 50 46 71 67 33 35 51 35
20 51 65 56 33 48 44 73 65 32 34 49 33
19 50 63 55 32 46 42 75 63 30 33 46 32
18 62 60 53 30 44 40 76 61 28 32 45 31
17 60 58 51 28 43 39 78 59 27 31 42 30
16 59 56 49 31 41 37 80 57 25 30 40 28
- 15
14
85
81
57
55
54
52
47
45
30
28
39
37
35
33
82
84
55
53
24
22
29
27
38
36
27
26
13 77 54 50 44 26 36 31 85 51 21 26 34 25
12 73 52 48 42 24 34 29 87 48 19 25 32 23
11 69 50 46 40 22 32 27 89 46 17 24 30 22
10 65 49 44 38 21 30 26 91 44 16 23 28 21
- 9 62 47 42 36 19 28 24 92 42 14 22 26 20
8 58 46 40 35 17 27 22 94 40 13 21 23 18
7 54 44 37 33 15 25 20 96 38 11 20 22 17
6 50 42 35 31 13 23 18 98 36 10 19 20 16
5 46 41 33 29 11 21 16 99 34 8 18 18 15
4 42 39 31 27 10 20 15 32 6 16 15 13
3 39 38 29 25 8 18 13 29 5 15 14 12
2 35 36 27 24 6 16 11 27 3 14 12 11
1 31 34 25 22 4 14 9 25 2 13 10 10

~-
-
tr.ti•,••• ....... ~... •b11:t111n "-•, ~(PJIPI ,~ l,.._.~.~....~~-----~m-.,...r-1.J,. ·1m111~..._Nllf••~ittr-11<,,.1w•1J..L.-~..,.._..,.._. ,, ..,,..,,," ,_N_Jj .. ___•11--•··_j,,,., ,. ,,111,,.,_,~,·-·-·-··•· ,_,

30

Table No. 4

T SCORE CONVERSION TABLE FOR

Five of the clinical scales without
K correction
MALE FEMALE
RAW
1-HS 4-Pd 7-Pt 8-Sc 0-Ma 1-HS 4-Pd 7-Pt 8-Sc 0-Ma
SCORE
79
78 103 101
77 102 100
76 101 99
75 100 98
74 100 97
73 99 97
72 98 96
71 97 95
70 96 94
69 95 93
68 94 92
67 93 91
66 92 90
65 91 89
64 90 88
63 89 87
62 89 87
61 88 86
60 87 85
59 86 84 ~

58 85 83
57 84 82
56 83 81
 31

RAW
1-HS 4-Pd 7-Pt 8-Sc 0-Ma 1-HS 4-Pd 7-Pt 8-Sc 0-Ma
SCORE
55 82 80
54 81 79
53 80 78
52 79 77
51 78 76
50 111 78 108 76
49 109 77 106 75
48 107 87 76 105 85 74
47 105 86 75 103 84 73
46 103 85 74 105 101 82 72 103
45 101 83 73 103 99 81 71 102
44 100 82 72 101 97 80 70 100
43 98 81 71 99 95 79 69 98'
42 96 80 70 97 94 78 68 96
41 94 79 69 95 92 76 67 94
40 92 77 68 93 90 75 66 92
39 90 76 67 91 88 74 66 90
38 88 75 67 89 86 73 65 88
37 86 74 66 87 85 71 64 86
36 84 72 65 85 83 70 63 84
35 81 71 64 83 81 69 62 82
34 80 70 63 80 79 68 61 80
33 100 78 69 62 78 93 77 67 60 78
32 98 76 67 61 76 91 75 66 59 76
31 96 74 66 60 74 88 74 65 58 75
\,_.
30 94 72 65 59 72 87 82 63 57 73
29 92 71 64 58 70 85 70 62 56 71
28 90 69 63 57 68 83 68 61 55 69

--- 0
I ~<'91'<11•1 • • 1 - • • · - - • • t 1 1 • 1 ............................................ P'l!W:,••--·: ..tll•& •'illlt 1:l•1*INll!l'•"lllj,-,:1111e••••·~-l-o!1111-'S,,"< p m,Jl1'1 , ...... ,.-~----··---e-all• ••1 I 1q•t,• -·-•-·•·u« _,
1

32

RAW
1-HS 4-Pd 7-Pt 8-Sc 0-Ma 1-HS 4-Pd 7-Pt 8-Sc 0-Ma
SCORE
27 88 67 62 56 66 82 66 60 55 67
26 86 65 60 56 64 80 65 69 54 65
25 84 63 59 55 62 78 63 57 53 63
24 82 61 58 54 60 76 61 56 52 61
23 80 59 57 53 58 74 59 55 51 59
22 78 57 56 52 56 72 57 54 50 57
21 76 55 54 51 54 71 55 53 49 55
20 74 53 53 50 52 69 54 51 48 53
19 72 51 52 49 50 67 52 50 47 52
18 70 49 51 48 48 66 50 49 46 49
17 68 47 49 47 46 64 48 48 45 48
16 66 45 48 46 44 62 46 47 43 46
15 64 43 47 45 42 60 45 45 44 44
14 62 42 46 44 40 58 53 44 43 42
13 60 40 45 44 38 56 41 43 42 40
12 58 38 43 43 35 55 39 42 41 38
11 56 36 42 42 33 53 37 41 40 36
10 54 34 41 41 31 51 35 40 39 34
9 52 32 40 40 29 49 34 38 38 32
8 50 30 39 39 27 47 32 37 37 30
7 48 28 37 38 25 45 30 36 36 28
6 46 26 36 37 23 44 28 35 35 26
5 44 24 35 36 21 42 26 33 34 24
4 42 22 34 35 19 40 25 32 34 22
3 40 20 32 34 17 38 23 31 33 21
2 38 18 31 33 15 36 21 30 32 19
1 36 16 30 33 13 34 19 29 31 17
 33

·1..-

Table No. 5

RAW SCORE MEANS AND STANDARD

DEVIATIONS ON EACH MMPI SCALE FOR THE MINNESOTA
AND PAKISTANI MALE SAMPLE

MALE
MINNESOTA PAKISTAN
Scale *N Mean SD N Mean
L 294 4.05 2.81 500 5.60
F 111 3.85 4.24 = 10.11
K 274 13.45 5.66 = 13.54
I( HS) 294 4.53 4.37 = 8.00
I( HS )+5K 274 11.34 3.90 = 15.04
2( D) 294 16.63 4.18 = 21.69
3( Hy) 345 16.49 5.51 = 19.67
4( Pd) 294 13.99 3.93 = 18.39
( ......
4( Pd )+4K 274 19.30 4.11 = 24.09
5(Mf) 117 20.44 5.13 = 26.55
6( Pa) 293 8.06 3.56 = 11.91
7( Pt) 293 9.86 7.19 - 17.45
7( Pt )+4K 294 22.95 4.88 = 30.81
8( Sc) 294 9.57 7.43 = 20.00
8( Sc )+lK 274 22.26 5.21 = 33.69
9(Ma) 294 14.51 4.42 = 19.10
9( Ma )+2k 274 17.00 3.87 = 21.75
0( Si) 193 25.00 9.58 = 31.25

Source for the - Hathaway and Briggs (1957)

..._, Minnesota normals:

*The given N's represent merely the total number of men used in the derivation
of the statistics. In the actual calculation data from partial N's were combined
various ways to balance the effects of age or sex .

.._
- ,.,.,_a_,__ . , . , 1,1 ,.,- ...-,H·--··-----.. -, "'"'"""'"'\,,a,_._._________ ., • ., •..• - ... --~-··••••••-•-·-·-·-····-----·----~~----
 --,

34

Table No. 6
RAW SCORE MEANS AND STAMDARD
DEVIATIONS ON EACH MMPI SCALE FOR THE
MINNESOTA
AND PAKISTANI FEMALE SAMPLE 7

FEMALE
MINNESOTA PAKISTAN
Scale *N Mean SD N Mean
L 397 4.27 2.63 400 5.98
F 118 3.49 3.13 = 10.70
K 373 12.08 5.07 = 13.00
I( HS) 397 6.86 5.28 = 9.47
I( HS )+5K 373 13.14 4.88 = 16.51
2( D) 396 19.76 5.18 = 26.17
3( Hy) 475 18.80 5.66 = 21.25
4( Pd) 397 13.44 4.23 = 17.99
4(Pd)+4K 373 18.41 4.44 = 23.16
5( Mf) 108 36.51 4.83 = 32.16
6( Pa) 397 7.98 3.32 = 12.76
7( Pt) 397 13.06 7.78 = 18.78
7( Pt )+4K 373 25.21 6.06 = 31.62
8( Sc) 397 10.73 7.96 = 22.00
8( Sc )+lK 373 22.65 6.50 = 34.45
9(Ma) 397 13.65 4.50 = 18.28
9( Ma )+2k 373 16.12 4.11 = 20.72
0( Si) 350 25.00 9.58 = 33J8

Source for the - Hathaway and Briggs (1957)

Minnesota normals:
*The given N's represent merely the total number of men used in the derivation ~

of the statistics. In the actual calculation data from partial N's were combined
various ways to balance the effects of age or sex.
......
 35

MMPI Profile Based on K corrected T Scores in Example on Page 12

T Score ? L F K HS D HY Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Score ? L F K HS D HY Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si

..._
,.. •~···-·-·-"•"--•·II I .,.._,,.._ _ ,.,...,.,___ .,__ & . l t - i ;.. 1,;,11, & ~ ·•••• •-11t•----•-••••n" •-:t~, • ""', ·, -·~- , , -• - ·-·- --·- --~ · · · - - · - - - - - - - - -
 36
-,

MMPI Report:
(Sample)

(Based on the example on page 16 and the profile on page)

Mane: M.Y. Age: 18 years

Education: F.A. Marital Status: Single

Employment Status: Unemployed Dated Tested: 6.9.1975

Test Taking Attitude and Mental State:

The subject had been through a very disturbed phase for which he received active
psychiatric treatment some ten days before the administration of the test. During
the test administration he showed restlessness which increased with time spent on
the test. He asked a number of questions during the test, but completed it in one
sitting.

Symptoms and personality characteristics:

Extremely elevated score on scale F indicates the need to be cautious in the

interpretation of the clinical scores. There is a pronounced tendency to admit all
kinds of personal faults and irrational ideas.

The score pattern and the profile show significant elevation on the scales usually
associated with psychoses. Elements of hyperactivity, disturbance of thought and
suspicion of others are prominent. The agitation is likely to effect the subject
himself as he seems to withdraw from social contacts.
~

Very low score on Hy, and L indicate a weakness of ego defenses which in give
way to bizarre symptoms and odd behaviour under stress.
 37

Diagnostic Impression:

This type of profile has usually been associated with paranoid schizophrenia.

Treatment Considerations:

The weakness of the ego defences seem to be in need of strengthening.

Supportive psychotherapy will be helpful in making the attitude of the patient
more positive regarding his self-image as well as the image of others around him.
11tla'••1 11•,~•••,.-,-·a,,11•1 t•ll-----···-----fnlll..~•••t•
1!911 . . . - . t i....... ·1M·1'1,1*1••1••1,1fdMJ><~1,,9••• . . . ~_,1-.,,.u.,_, ~ 111<11•1 , _ _ _ ...., _ _ _ _ _ • 1 1 1 - - - · . - . i i , 11 ,,._~,."-•·--•·i., ...

38
"'-'

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 Cottle, W.C. Card versus booklet forms of the MMPI. J.appl. Psychology.,
1950, 34, 255 - 259.
--,
2 Dahlstrom, W.G. & Welsh, G.S. An MMPI handbook: a Minneapolis:
Univ. of Minnesota Press,1960.

3 Drake, 1. E., & Oetting, E.R. An MMPI code book for counselors.
Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1959.

4 Godd, Patricia k. E., Brantner, J.p. The physician's guide to the MMPI.
Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1961.

5 Hathaway, S.R. and McKinley, J.C., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory, Manual, Revised 1976.

6 Hathaway, S.R. and McKinley, J.C., Minnesota a Multiphasic Personality

Schedule (Minnesota): Construction of the schedule. J. psychology., 1940,
10, 249 - 254.

7 Hathaway, S.R., & McKinley, J.C., A Multiphasic Personality Schedule

(Minnesota): III. The measurement of symptomatic depression. J. Psychol. m.,
1942, 14, 73 - 84.

8 Hathaway, S.R., & Meehl, P.E. An atlas for the clinical use of the MMPI.
Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1951.

9 Hathaway, S.R., & Monachesi, E.D. An atlas of juvenile MMPI profiles.

Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1961.

10 Hathaway, S.R., & Monachesi, E.D. Adolescent personality and behavior.

Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1963.

11 Holzberg, J.D., & Alessi, S. Reliability of the Shortened MMPI. J. consult.

Psychology., 1949, 13, 288 - 292.

12 Lindquist, E.F. (E.D.) Educational measurement. Washington, D.C:

American Council on education, 1951.
 39

.....
13 McKinley, J.C. & Hathaway, S.R. A Multiphasic Personality Schedule
(Minnesota): II. A differential study of hypochondriasis. J. Psychology.,
1940, 10, 255 - 268.

14 McKinley, J.C. & Hathaway, S.R. The MMPI: V. Hysteria, hypomania,

and psychopathic deviate. J. appl. Psychology., 1944, 28, 153 - 174.

15 McKinley, J.C. & Hathaway, S.R. Meehl, P.E. The MMPI: VI. The k
scale. J. consult. Psycho!., 1948, 12, 20 - 31.

16 Super, D.E., & Crites, J.O. Appraising vocational fitness by means of

psychological tests. New York: Harper, 1962.

17 Welsh, G.S. An extension of Hathaway's MMPI profile coding system. J.

consult. Psychology., 1948, 12, 343 - 344.

18 Welsh, G.S. Some practical uses of MMPI profile coding. J. Consult.

Psychology., 1951, 15, 82-84.

19 Welsh, G.S. & Dahlstrom, W.G., 9Eds.), Basic readings on the MMPI in
psychology and medicine. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota press, 1956.

~
.._

MMPI KEY URDU

L F K 1-Hs 2-D 3-Hy 4-Pd

T F T F T F T F T F T F T F
15 14 17 96 30 23 2 5 2 10 2 16 8
30 27 20 39 29 3 32 8 23 3 21 20
45 31 54 71 43 7 41 9 32 6 24 37
60 34 65 89 62 9 43 18 43 7 32 82
75 35 75 124 72 18 52 30 44 8 33 91
90 40 83 129 108 51 67 36 47 9 35 96
105 42 112 134 114 55 86 39 76 12 38 107
120 48 113 138 125 63 104 46 114 26 42 134
135 49 115 142 161 68 130 51 179 30 61 137
150 50 164 148 189 130 138 57 186 51 67 141
165 53 169 160 273 153 142 58 189 55 84 155
195 56 177 170 155 158 64 238 71 94 170
225 66 185 171 163 159 80 253 89 102 171
255 85 196 180 175 182 88 93 106 173
285 121 199 183 188 189 89 103 110 180
123 220 217 190 193 95 107 118 183
139 257 234 192 236 98 109 127 201
146 258 267 230 259 107 124 215 231
151 272 272 243 288 122 128 216 235
156 276 296 274 290 131 129 224 237
168 316 281 145 136 239 248
184 322 152 137 244 267
197 368 153 141 245 287
200 370 154 147 284 289
202 372 155 153 294
205 373 160 160 296
206 375 178 162
209 386 191 163
210 394 207 170
211 208 172
215 233 174
218 241 175
227 242 180
245 248 188
246 263 190
247 270 192
252 271 201
256 272 213
269 285 230
275 296 234
286 243
288 265
291 267
293 274
279
289
292
0 15 44 20 1 29 11 21 20 40 13 47 24 26

,·-··--···-------"--""···--
... ~ · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ • •............._. . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . _ _ ....,.,.. . . . . .,91. . . . ·tla 1,1,•·•P111,i'9J·~·!ll:ta-1:.., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 3 ______ ~ ••1111,, . - .. - ~ - - - - · · - - - , , - ·

2
i

5-Mf 5-Mf 7-Pt

6-Pa 8-Sc 9-Ma 0- Si
Male Female
T F T F T F T F T F T F T F
4 1 4 1 16 93 10 3 15 17 11 101 32 25
25 19 25 19 24 107 15 8 22 65 13 105 67 33
69 26 70 26 27 109 22 36 40 103 21 111 82 57
70 28 74 28 35 111 32 122 41 119 22 119 111 91
47
74 79 77 69 110 117 41 152 52
177 59 120 117 99
77 80 78 79 121 124 67 164 97 178 64 148 124 119 --,
78 81 87 80 123 268 76 178 104 187 73 166 138 126
87 89 92 81 127 281 86 329 121 192 97 171 147 143
92 99 126 89 151 294 94 353 156 196 100 180 171 193
126 112 132 99 157 313 106 157 220 109 267 172 208
132 115 133 112 158 316 142 159 276 127 289 180 229
134 116 134 115 202 319 159 168 281 134 201 231
140 117 140 116 275 327 182 179 302 143 236 254
182
149 120 149 117 284 347 189 194 306 156 276 262
179 133 187 120 291 348 217 202 309 157 278 281
187 144 203 144 293 238 210 310 167 292 296
203 176 204 176 299 266 212 318 181 304 309
204 198 217 179 305 301 238 322 194 316 353
217 213 226 198 314 304 241 330 212 321 359
226 214 239 213 317 321 251 222 332 367
231 219 261 214 326 336 259 226 336 371
239 221 278 219 338 337 266 228 342 374
273
261 223 282 221 341 340 282
232 357 377
278 229 295 223 364 342 291 233 369 380
282 249 299 229 365 343 297 238 370 381
295 254 249 344 301 240 373 382
297 260 254 346 303 250 376 383
299 262 260 349 307 251 378 384
264 262 351 308 263 379 387
280 264 352 311 266 385 388
283 280 356 312 268 389 390
315
300 283 357 320
271 393 391
297 358 323 277 398 392
300 359 324 279 399 395
360 325 298 396
361 328 397
362 331
366 332
333
334
335
339
341
345
349
350
352
354
355
356
360
363
364
366
28 32 25 35 25 15 38 9 58 19 35 11 34 36

'