HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

CHNG I.

CAC LINH KIEN BAN DAN C BAN

1.1. CAC TNH CHAT, KHAI NIEM, HE THC C BAN: 1. Tr trung bnh (average): Xet dong ien i(t) co chu ky T. Tr trung bnh cua dong ien c tnh bi cong thc :

I dc =

1 i (t ) dt T 0

(1.1)

Ghi chu: Trng hp tren dong ien i c bieu dien bang mot ham duy nhat trong suot chu ky T. Neu trong chu ky T :

t1 t T , i = i2 ' (t ) I dc =
t T 11 i1 (t ) dt + i2 (t ) dt T 0 t1

0 t t1 , i = ii ' (t )

Tng t tnh tr trung bnh cua ap; Udc. 2. Tr hieu dung (rms root mean square): Cong thc:

I rms =

1 i 2 (t ) dt T 0

(1.2)

Ghi chu: Ghi chu: Trng hp tren dong ien i c bieu dien bang mot ham duy nhat trong suot chu ky T. Neu trong chu ky T :

t1 t T , i = i2 ' (t )

0 t t1 , i = ii ' (t )

I dc

t T 11 2 2 i1 (t ) dt + i2 (t ) dt = T t1 0

Tng t tnh tr hieu dung cua ap; Urms V du1.1 :

H.1.1 Dang song dong ien co dang nh tren H.1.1. Tnh tr trung bnh, tr hieu dung va gia tr tc thi ln nhat (gia tr nh) cua dong ien nay. V du1.2 :

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

H1.2 Dang song dong ien co dang nh tren H.1.2. Tnh tr trung bnh, tr hieu dung va gia tr tc thi ln nhat (gia tr nh) cua dong ien nay. 3. Khai niem ve qua trnh qua o va trang thai xac lap : Khai niem thng gap trong TCS, lien quan en qua trnh ong ngat cua cac khoa cong suat, con c goi la qua trnh chuyen trang thai khoa cong suat t ong sang ngat hoac ngc lai. Qua trnh qua o la qua trnh xay ra ngay sau khi ong (ngat) khoa cong suat, dien ra trong khoang thi gian ngan va lien quan en tnh chat ong (thi gian khoa chuyen sang trang thai ong tON va thi gian khoa chuyen sang ngat toff ) cua cac linh kien ban dan cong suat. Trang thai xac lap cua mach TCS la trang thai dien ra trong khoang thi gian tng oi dai (so vi thi gian ong ngat khoa), khi khoa cong suat trang thai ong hoan toan hoac ngat hoan toan. 4. S lien tuc va gian oan: Khai niem lien quan en tnh dan ien mot chieu cua khoa cong suat (BJT, IGBT, SCR, GTO). Khi dong i qua theo chieu thuan cua khoa van con ln hn 0 ta co dong lien tuc. Neu dong giam xuong gia tr nho hn 0 khoa ngat ta co hien tng dong gian oan. Trng hp gian oan cua dong ien yeu cau giai tch mach phc tap hn va bat li cho qua trnh ieu khien. 5. Phan tch Fourier : Nham muc ch xac nh cac thanh phan mot chieu va cac thanh phan song hai cua ien ap, dong ien. trang thai xac lap, ien ap (hoac dong ien) ngo ra cua cac bo bien oi cong suat noi chung la mot ham so tuan hoan theo thi gian vi chu ky T, nh vay ta co: v0 (t ) = v0 (t + T ) (1.3) Goi f la tan so cua ien ap ra (Hz) va la van toc goc (rad) ta co :

2 = 2f T v0 (t ) = v0 (t + 2 )

(1.4) (1.5)

nh ly Fourier phat bieu rang mot ham so tuan hoan v0(t) co the c bieu dien bi cong thc sau:

v0 (t ) =
vi :

a0 + (a n cos nt + bn sin nt ) , 2 n =1, 2,...

(1.6)

a0 : Tr trung bnh cua ap ra v0(t): thanh phan mot chieu khong oi. 2

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

2 1 a 0 = v0 (t )dt = v 0 (t )d (t ) 0 T 0

(1.7)

Cac thanh phan sin, cos ac trng cho thanh phan xoay chieu cua ien ap ngo ra va cac he so song hai c xac nh theo bieu thc sau:

an =

2 1 v0 (t ) cos ntdt = v0 (t )cos ntd (t ) T 0 0

T 2

(1.8) (1.9)

2 1 bn = v0 (t ) sin ntdt = v0 (t ) sin ntd (t ) T 0 0

Neu n = 1 ta co hai c ban n 2 hai bac cao Phep phan tch Fourier c s dung e anh gia thanh phan mot chieu va xoay chieu cua ai lng ien ap (dong) ngo ra bo bien oi cong suat (thng khong co dang chuan mot chieu hoac xoay chieu) va thong qua o co the anh gia so sanh chat lng cac ai lng ien nay. V du 1.3. Phan tch Fourier cho dang song vuong co dang oi xng so vi truc = 0. Do gian o hoan toan xoay chieu (thanh phan dc bang 0) nen chuoi Fourier ch cha cac song hai bac le cua ham so cosin. Do tnh oi xng nen phep tch phan c lay chu ky, ngha la t 0/2. Ket qua phan tch Fourier cho ien ap tc thi u co dang nh sau:

a(n)

2 = /2

/2

U
0

cos(n )d =

41 4 1 [sin (n )] / 2 U d = U d 0 n n

+ cho n = 1,5,9,.... - cho n = 3,7,11,.... u = 1 1 U d cos( ) cos(3 ) + cos(5 )..... 3 5 4

Bai tap : Viet phng trnh hai c ban cua ien ap co gian o sau (H1.3a):

H1.3a

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

u1 =

1600

sin (100t ) , [V]

Hnh 1.3b Pho hai

uz =

1600 sin (100nt ) n =1, 3, 5,.. n

6. Cac he so pham chat : a. He so hai (HFn) cua song hai th n : Ty le tr hieu dung song hai bac n so vi song hai c ban.

HFn =

Vn V1
1 V1

(1.10)

b. He so meo dang toan phan : ty le cac song hai bac cao so vi song hai c ban.

THD =

V
n=2

2 n

(1.11)

c. He so cong suat : Ty le cong suat s dung (tai) so vi cong suat bieu kien (nguon). 7. Hien tng song nhieu va bien phap khac phuc : a. Cac van e thng gap v du vi bo bien tan : Nguyen nhan : Nguyen ly van hanh cac bo bien oi cong suat phan ln da tren nguyen ly ong ngat cua cac khoa cong suat (BJT, IGBT, MOSFET, Thyristor ) tan so cao. Hn na, hoat ong cua bo bien oi lam meo dang ap (dong) ngo vao, ngo ra so vi dang chuan. Hau qua: ieu o gay ra nhieu cao tan (s xuat hien cac song hai bac cao cua ap va dong) trong cap dan va bc xa song ien t anh hng en pha nguon va pha cong ra bo bien oi cong suat .

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

BB

M H1.4. Nhieu truyen trong cap dan va nhieu tia b. Giai phap : - Pha nguon : S dung bo loc RFI kh nhieu song dan va song bc xa loai tia - Bo bien oi cong suat : S dung tu kim loai (long Faraday) - Pha cong ra bo bien oi en tai: S dung cap boc. oi vi cac bo bien oi cong suat dang khac ta cung gap hien tng nay do hoat ong cua bo bien oi vi kha nang chuyen oi dang nang lng va ieu khien cac tham so ien lam meo dang ien ap (dong) so vi dang chuan (mot chieu hoac sin). 1.2. PHAN GII THIEU: 1. nh ngha : ien t cong suat (TCS) la cong nghe chuyen oi (hoac/ va ieu khien) nang lng ien t dang nay sang dang khac nh ng dung cac linh kien ban dan cong suat ln. 2. ac iem linh kien TCS: + Phat trien cung vi cong nghe che tao linh kien ban dan cong suat ln + La thanh phan c ban cua cac bo bien oi cong suat tnh. + Lam viec nh khoa cong suat va thng ch lam viec che o ong ngat (da vao tnh chat cua ban dan : lam viec nh chat cach ien tng ng trang thai khoa ngat, lam viec nh chat dan ien tng ng trang thai khoa ong) + u iem so vi cong tac c hoc vi cac tiep iem chuyen ong: cong tac ban dan co o ben vng cao hn, o chnh xac cao hn va tan so ong ngat cao hn. + ng dung khoa ban dan : la cau phan cua cac bo bien oi cong suat dung e ieu khien cac tham so ra nh ap, dong, cong suat, tan so va dang song. 3. Phan loai cac khoa cong suat: Theo ac tnh ieu khien: Cac khoa cong suat c chia lam cac loai khoa : + Khong ieu khien c trang thai ong ngat (v du diode cong suat) + ieu khien trang thai ong ngat bang tn hieu ieu khien (ong ngat bi mach ieu khien) : tuy theo kha nang ieu khien ong hoac ngat hoac ca hai, linh kien con c chia thanh khoa ieu khien hoan toan (ieu khien qua trnh ong ngat bang tn hieu ieu khien) hoac khoa ieu khien ban phan (ch kch ong c nhng khong kch ngat c bang tn hieu ieu khien) Theo chieu dong ien chay qua: Khoa c chia lam cac loai khoa : + 1 chieu: Diode, BJT, IGBT, Thyristor (SCR), GTO dan ien theo mot chieu + 2 chieu: MOSFET, Thyristor dan ngc, DiAC,TriAC dan ien theo hai chieu. Theo kha nang khoa ap ngc tr so cao + Co kha nang :Diode, GTO, Thyristor, TriAC + Khong co kha nang khoa ap ngc tr so ln : BJT, IGBT

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

Tn hieu ieu khien: oi vi cac loai khoa ban dan co ieu khien, tn hieu ieu khien c chia lam hai dang + Tn hieu lien tuc (cho BJT, IGBT, MOSFET): muon duy tr khoa trang thai ong can phai duy tr tn hieu ieu khien trong suot khoang thi gian nay, + Tn hieu xung (cho Thyristor, GTO, TriAC) : ch can kch ong linh kien bang tn hieu ieu khien dang xung hep, sau o co the tat xung ieu khien ma linh kien van tiep tuc trang thai ong ien cho en khi ieu kien ngat thoa. 4. Phan loai cac bo bien oi cong suat tnh : Bo chnh lu (Rectifier, Redresseur) - AC/DC : Bien oi nang lng dang xoay chieu thanh nang lng dang mot chieu. Bo bien oi ien ap mot chieu (Chopper, Hacheur) - DC/DC : Bien oi ap mot chieu ngo vao co gia tr khong oi thanh dang ien ap mot chieu ieu khien c, Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu (AC Voltage Controller, Gradateur) AC/AC: Bien oi ap xoay chieu ngo vao co tr hieu dung khong oi thanh dang ien ap xoay chieu ieu khien c tr hieu dung (nhng khong ieu khien tan so), Bo nghch lu (Inverter, Onduleur) DC/AC : Bien oi nang lng dang mot chieu thanh nang lng dang xoay chieu, Bo bien tan (Frequency Converter, Convertisseur de frequence) AC/AC hoac AC/DC/AC : Bien oi ap xoay chieu tan so khong oi ngo vao thanh ien ap xoay chieu co tan so khac (hoac ieu khien c) ngo ra, song song o co kha nang ieu khien ca gia tr hieu dung ap hai c ban ngo ra. 5.Tnh chat tnh va tnh chat ong : Khoa c phan lam hai loai: + Khoa cong suat ly tng + Khoa cong suat thc te a. Tnh chat tnh: Cong suat nhiet tieu tan khi khoa trang thai ong (Pon) va ngat (Poff) + oi vi khoa ly tng Pon va Poff =0 + oi vi khoa thc te : Khi khoa ong : ien ap ri tren khoa khac khong (do khoa co cau truc cac lp ban dan ghep noi vi nhau) suy ra (1.12) Pon = Vf If 0 Vi Vf ien ap ri tren hai ien cc cong suat cua khoa trang thai dan ien If - dong qua khoa cong suat khi dan ien. Khi khoa ngat : dong ro qua khoa khac khong, suy ra Poff = Vbl Ir 0 (1.13) Vi Vbl ien ap ri tren hai ien cc cong suat cua khoa trang thai khoa dong Ir - dong ro qua khoa cong suat khi ngat ien. b. Tnh chat ong: c ac trng bang thi gian khoa chuyen trang thai t ngat sang ong ien ton va ngc lai toff- cac gia tr nay khac nhau cho moi loai khoa cong suat He qua: + Thi gian khoa chuyen trang thai ton, toff lam gii han tan so ong ngat khoa va tan so lam viec cua bo bien oi cong suat; + Phat sinh cong suat tieu tan nhiet khi chuyen trang thai goi la cong suat ton hao ong hay cong suat ton hao do ong cat.

10

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

1.3. CAC LINH KIEN BAN DAN : www.semikron.com ; www.eupec.com ; www.fujielectric.com

1. DIODE CONG SUAT 1.1. Cau tao- ac iem :

a) Cau truc ban dan

b) Ky hieu

Kim loai Gom cach ien

c) Cac dang vo diode H1.5. Diode cong suat

Linh kien khong ieu khien, Co cau tao gom mot lp chuyen tiep p-n, 2 ien cc ngoai, Phng phap che tao : Khuyech tan nguyen t tap chat loai p vao mot mat cua phien tinh the Si loai n, Cc Anode noi vi lp p, Cathode noi vi lp n, Qua trnh ong ngat : Neu VAK > 0 (ien ap Anode dng hn ien ap Cathode) th diode dan (ong), ngc lai diode ngat, Tiet dien cua phien ban dan Si quyet nh kha nang chu dong cua diode, ien tr cua nguyen lieu ban au (v du phien ban dan loai n) va chieu day quyet nh kha nang chu ap khoa cua diode, Cac tham so c ban : + Kha nang ieu khien dong ien (vai A vai kA ) + Kha nang khoa ien ap (vai chuc V vai kV ) + Thi gian phuc hoi tnh nghch : thi gian can thiet e diode phuc hoi kha nang chu ap khoa khi qua trnh dan thuan cham dt : chia lam 2 loai phuc hoi nhanh : s dung trong cac mach co tan so lam viec cao - phuc hoi cham : s dung trong mach lam viec vi tan so thap (tan so cong nghiep) ac tuyen VA:

1.2.

11

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

Sut ap luc dan ien

Nhanh dan Dong ro

Nhanh khoa ien ap anh thung kieu thac

H1.6. ac tuyen Volt-Ampere cua diode cong suat Cac tham so: VTO ien ap ong diode (turn -on) VBR ien ap ngc anh thung lp pn (break- down)

rf =
rr =
1.3.

du f di f

- ien tr vi phan thuan

(1.14) (1.15)

du r - ien tr vi phan nghch dir

1.4.

ac iem ong ngat: Khi diode dan tng ng mot cong tac ong : o ri ap tren linh kien Vf nho, dong thuan qua linh kien If ln. Khi diode ngat tng ng mot cong tac ngat : ien ap khoa Vbl ln, dong ro qua linh kien Ir rat be. Thi gian phuc hoi tnh nghch Trr: Trong cac hien tng qua o, qua trnh ngat diode ong vai tro quan trong. Ta khao sat mot diode ang dan ien, no c ngat ien bang mot nguon ien ap ngc Vng at len Cathode Anode khi ong khoa S, dong qua diode theo chieu thuan co gia tr la IF. thi iem: t = 0 : khoa S ngat; i = IF t = t0 : ong khoa S, ap ngc Vng at len diode va dong thuan giam dan; t = t1 : dong thuan giam ve 0, IF = 0. Do s ton tai chuyen ong cac hat dan khong c ban nen diode tiep tuc dan, cho dong ngc i qua; t = t2 : cac hat dan khong c ban tieu tan het, diode khoi phuc nhanh kha nang khoa ap ngc; t = t3 : dong ngc giam ve 0. Qua trnh ngat diode ket thuc. Thi gian phuc hoi tnh nghch c nh ngha la: trr = t3 t1 =ta+tb (1.16) Thi gian phuc hoi ngc trr thng nho hn 1s. Hien tng nay tr nen quan trong cho cac ng dung co tan so lam viec cao. Diode phuc hoi nhanh c s dung trong trng hp nay vi trr nho hn so vi thi gian phuc hoi cua diode tan so cong nghiep 50Hz.

12

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

L S
Vng

b) Qua trnh ngat diode H1.7. Khao sat thi gian phuc hoi tnh nghch cua diode cong suat 1.5. Mach bao ve : Khi dong ir giam ot ngot ( thi iem t=t2) ta co the quan sat hien tng qua ap tren diode (neu trong mach diode co cam khang mac noi tiep):

a) Mach khao sat trr

v r = Vng L

di L , (iL=ir) dt

(1.17)

1.6.

toc o giam dong ln qua mc co the lam hong diode. Ngi ta co the han che anh hng cua hien tng qua ap va bao ve cho linh kien diode cong suat bang mach loc RC mac song song vi diode lam qua trnh tat dong dien ra cham hn (xem hnh H1.7.a) (mach RC khong cho phep ien ap tang ot ngot tren hai au ien cc diode). Trong cac diode hien nay, module diode cong suat cha mach RC tch hp ben trong luc san xuat. Mot so van e phu : Kha nang chu ap tai va dong tai ghep noi tiep cac diode e tang kha nang khoa ap va ghep song song cac diode e tang kha nang tai dong; Cac loai diode ac biet trong cong nghiep: diode cao ap, tan so ong ngat cao (trr nho, gia thanh cao), diode Schottky co the xuat hien trong cac dang mach ac biet. Schottky diode vi lp chuyen tiep kim loai ban dan thay v lp p-n. Sut ap tren diode Schottky khoang 0.3V va thng c s dung trong cac ng dung ien ap thap, khi sut ap tren diode can xet en. ien ap ngc toi a trong trng hp nay khoang 100V. Lp chuyen tiep kim loai ban dan khong co qua o luc phuc hoi nen ong ngat nhanh hn cac diode vi lp chuyen tiep p-n.

2. TRANSISTOR CONG SUAT 2.1. Cau tao:

13

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

H1.8. Cau truc BJT

H1.9 (a) BJT(NPN). (b) ac tuyen V-A. (c ) ac tuyen BJT ly tng. (d) Mac Darlington

2.2.

BJT co hai loai : npn va pnp, tuy nhien npn (H1.8) thng dung hn v vi cung nh mc ap va dong th loai nay co kch thc nho gon hn; Linh kien ieu khien hoan toan va co ba cc ngoai Collector (C) , Emitter (E) va cong ieu khien Base (B). (H1.9a) + Mach cong suat noi gia 2 cc C va E + Mach ieu khien noi gia 2 cc B va E ac iem: + Transistor van hanh nh mot khoa ong cat ban dan c s dung trong ien t cong suat va nh vay thng ch lam viec che o ong ngat; + BJT cong suat c nh mc en 1200V va 400A. Chung thng c s dung trong cac bo bien oi van hanh en 10kHz. BJT cong suat co nh mc cao hn MOSFET. + Khong co kha nang khoa ap ngc tr so ln chuyen dung khoa ap thuan (ap VCE > 0) + ac tnh cua BJT c trnh bay tren H1.9b. BJT chuyen sang trang thai dan khi cap cho no mot dong cong Base u ln e BJT dan bao hoa. ien ap bao hoa collectoremitter khoang 1 2V oi vi BJT cong suat. Dong Base bang 0 lam BJT ngat. + BJT la mot linh kien ieu khien bang dong, co he so khuech ai hFE thap, thng nho hn 20. S van hanh cua khoa c ac trng bi dong vao cc ieu khien IB e ong dong IC cc chnh

hFE =
2.3. ac tuyen VA:

IC , IB

hFE 20

(1.18)

14

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

H1.10. ac tuyen Volt-Ampere cua BJT + ac tuyen Volt-Ampere (V-A) trnh bay tren H1.10: o la moi quan he gia dong collector IC vao ap gia hai au cc cong suat VCE phuthuoc tham so ieu khien la dong IB + Hai vung lam viec tng ng vi trang thai ong ngat cua BJT: vung ngat va vung bao hoa 2.4. Thi gian ong ngat : Tnh chat ong c khao sat thong qua ap ng cua dong IC so vi dong ieu khien IB (H1.11).
IB

2.5.

H1.11. Thi gian ong cat BJT t1 t0 : thi gian tre cua qua trnh chuyen sang ong t2 t0 : thi gian ong tON khoang vai s t4 t3 : thi gian tre cua qua trnh chuyen sang ngat t5 t3 : thi gian ngat tOFF - ln hn 10s Mach kch: Nguyen tac thiet ke mach sao cho BJT se c ong ngat bi dong IB thch hp trong moi ieu kien thay oi dong IC trong qua trnh van hanh.

15

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

Nhiem vu mach kch : + giam thi gian khoa chuyen trang thai tON va tOFF , dang dong cong thng co dang nh tren H1.12

H1.12. + u dong IB min e ong BJT bao hoa can co khau khuech ai tn hieu. + cach ly ien gia mach ieu khien va mach cong suat : s dung bien ap xung hoac linh kien quang ien t (optocoupleur) Cac dang mach kch : + mach kch ong : dong kch cong base co gai nhon nh tren H1.12 co the c tao bi mach nh tren H1.13. Khi ien ap V1 xuat hien ngo vao, dong cong base ch b han che bi ien tr R1 va gia tr ban au la:

I B1 =
va gia tr cuoi cung la

V1 V BE R1

(1.19)

I Bs =

V1 V BE R1 + R2 R2 R1 + R2
(1.22)

(1.20)

tu ien C nap ien en gia tr cuoi cung la :

Vc = V1
thi hang nap tu la 1 =

(1.21)

R1 R2 C1 R1 + R2

khi ien ap VB ve 0, lp chuyen tiep base-emitter phan cc ngc, tu C1 phong ien qua ien tr R2. thi hang xa tu la 2 = R2 C1 . (1.23) e am bao u thi gian nap va xa tu, thi gian tao xung t1 51 ; t2 52, tan so ong cat toi a la fs=1/T = 1/(t1+t2) = 0.2/(1+2). + mach kch ngat: Neu ien ap ngo vao giam xuong gia tr V2 luc ngat, ien ap tu ien Vc theo (1.21) se cong vi ien ap V2 va la ap ngc at tren cong ieu khien BJT hnh thanh dong cong kch ngat. Khi tu C1 phong ien, ien ap ngc se giam en gia tr xac lap V2.

16

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

H1.13 Mach kch tren H1.14 trnh bay chc nang khuyech ai tn hieu dung Transistor va cach ly dung bien ap xung
VCC

R5 2

R6 D2

D1 R4 1 C2 C1 Q1 C3 TX1 R7

Q4

R1 A

Q2

R2

R8

Q3

GND

R3

2.6.

H1.14 Cong Base cua BJT cong suat c ieu khien bi cuon th cap C3 cua bien ap xung ba cuon day. Cuon s cap ky hieu la C1 va C2. e ieu khien ong BJT Q4, ien ap co gia tr dng c cap cho au A lam cho Transistor Q3 ong, cuon C1 tch ien, dien ap dng xuat hien tren cuon C3. ong thi cuon C2 khong co dong i qua v Q2 ngat do Q1 ong va noi tat cong Base cua Q2 xuong masse. Khi xung ap ieu khien au A giam xuong 0, ca hai BJT Q1 va Q3 ngat. Khi Q3 ngat cuon C1 h va khong c cap nguon, Q1 ngat lam cuon C2 c cap ien do Q2 ong. Do khac cc tnh nen cuon C3 xuat hien ien ap ngc ngat Q4. Mach bao ve: + e bao ve qua ap trong qua trnh ngat mach ta co the s dung cac mach sau:
dV/dt dV/dt di/dt

a)

b) H1.15

c)

17

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

2.7.

Cong dung cua tu C mac noi tiep vi ien tr R (H1.15a) hoac diode D (H1.115b) la giam toc o tang ap khoa ten BJT trong qua trnh ngat (dV/dt qua ln co the lam hong linh kien). Mach con goi la mach em (snubber). Qua trnh nap tu : dong nap i qua D,C vaTransistor chuyen sang trang thai ngat; qua trnh xa tu dong phong ien qua mach C, R,Transistor lan ong tiep theo. + e bao ve qua dong di/dt khi ong mach (neu can thiet): s dung cuon cam mac noi tiep vi linh kien tren H1.15c . L giam toc o tang dong, tch nang lng . Mach xa nang lng nang lng tch luy trong cuon L giai phong qua mach L, R, D Mac Darlington: Ta co he so khuyech ai hFE = IC/IB thng co gia tr khong ln. V the neu can ieu khien dong Ic co tr so cao (v du IC = 200 A) ta can thiet ke mach ieu khien tao dong IB kha cao (IB =10A) e kch ong linh kien mach ieu khien se thiet ke kho va hieu suat kem. V the co the khac phuc nhc iem nay bang cach dung cach mac Darlington (H1.9d). Mach gom 2 Transistor: BJT chnh va BJT phu dung ieu khien BJT chnh. V du BJT phu cung co he so hFE =20, ta ch can dong IB=10/20=0.5A e ieu khien dong cong suat 200A cua BJT chnh.

3. MOSFET 3.1. Cau tao: ac iem khac BJT + Linh kien ieu khien bang ap, ch can dong ieu khien rat nho cong ieu khien ( vai mA ) e duy tr MOSFET trang thai ong. ien ap gate-source u ln se ong MOSFET. Mach kch MOSFET thng n gian hn mach kch BJT. trang thai dan, s bien thien vDS ty le thuan vi s bien thien dong iD. + MOSFET ong cat nhanh hn BJT va c s dung trong cac bo bien oi van hanh vi tan so en 100kHz va hn. + MOSFET co cau truc diode ngc ky sinh (do cau truc ban dan) oi khi co li cho mot so mach ng dung. + Sut ap khi dan ien cua BJT thap hn so vi MOSFET cong suat ton hao nhiet trang thai ong cua MOSFET cao hn. MOSFET ien ap thap se co ien tr luc dan RDS(on) nho hn 0.1, tuy nhien cac MOSFET cao ap co ien tr dan len en vai . + Gia tr ap, dong chu c cua BJT ln hn MOSFET. nh mc MOSFET khoang 1000V va 50A.

a)

(b) MOSFET(kenh N). (c) ac tuyen V-A. (d) ac tuyen MOSFET ly tng. H1.16. MOSFET cong suat

18

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

3.2. ac tuyen VA: +ac tuyen VA tng t nh BJT ( thay oi ky hieu cac cc , D C, S E, G B ) (H1.16c) +Khi ap ieu khien VGS >0 va ap khoa VDS >0 MOSFET ong dong ID chay qua cc cong suat DS +Khai niem ien tr RDS trang thai ong: Do khong co lp chuyen tiep p n ma ch co n nen phien ban dan c xem nh ien tr. ien ap 2 au cc trang thai dan va cong suat ton hao tnh: VF = ID. RDS( ON ) P = I2D . RDS ( ON) Do RDS(ON) cao Tai sao MOSFET ieu khien ap va dong kem hn BJT. 3.3. Qua trnh ong ngat MOSFET

H1.17 tON = t d ( ON) + tr tOFF = t d(OFF) + tf + So vi cac khoa cong suat, thi gian tON , tOFF cua MOSFET la ngan nhat la linh kien thch hp e ieu kien ong ngat tan so cao. 3.4. Mach bao ve: ( Giong nh trng hp BJT ) Qua trnh qua o khi ngat, dong nap tu chay t cc D cc G MOSFET dan ngoai y muon qua ap neu dV/dt cao ( ic = C . dV/dt ) Qua trnh qua o khi ong MOSFET co the gay nen qua ap giai oan diode ngc phuc hoi tnh nghch. Trong nhng trng hp nay, mach bao ve la can thiet. 3.5.Mach kch MOSFET: Co cac chc nang tng t mach kch BJT (H1.18). Khi P , ien ap nguon 15V cap cho bien ap xung ferritetrong mot khoang thi gian ngan cho en khi bao hoa,

19

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

xung dong phong ien qua diode zener Z2 (lam viec nh diode thng), ien dung tong GateSource se ong MOSFET. ien ap tren cc Gate c gii han bi diode zener Z1. Khi P 0, bien ap xung se khong bao hoa va xung dong phong ien t tu C qua diode Z2. Khi ien ap tu C bat au am, diode Z1 dan ien (nh diode thng) va han che ien ap am cong Gate nho hn 1V.

H1.18. Mach kch MOSFET 4. IGBT 4.1.Cau tao, ac iem: IGBT (H1.19) la mach tch hp mot MOSFET va mot BJT. Mach kch BJT giong nh mach kch MOSFET, trong khi ac tnh ong cua no giong nh cua BJT. IJBT co the lam viec vi tan so ong cat len en 20kHz va thay the BJT trong nhieu ng dung.

a)

b) S o tng ng H1.19. IGBT

c) Ky hieu

Ket hp u iem cua BJT va MOSFET Linh kien ieu khien bang ap ( giong MOSFET ) mach ieu khien giong nh MOSFET ien ap ri tren hai ien cc CE luc ong nho hn MOSFET Khong co diode ngc ky sinh

20

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

- Khong co kha nang khoa ap ngc gia tr ln hn 10V - nh mc IGBT ap U <= 1200 V, dong I <= 1 KA - Tan so ong ngat cao hn so vi BJT nhng thap hn MOSFET, tON IGBT tON MOSFET , tOFF IGBT > tOFF MOSFET 4.2. Nguyen ly ong cat : + Giong MOSFET , khac ien tr luc IGBT ong RCE ( ON ) nho hn nhieu so vi RDS(ON) MOSFET v cau truc IGBT co lp chuyen tiep pn co s dan ien bang hat dan khong c ban dong I ieu khien c oi vi IGBT ln hn 5, 10 lan so vi MOSFET + Co tn hieu ap ieu khien VGE dong qua lp pn phan cc thuan t cc C E. 4.3. ac tuyen VA: Giong BJT va MOSFET IC = f ( V GE ) 5. SCR ( Thyristor) 5.1. Cau tao va ac iem hoat ong:

a) b) H1.20 dung cho mach cong suat ln; bon lp p, n vi 3 cc ngoai Anode (A), Cathode (K) va Gate (G); mach ieu khien c noi gia cc G & K . Mach cong suat c noi gia A & K ; linh kien ieu khien bang dong. Xung dong IG kch ong SCR; khong kch ngat, dong qua SCR ang dan if b ngat khi gia tr dong nay thap hn dong duy tr if < ih 0 nh mc SCR : ap vai kV, dong vai kA Ba trang thai cua SCR: Trang thai khoa ap ngc ( SCR ngat )
R

K A

21

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

Trang thai khoa ap thuan ( SCR ngat)

R

A
V

Trang thai ong ( ON ) dan thuan

R

IF
V

A
IG

H1.21. Cac trang thai cua SCR 5.2. Qua trnh ong ngat a. Hien tng ong mach xay ra ( chuyen t ngat ong ) khi - SCR c at trang thai khoa ap thuan - Xung dong IG > 0 a vao cong GK Mach tng ng cua SCR gom 2 transistor mac oi Collector va Base vi nhau, xung IG lam 2 transistor nhanh chong dan bao hoa. Luc SCR dan, trang thai cua no giong diode nen dong IG khong con can thiet na e duy tr trang thai ong SCR. b. Hien tng ngat mach gom 2 giai oan; Chuyen t ong ngat Giai oan 1: Giai oan lam dong thuan b triet tieu bang cach thay oi ien tr hoac ien ap gia anode va cathode ( at ap ngc ) Giai oan 2: khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua SCR Sau khi dong thuan b triet tieu SCR can co 1 thi gian ngat an toan (tq) e SCR co the chuyen sang trang thai khoa ap thuan an toan. 5.3. ac tuyen Volt-Ampere: o la moi quan he gia IAK vao ap VAK phu thuoc tham so ieu khien la xung dong IG. ac tuyen V-A phan anh ba trang thai lam viec cua SCR.

22

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

a)

b) H1.21 Cac thong so : VBO - ap thong dong: Khi ien ap VAK u dng e ong SCR ma khong can tn hieu ieu khien. (BO- Break Over). Khi thay oi gia tr dong kch th ap thong dong thay oi theo IG2 > IG1 > IG0 = 0 VB02 < VB01 < VB0 IL - Dong chot : Khi dong thuan qua SCR iF ln hn gia tr dong chot iL mi co the tat xung ieu khien . (L- latching) IH Dong duy tr : trong qua trnh dong thuan SCR iF thap hn dong duy tr iH th SCR chuyen sang trang thai ngat. (H- Holding) VBR ap anh thung SCR kieu thac.

23

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

5.4. Cac tnh chat ong dvBL/ dt : SCR x ly nh 1 tu ien, neu dVBL/ dt qua ln dan en SCR dan ngoai y muon. V the ngi ta gii han toc o thay oi ien ap khoa trong khoang 10 100V/s diF / dt: Neu diF / dt ln qua se lam tiet dien SCR b qua tai cho noi vi cong lam hong SCR . V the ngi ta gii han o tang cua dong thuan trong khoang 10 100A/s tq : sau khi phuc hoi lp ien tr nghch cua J1 va J3 qua trnh ngat van cha cham dt, can co them mot thi gian na e khoi phuc kha nang khoa ap thuan tc la khoi phuc ien tr nghch cua lp J2 . Thi gian ngat an toan v vay se c nh ngha : tq- No bat au khi dong thuan tr ve khong cho en khi xuat hien ien ap khoa thuan ma SCR van khong b ong tr lai khi cha co xung dong ieu khien IG. 5.5. Mach bao ve: - e giam o doc diF/ dt co the dung cam khang mac noi tiep vi SCR - Viec qua ap co the c han che bang mach dung RC hoac mach D, R, C e gii han o doc cua dvBl / dt

dV/dt

dV/dt di/dt

5.6. Mach kch SCR:

VCC

H1.22.

R4 Q1 R3 TX1 R6 A R5 K Q2 D2 R1 D1 R2 G X1 A

H1.23 Xung ong c at vao cong base cua Q2 lam Q2 chuyen sang trang thai ong. R5 & R6 co gia tr cao va co chc nang cai thien ac tnh lam viec bang cach tao ng dan gia base va emitter. Q2 ong cung cap dong ieu khien a c khuyech ai cho Q1 lam Q1 ong. Gia tr dong nay phu thuoc R3 va ap nguon Vcc. Q1 ong cap ien ap cho cuon s cap cua bien ap xung (co gia tr gan bang Vcc). o rong xung ap tng ng o rong tn hieu ieu khien ngo vao A. Cuon th cap cap xung cho cong G cua SCR. ien tr R1 & R2 han che ap va dong cc cong. Diode D1 ngan nga ien ap ngc at len cc cong t bien ap xung. R6 con co chc nang tao ng dan gia cong G & K giup hoat ong cong G on nh hn t chu anh hng cua ien ap troi.

24

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

6. GTO 6.1. ac iem cau tao Thyritor GTO tren H.1.24 cung giong nh SCR, c ong bang xung dong cong Gate neu ien ap anode- cathode dng. Tuy nhien, khac vi SCR, GTO co kha nang ieu khien ngat bang dong cong Gate gia tr am. V vay, GTO thch hp cho mot so ng dung khi yeu cau ieu khien ca hai qua trnh ong va ngat khoa ban dan. Dong am ngat GTO can phai ngan (vai s), nhng bien o phai rat ln so vi dong ong GTO va thong thng dong kch ngat GTO khoan 1/3 dong anode trang thai dan. ac tuyen V-A cho GTO giong cua SCR. nh mc GTO : dong vai kA , ap vai kV: Dung cho mach cong suat ln

H1.24. 6.2. ac iem ong ngat: Kch ong tng t SCR thng. Kch ngat bang dong tng oi ln 6.3. Mach kch:
+VGG + PS1 Q2A C1 R3 R1 Xung ong U1 R6 Q1 OFF

a)

b)

R5

X1 ON

K
Q4A R4 R2 Xung ngat U2 R7 Q5

Q3 PS2 -VGG

H1.25 Hai nguon oc lap PS1 & PS2. Xung ong can duy tr, xung ngat dang xung hep. Chc nang cach ly c thc hien bang optron. 6.4. Mach bao ve: Tng t SCR 7. TRIAC: Linh kien ieu khien dong xoay chieu va co 1 cong ieu khien. Kch ong bang xung dong ieu khien giong SCR Ngat t nhien bang ap ngc

A1

G
25

A2

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

26