Boundary Element Formulations for Thick PlatesTopics in Engineering ‘This series provides a rapid and informal dissemination of significant new work in engineering. It is aimed at high level coverage across a broad field of engineering including mechanical, civil, hydraulic und structural, as wel as other assuctated wplcs. Managing, Fultors CA.Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology ‘Asturst Louge J.3.Connor ‘Department of Civil Engineering rasscIscus InN OF TEEUMUWRY Ashurst ‘Cambridge SOM07AA MA02139 UK USA Editors Boundary Element Methods Dynamics & Vibrations Run chew 6.16. Chalraberti State University of New York at Buffalo Offshore Structure Analysis 212KetterHall ILE WellerDrive Buffalo, NY 14260 Plainfield, IL 60544-8929 vos van Computational Mathematics E.R.de Arantese Oliveira J.Dominguer, Instinto Superior Teenico Escuela Superior de ingenieros Industriales Av. Roviseo Pais Av. Reina Mercedes 1006 Lisbon {11012 Sevila Portugal Spain 1 Otte Department of Mathematics HLL ImperialCollege of Science & Technology _ Institute of Engineering Mechanics Huxley Building State Seismological Bureau Van Qhenn'erata ashi London, SW72BZ China UKLathauake pnemecring AS.Cakmak Department of Civil Engineering Frmceton University Princeton, NJO8S44 USA Electrostatics C.Symm 4Ommond Cresent Hampton Middlesex: TwiaaTy UK wi Anal Genre! Baghrecring S.Rinadi ‘Centro Teoria dei Sistemi Poltecnice di Milano viaPonzio 34/5, 20133 Milano tray Fluid Dynamics: LEW Goorgia Institute of Technology 48967 VenturaDrive Freemont, CA 94539 TSA Eluid Dynamics & Combustion S.Elghobashi Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Universi¢y of California Irvine, CA92717 USA isk Hvarowies WG.Gry Department ofCivil Engineering ‘University ot Notre Dame Notre Dame 1IN46556-0767 USA Material Mechanies JOR Tales COPPE-UFRI University of Rio de Janeiro Riode Janeiro 21945-970 Bisel Numerical Analysiv/ (Flow Danough Danone Media MA.Celia Department of Civil Engineering Princeton University Princeton, NJOBS44 USA. unerlcal Methods D.Qinghua Deparment of Engineering Mechanics Tsinghua University Beijing MTanaka1 Whiteman Institute of Computational Mathematics Brunel University Uxbridge Middlocey, TIRGADH. «w Parallel Computation & Architectures Y.Paker Queen Mary & Westfield College Centre for Parallel Computing Mile End Road London, Et 4NS UK Shell Analysis H.Tottenham ‘Tottenham & Bennett, Consulting Engineers Broadwater House BroadwaterRoad Romsey, Hampshire 80518GT UK Sot Pasamioe G.Schmid ‘Ruhr-Universitit Bochum Hniwarititectrafle 1604620 Roshurn 1 Postfach 102148 Gebaude 1 46,37 Germany Dhermal Problems K. Onishi Dept of Mathematical Sciences Toaraki University Mito-shi Tearaki310 JapanBoundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates Youssef F. Rashed Cairo University, Egypt WITeress Southampton, Boston &‘Youssef F. Rashed Department of Structural Engineering Faculty of Engineering Cairo University Giza Egypt Published by WIT Press Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton, S40 7AA, UK. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording. or atherwise. without the prior written permission of the Publisher.Contents Preface . 1 Introduotion 1.1 General 1.2 Numerical modets in plate bending 13. Overview of the present work. BRO 2 Theory of Plates 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic definitions .. 23° Equilibrium equations 24 Stress resultant-strain relationships 23 Boundary conditions... 2.6 valuation of the constants 2.7. Significance of the generalised displacements 28 Notes.on Mindlin’s theory. 2.9 Foundation plates 2.10 Summary. 3. The Boundary Element Method 3.1. Introduction a 32 24 33 28 34 3.5 Treatment of the singularities 3.6 System of equations 3.7 Internal point functions 3.8 Examples 3.8.1 Annular thin plate 3.8.2. Clamped thiel 3.9 Summary and conclusions .. 4 Hypersingular Integral Equation Formulation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hypersingular integral equations 4.2.1 The bending moment integral equation .. 4.2.1.1 The integral 4.2.1.2 The integral I: 4.2.1.3 The integral J. 4.2.1.4 The integral}.42.1.5 The integral Jt 42.2. ‘The shear forve integral oy 4.2.2.1 The integral Je 4.2.2.2 The integral 4.2.2.3 The integral 4.2.2.4 The integral & 43. The traction integral equations 44 43 45.1 The influence matrix (H] 4.5.2. The influence matrix [G} 4.5.3 Tue domain load vector {U) 4.6 Boundary stress resultants 4.6.1 Numerical differentiation of local variables (SFD) 4.6.2 Stress resultant integral equations (SIF)... v 4.7 Numerical examples . 4.7.1. Cireular clamped thick plate 4.7.2. Simply supported thin square plate. 4.2.3 Cantilever thin plate 4.7.4. Timoshenko beam. 4.75. Torsion of cube .. 4.7.6 Clamped thick slab... 4.8 Summary and conclusions Integral Equation Formulation and Fundamental Solution for Foundation Plates 5.1 Introduction ..... 5.2 Integral representation . 5.3 Fundamental solutions 5.3.2. Normal derivatives ofthe displacement kernels. 5.3.3. Traction kernels - 5.3.4. Singular terms 5.4 Summary... ‘Transformatic 61 Tato 6.2 Relevant domain integrals 63 Cell integration. 64 Equivalent boundary integrals . 6.3. Byaluation of the particular solutions 6.6 Singular terms... 6.7 Boundary collocation. of Domain Integrals to the Boundary for Foundation Plates6.1.1 The intearal Z 6.8 Internal collocation _. 6.9 Numerical discussions 6.9.1 Effest of the domain diseretioatio 6.9.2 Effect ofthe integration schem 6.10. Summary and conclusions . 7 ‘the Boundary Element Method for Foundation Plates 7.1 Introduetior 7.2 Boundary integral equation. 7.3. Matrix equation 7.4 Internal point functions 7.5 Examples. 7.5.1 Clamped circular plate .. 7.5.1.1 Cheek for the equivalent boundas inteyiale 7.5.1.3 Comparison among the different cases 75.1.4 Limiting analysis. , 7.5.2. Simply supported square plate .. 7.5.2.1 Check for the equivalent boundary integral: 7.5.2.2 Comparison for case (3 7.5.2.3 Comparison among the different cases fesse UR 7.53 Comparison to thick plate analytical solutions... 7.34 Comparison to thin plate analytical solutions.. 75.5. Free edge plate on a Winkler foundation 75.6 Free edge plate un a Pastetak fuundation 7.6 Summary and conclusions. 8 Applications in Structural Analysis 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Applications - 8.2.1 Building slab Bz 822 Short oantilevor 2 823 Footing. 135 8.24 Simple raft 137 8.3. Summary and conclusion: Bibliography . A Analytical integration A.l. The integrals 7. A2 The integrals J, B Expansion of the ¥, functionPreface ‘This work presents new boundary element formulations for plate bending problems in which the Rejssner plate bending theory is used to model the bending behaviour of the plate, ‘Hypersingular integral equations are derived by studying the behaviour of the integral identities for the bending moment and shearing force at a boundary point. The derived integral equations are hypersingular and are in terms of the boundary traction. The application af this formulation to the direct evalnation af the haundary stress resultant tensor is discussed, Traditional formulations of boundary stress resultant evaluation via the local strains and constitutive equations is also presented ‘and a comparison between these two formulations is carried out, “The fundamental lutions aud dro Louden y integral equation for plates resin ‘on elastic formulations are derived. The one-parameter Winkler and the two-parameter Pasternak foundation models are implemented in the present work. The derived fundamental solution has three different cases depending on the plate and the foundation constants. The present formulation has the same order of singularity as in two-dimensional elasticity problems. Retevant singular terms are isolated and presented. The internal point kemels together with the relevant derivatives are derived for all easee of the, fundamental calntinne The body force domain integrals for plate resting on elastic foundations are ‘ransformed to equivalent boundary integrals for each ofthe three cases. The necessary particular solutions are derived for all cases of the fundamental solutions. The ‘wansformation fs tested for extemal, boundary and internal collocation points.Each_ of the new formulations is implemented in a computer code using quadratic isoparametric boundary elements in which a method based on the Taylor series expansion is developed to deal with the singular integrals. Results are compared to the analytical sofutions and three-dimensional analysis Several engineering applications, including building slab, beam, footing and simple raft are solved using the present formulations. The results are compared against analytical solutions, a finite difference method, a finite clement method and a three dimensional boundary element method. The results confirm that the present formulations are an alternative to the existing numerical methods. ‘The author would like to thank Prof. M.H. Aliabadi, Prof. C.A. Brebbia, Dr. T, Matsumoto, Prof. H. Tottenham and Prof. L.C. Wrobel for their influence on this work.Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 General Plates, in general, are three dimensional structures. Theit thickness (or height) is ‘mall compared to the other spatial dimensions. Plates have plane domains with olroight or curved bouadarica, The luads ave wusiderel tu le auplicd vuleut phase (in-plane losdling can be considered aa two-dimensional theory of elasticity {1]). From the mathematical point of view, plates can be regarded as a simplified case of the Uneerdiconivnal Urvay of claotivity. Jn practical applications, plates ean be used to model many civil or mechanical engineering structures, euch as building slabe, which are supported by beams or columns, Another type are plates whlch are supported by elastic foundations and, can be used ¢0 model building foundations, Tn order to design a structural component, an accurate stress analysis has to be performed first. Ireatment of piate structures wang three-The exact definitions of the generalised displacements are given in Section 2.7Bewndary Btement Formulations for Thish Plates Figure 2.2: Sign convention for the generalised displacements, ‘to be noted that, in cases considering the uncoupled in-plane problem (plane stress problem}, additional components of the normal stresses gag should be added 10 the same components in the plate problem, whereas the shear stress components 39 which represent the in-plane shear can be evaluated only from the plane stress analysis, The genoralised tractions at a boundary point x € 1° can be denned as: Poe Masns P= atte (22) ‘where np are the components of the outward normal vector to the plate boundary T° (see Figure 2.1), Figure 2.3 shows thy sig convenlivn for die geucsaline tives, 2.3 Equilibrium equations ‘The equilibrium equations can be formed by considering the equilibrium of «typical plate element shown in Figure 2.4. This plate element has dimensions of dry xdza xh and under uniform toad g (per unlt area), as regard pusitive whet applied i Use ay direction. The equilibrium of moments about the 2; axis can be written as follows: Manter~ (ta + OME ty 4 Atrtee Odes "St (0, + Ft) dent + (Q24 $2) deter +gddens (3)10 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates Figure 2.3: Sign conventions for the generalised tractions at boundary point. ‘Stmpiltying and ignoring higher order terms, 1t gives: Mn , My Br * Be, = ea) fa, Figure 2.4: Equilibrium of a plate element. Ina similar way, considering the equilibrium of moments about the x2 axis gives: oMy “Oey ‘The equilibrium of forcas in the zy direction can be written as: (2.5) (214 SEY) daraa + (Qo + FE) dendey + aderden =0 (26)‘oundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 11 which gives: Ode 4 Oy 9 Ber + Ge +9q=0 (27) Equations (2.4), (2.5) and (2.7) represent the governing equations in the differ- ‘ential form, These equations can be written tn indiclal uovation ay fullows, Maas - Qa =0 0 es) Raat Tt has to be noted that the equilibrium equations in (2.8) contain five unknowns, however they are three equations. ‘The required additional equations to define the problem will be set up via the stress-displacement relationships and the application of suitable boundary conditions. 2.4 Stress resultant-strain relationships ‘The stress resultant-strain relationships are derived using the basic minimum prin- cipal for the streases (Castigliano’s theorem of least work)*, by defining the comple- mentary energy TI, as follows: Te = Hy — Thy 2a) ‘where Il, denotes the strain energy and Ty denotes the work done along the boundary. For isotopic-clastic material, these terms are given by (8: ELS [MabMag(1 +2) —vMaahlog 2 ang, y= 5 f {Meee Meal — FaMon + Z-AaQa}a (2.0) and T= f (edyin + Maus + Qu) at eat) to wich Ma = Mesngna My — Mopnota Qa =m Un = Uy t= tty aan) it sates: The tras etate of etrem is distinguished from all statically correct states of stress by ‘the condition that the complementary energy be a minimum (see Treftz{59)12 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates where Mn, Mi, Qui ta, % denote the normal moment, the tangential moment, ‘the normal shear, the normal displacement, and the tangentiat displacement at a boundary point respectively, t denotes the components of the tangential vector at a boundary point and denotes the Poisson’s ratio, The constants in equation (2.10): D, Cy and C, are dependent on the material properties and will be evaluated in the next section, Tt has to be noted that, in equation (2.20) the first term on the right hand side (RHS) represents the contribution of the flexural strains to the strain energy. ‘The second term represents the effect of the transverse normal stresses on the strain energy, and the last term is the contribution of the shear strains to the strain energy. ‘This last term represents the main difference between the classical plate theory and the shear deformable plate theories. In order to make the complermentary energy rinimum for the governing equations in (2.8), these equations have to be weighted by s.4 and inteerated over the domain. Hence, the variational of the summation of that integral and the complementary energy set to zero, ies 8 [Me J 1(Mos9~ Qad%a + (aa +9)%0}40 = 0 (213) where [| denotes the delta operator {60], Integrating by parts to eliminate the variations of the derivatives, it gi L { [eto +0) —vMpebop fo @ aii Gt veal ea] + [Be myp =] 41Qal}dn = 0 (a4) which implies: Mag(l + v)—vMeobas 9 5 pg GD Gye Noe Be use (2.td} or Mog =D Qa = Crm (2.16) THEE ie ws Ses Lagrangian Mulupiers, that can be proven by considering an analy of rectangular plate (ace Ref. I}.‘Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 13 in which 1 Xap = 7ltas + 43.0) Yo = Uo tte 17) where dag is the Kronecker delta function, xag denotes the flexural strain and vo de- notes the shear strain. Equation (2.16) represents the generalised Booke's law. Equa tion (2.16) together with equation (2.17) renresents the stress resultant-displacement relationships. 2.6 Boundary conditions After setting up the stress resultant-displacement relationships, it can be seen that, once the constants D. Gy and ©, are determined, the problem is defined in terms of the boundary values 4; and p, via the boundary conditions. The possible types of boundary conditions can be summarized as follows: Clamped boundary: m= 0, tn =0, w=0 (2.18) Simply-supported boundary: w=, uy 0 (219) Guided boundary: me0, mao (2.20) mee (221) 2.6 Evaluation of the constants In order to compute the values of the constants D, Cy and C,, the plate strain ‘energy in equation (2.10) will be put equal to the strain energy released from the14° Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates plate when it is treated as a thre-dimensional structure. The strain energy can be written as follows (for the plate as three-dimensional structure) [1]: 1 eae ey n= Gf a {looseap( +1) ~ ¥naoe) 1 1 1 gloss Sevacdoss | Geasvea) tat (e22y ‘where B is the Young's modulus and G is the modulus of rigidity. In order to compare equation (2.22) to (2.10), an appropriate variation of the stresses through the nlate thickness should be assumed. Reisner [4] proposed that the bending stresses vary linearly and the transverse shear stresses vary parabolically over the thickness via the following relationshine: (223) ‘These relationships satisfy the three-dimensional differential equations of equilib- hur provided that the bonding moment and the shearing forse antinfy the cquilibsiuin equations in (2.8). From the consideration of equilibrium in the three-dimensions and by considering the load q is applied’ as 9/2 at zy = th/2, the transverse normal ctroceee cam be obtained an followe: 12s [5 (2) Ja (2.24) eM =i 7 ‘Substituting equations (2.23) and (2.24) into equation (2.22), then integrating with respect to 3 and comparing with equation (2.10), the values of the constants D, Cr, and C. are found? io be: Ek P= a Rb Oe oe GQ = zon (2.28) Tin Rar (| the oa Wasa ta Be appuea os g at xs = +h/2. AM considermg that an adational term g/2 should be added to the RES of equation (2.24). This term will gonerate a term of order 4? im the comparison between equation (2.22) and equation (2.10). However, Chit tm has no effect as it disappears when the variation is caried out (ove Re. (i) ‘The result of the constant D is predicted aa the frst term on the RHS of equation (2.10) represents the contributing past of the flexor staves to the strain energy. By making an analogy ‘to the classical plate theory, directly this terms should be the plate flexural rigidity‘Rawndary Clement Resmalations for Thick Pinter 15 Substituting with the values of these constants into equation (2.16), it gives: _ pice yw vg May = D> (vas + oat antaa) + Gates Qe = DAM lua + ¥3.0) (2.26) ‘which are the stress resultant-displacement relationships, where 4 = V10/h is called the shear factor. ‘The genoralignd Navior aquatinns can be formed by euhetitnting for the wales of the constants into the equilibrium equations (2.8) to give: ites + bi (227) in which by ~ nly [ev 2 Mhag + PEt acey Lqs = —COq Isg = Od; Ly = CV? (2.28) and = 2 o=0(45*) x (2.29) ‘where Liy is the generalised Navier differential operator, V? is the two-dimensional Laplace operator, and b; is the generalised body force component which is given by: 6 = ape =a (230) 2.7 Significance of the generalised displacements In order to define the meaning of the generalised displacements, the work done of the boundary values over the boundary of the plate structure (see equation (2.11)) is put equal to the same work value if the plate is treated as a three-dimensional structure, If the three-dimensional displacements are denoted by %, the expression for the work done of the boundary values over the boundary if the plate is treated as a three-dimensional structure can be written as follows [1]: ape = 0: Wy = f [oy nln + ont + ona) A an)16 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates in which On = seangna aptate Ont Ty = yng B= ty (2.32) By comparing equations (2.12) to (2.31) and noting that these equations hold for ‘any portion of the plate, the following expressions can be obtained: way t= Bagg ra w= Ral on ‘As can be seen the ug is equivalent (but not identical with) to the component of the chance of slope of the normal to the undeformed middle surface. The term wo represents (according to Reismer [4]) a weighted average of the transverse displace- ment over the thickness. ‘Therefore, Reissner plate theory results in the weighted. average defiection across the thickness ofall points of the plate which lie on a normal to the middle surface. 2.8 Notes on Mindlin's theory It is worth mentioning here some notes about the Mindlin theory of plates. Unlike Reissner formulation, Mindlin (6) started his formulation by assuming that the three- dimensional displacement components Ui, are linearly proportional to the thickness coordinate 3. After the comparison to the threedimensional problem, the final rauations of Mindlin's theory xre similar to thane of Raixner's thenry excent for the following: 1. The shear factor =-n/h (which has very close value to VI0/h). 2. The effect of the transverse normal stresses on the bending moment is ignored, ie, Oy = 00. ‘These differences have no effect on the final results between the two solutions.Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 17 2.9 Foundation plates Plates on elastic foundations or foundation plates can be defined as all of the plate domain supported by an elastic base, Figure 2.6 shows a plate which is carried by and surrounded by an elastic foundation (soil). The foundation has infinite domain 2 and boundary Py. There are many models for representing the foundation (see Kerr [61] for a survey) Figure 2.5: Plate-foundation interaction. ‘The simplest model is the one-parameter or the Winkler snodel a. which the soll is represented by an infinite number of springs. This type of can be regarded as liquid base. ‘The relationship between the foundation reaceuu and the plate settlement is given by [62]: vo hyos (234) where p denotes the foundation reaction and ky represents the soil stiffness (the specific weight of the liquid base) or sometimes called the modulus of sub-grade reaction. The settlement of the soil outside the plate region is zero. Therefore, in ‘case of the free edge plate, a discontinnity between the foundation surface and the plate edge occurs (see Figure 2.6).18 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates (a) Winkler model original soil surface (b) Pasternax mogel Figure 2.6: Deformed foundation surface. A more refined foundation model was suggested by Pasternak (63). He assumed a shear interaction between the Winkler springs. This can be represented by connecting the ond of the Winkler eprings to a shear layer deforms only in chess In order to determine the expression for the foundation reaction, the equilibrium of forces in the 2 direction of a differential element (d2, x dz x 1) of the shear layer chown in Figure 9.7 fa considored ae follower (a+ 2h) a diy + (al +2) dad, tpdeidzy — kyusdaydry = 0 (2.35) 2Qf OOF 1b bya = Fe + FE + phys =0 (2.36)Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 19° a Figure 2.7; Equilibrium of the shear layer. where Qf denotes the shear forces (per unit area) for the shear layer material (the soil material). ‘The components of (can be determined as tollows (see Higure 2): 1 Oldarden = f (Gyan das (2.37) or Ob = Gps (2.38) ‘where Gy is the shear modulus of the foundation. By substituting equation (2.38) into equation (2.36), it gives: pa kys — G/Pus (2.39) where V? is the two-dimensional Laplace overator. As can be seen the Pasternak foundation model is defined in terms of two parameters ky and Gy, therefore the Pasternak model is regarded as one of the so called two-parameter foundation models [fl] The Winker fonndation model can be considered as a special case of the Pasternak foundation model by setting Gy = 0. Unlike the Winkler foundation model, the Pasternak foundation modet ensures the rantimnity of tha daBaction hetumen the plate and the foundation along any free edge (see Figure 2.6). However, it can be seen that there is a discontinuity between20 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates the plate normal slope and the foundation normal slope. This discontinuity is a physical phenomenon and it results in the appearance of unknown boundary shear pp along a free edge plate. According to Solvadurai (64) py can be computed as follows (see Figure 2.6): Pr = Gsltizn ~ tan) (2.40) It is worth noting that this unknown py has the same direction as p9. ‘The governing eyuilibeiwe: equations fia the plate ave siuilas 4 equation (2.8) but with taking into account the foundation reaction as follows: Mazg @a~0 Qaata~p=0 {2.41} I he madified ta take Similarly the stress resultant. into account the effect of the foundation reactions on the bending moment (C, effect) as follows igplarement relationship uv 2 ta = DEE (et ene Qa = “(Ua + 3,0) (2.42) Tt can bo seon that, unlike equation (2.26), here the effect of the C, term will contribute to the governing differential operator and is not any more prescribed. This ‘will increase the atiiculty for setting up @ boundary elewens formulation. Moreover, as proposed first by Mindlin (see Section 2.8) this term gives a negligible contribution to the results. Recently, many researchers (see for example, (50,55-57)) have followed ‘Mmaim, by ignormg this term m the Keser theory. “Cherefore, for the saice of simplicity, in this work the effect of this term will be ignored for foundation plates. Hence equation (2.42) can be rewritten as: (2.43) ‘The equilibrium equations in terms of the displacements can be written as follows: Taguy t=O (244)Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 21 where Lop = (ot vec) snp Et ana, Les = —Cd, Lay = 60 In = (C+6)V?—hy (25) “Tha guneaming wguabiins for Uh Rrunativns ett oe Uke Ute Daily he se cave of the Pasternak model for a point X” € My can be obtained from equation (2.38) in the absence of body forces to give [61] ~Naye (= i) 0 (2.48) 2.10 Summary In this chapter, the basic definitions for the Reissner plate theory were reviewed. The governing diGnrential oqquations wwe davised in indielal netetions fo wee im Inter chapters. The basic formulation was extended to plates resting on elastic foundations. Both the Winkler and the Pasternak foundation models were considered. The next cheptor will eeviow the intagral voprasontation and the boundary clement formulation for the theory presented in this chapter.Chapter 3 The Boundary Element Method 21 Inteaduction ‘The early application of the boundary clement method to the Reissner plate theory was by Vander Ween [47, 65] in 1982, He derived the boundary integzal equation and the fundamental solution. Antes [66] tested the modified Treffz method and the regular BEM. The indirect BEM for simply supported plates was presented by Antes (67). Other contributions regarding the goometric and stress singularities due to concentrated loads were discussed by Antes and can be found in Refs [68, 69]. Karam and Telles [70] confirmed that Reissner’s plate model is suitable for both thin and thick plates. They extended the formulation to account for infinite regions. Later. Long et al, (71, 72), solved several problems of thin plates with sharp corners using the Reisner plate theory. Barcellos and Silva (73] prosented a similar formulation to ‘hat of Vander Weeén [47] for the Mindlin plate model. ‘Their farmantatian differs from ‘the Reissner formulation in the shear factor constant, Westphal and Barcellos {74] discussed the importance of the neglected terme in the fundamental solution derived by Vander Ween (471. ‘Thev concluded that theas tarms hava na effart om the raeslie ‘That reoult was predicted as these terms represent a rigid body movement (they can be regarded as » homogeneous solution for the governing differential operator). ‘They also demonstrated har ta mee fram the Raisonen frndamental colution te ‘the Kirchhoff fundamental solution, by assigning zeros to the kernel parts related to shear deformations (75} An altarnatine REM lorwubation we dorinad hy Hatsihadelio and Votio {76]- ‘Their formulation was expressed in terms of two potentials: a biharmonic and a ‘Bessel potential. This method also requires solution of three integral equations plus thrae Anite iftaranea aquatinne No free edge boundary seuditions were peasontedt24 Boundary Elemert Formulations for Thick Plates in their work. EkZafrany et al. (77| derived the same fundamental solution for Reisener plate theory as that of Vander Woon [47], but based on the Hankel integral transformation. In another work by the same authors [78], the transverse shear effect was separated from the fundamental solution kernels to allow the analysis of ‘thin plates (ic., neglecting the effect of the separated shear kernels}, As will be seen in this work, if accurate integration schemes are used to evaluate the boundary ‘clement integrals, Reissner’s theory can be used for the analysis of plates of any thickness as it represents more refined plate theory. Therefore, the idea presented in Ref, (78] will lead to losing aecuracy instead of gaining it. Lei [79] extended a new formulation proposed by him in elasticity problems [80] to Reissner plates. The main idea of his formulation, is to define new unknown boundary values in terms of boundary stresses, so that the boundary stresses can be directly computed in the numerical solution, avoiding the use of both the boundary displacement derivatives and finite difference schemes. It is worth noting that the fundamental solution in Ref. (79) has the same behaviour and order of singularity as the one by Vander Weeén [47]. This is because both of the formulations are based on ‘sitnilar weighted residual statement but differ in the consideration of the boundary conditions. In this chapter, the derivation of the integral equation for Reisoner plates is reviewed. ‘The numerical implementation using constant and quadratic elements i presented. ‘Two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the use of the two-dimensional plate theory instead of performing three-dimensional analysis, Also. a comparison of the resnlts of constant and quadratic elements is presented. ‘The source of information for this chapter is the work by Vander Weeén [47, 65] sand Rached of af [81] 3.2. Integral representation ‘The integral equation can be derived by considering the integral representation of the governing equations (2.8} via the following integral identity: fio - 20) U2 + Qaat4) Usa =0 uy) where Up(i = a3) are weighting functions. Integrating by parts (applying Green'sBoundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 25 second identity") and making use of the relationships in equation (2.2), it gives: fosger + favrars [ antus+ Usd + ff MaoU.yd0 = ° @2) where (j — 03). Roplace tho ottcee ravultante (Muy and Qy) with the gencroliced, displacements and its derivatives using equation (2:26), then apply Green's second identity for the Mag integral. This gives: fi pUjer + f Qilla + 3,0)40 = [vie {PES (wang tage + aA guarasas)} at w ) (vst06 + iUioa Ty" nla gybad) ar +f fos + igor aa ey The second integral on the left hand side (LHS) of equation (3.3) can be decomposed using Green's second identity and making use of the relationships in equation (2.2), as follows: [.Qiriad+ f yrnaa fAesadte +f Qiuanntt ~ f guns [poset + f (ite ~Qr use Ge) Lf Qfeia + us a}al ‘Substituting (3.4) into (3.3) and grouping, it gives: fein sui + A, [es+ payee) oe + flag ~ Qo + Borla = 0 6s) Equation (3.5) represents a generalised Betti reciprocal theory for Reissner plates. It has to be noted that the {)* state can be chosen arbitrarily. If that state is defined for concentrated generalised loads: two bending moments (¢ = a = 1,2) and one "Green's aocond identity betwoen two functions P and wa can be written as follows (see for ‘example, Ref. (82): f pagans f renar~ f ura26 Boundary Blement Formulations for Thick Plates concentrated shear force (i = 3) at an arbitrary point X’ € 9. Then equation (3.5) can be rewritten after introducing the direction of the load i as follows: [5 on10) — PAO Vaso are) =f frsv0..9 « Zatti) ney fin (30) — Qi,(K', XK) ua KAN) + 1 f, ine (H Xe) a (KPAX) — 0 (38) where x € [' and X € Q are field points on the boundary and inside the domain respectively, By choosing the (-)* stale to represent the fundamental state euch as: Mina,p(X'sX) — Q(X) = -6(K', Xda. Qan(XX) = ~8K'XMis (37) where 6(X’,X) is the Dirac delta. Making use of the following property [82]: fee se eo0a — 2.00) 08) ‘Then equation (3.6} can be written for an internal source point X’ as: wT + [PSO sG=)ATI = f UGK x)psladale) +f (Gaex.20 ~ a yptinal®’ 20) aoa 9) where U3,(X’,x) and P3(X!,x) ate the two-point fundamental solution kernels for the displacements and the tractions respectively. Tt represents the displacement; or load applied at X! at the direction i, The expreasions for these kernels are given by Vander Ween [47] aa follows: the tractions at the paint x ar ¥ in the directian j due ta = mot EDIT RE) — 1 Ms — Noe ~ [BAlz} +20 —v)jrarp} Ug [lig in () 47+ i (a4) ‘As can be seen, A(z) is a smooth function, whereas B(e) is a weakly singular Ollnr). Therefore Uy is weakly singular and Pf; has a strong (Cauchy principal value) singularity O(1/r)28 Boundary Blement Formulations for Thick Plates 3.3. Boundary tegral equation By taking the point X’ ¢o the boundary at the position x’ € 1° (gee Kigure 2.1), and ‘asvuming that the displacements uj satisfy Hlder continuity®, equation (3.9) can be written as follows [47]: uj’) + 4 P5(x’,x)us(x)aP Gx) = f Uy (x, x)pj(x) dP Gx) +f (Gabe - A Ue ate) RMN) — (IB) where f denotes @ Cauchy principal value integral x’,x € Tare source and field points respectively, and ¢j;(x') are the jump terms arising from the terms of O(1/r) in the kernel Pi5. The value of ¢j;(x’) is given in Ref, [75] and is equal to $4;; when x! is located on a smooth boundary. However it can be evaluated for a general case from the consideration of the generalised rigid body movements (see Section 3.5), Equation (3.15) represents three integral equations (two (i = = 1,2) for rotations and one (i = 3) for deflection). As can be seen, equation (3.15) is in terms of the displacements, therofore it is called the displacement boundary integral equation. ‘The domain integral in (3,15) can be transferred to the boundary (by applying ‘the divergence theorem [82]), in the case of a uniform load (g = constant) to give: f, (bate Tyna) 994028) =f (Wales) ~ @yyattae’ x) nol) (2.26) where V7 are the particular solutions! of the equation Vifgg Ui. The expressions “Fe mi reason for ish eum i Ue Merwe Fj coulis berms OC OC/r). “The erie ace divergent when the point X’ approaches the houndary (ag the distance r represents the absclute distance). However, ifthe displacements u, are assumed to satisfy Hilder continuity, ic. Leyte) ale p< de®, A constant 21, and Oca St ‘This condition weakens the divergent part of the integral and makes it exist inthe limit. Therefore, ‘the integral ofthe keenel Pi, in equation (8.15) is interpreted in the principal value sense and not fn the inte part ene. “In the evaluation of those particular solutions, the following equations can be used: © [fe|en. oF GB) -name (One of the interesting features shout these particular golutions is that they ean be used also in theDmndery Clement Pomnulaions fee Thick Mates 29 for Vtg are given as follow 2 (29 = jeepl(4Inz Shag +2Udla2 - Drang] ie appa lb2(2In = — 1) — U1 ~ 0) (AI 2 ~ 8) (317) Mia > TaReiiti 3.4 Discretisation “rhe analytical solution of the integral equations (3.15) is difficult even for a simple plate problem, Therefore, the mumerical solution can be considered as an alternative. In doing s0, the boundary has to be discretised into Ne elements, over which the ‘unknowns aro approximated to vary constantly if constant elements are used and quadratically in cases using quadratic elements. In the following, the diseretised boundary integral equation is discussed. 3.4.1 Constant element Aiter the discretisation, equation (3.15) can be rewritten as: Lak pee peed) + ay [1 Pye nes fi fu. 1 Ula xl).rde 1 Oe (Wiateat6n ~ Gaga x00) Maer (3.18) where J is the Jacobian of the transformation (i. df’ = J(€)dé). For a constant ele- 4/2, in which é, is the element length and € is the local coordinate. After Performing the collocation process, equation (3.18) can be written in the following form: (Ellon xa {ubsia xt = [G]svaxa (P}avaxt + {Q}atin xt (3.19) where [#7] and [G] are the well-known boundary element influence matrices 19}, (Q} fs the domain load vector and 1, is the total number of the boundary nodes (for constant oloment: N,, ~ N,). transformation of the domain integral to the boundary inthe thin plate theory, see Re. [28].30 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 3.4.2 Quadratic element If quadratic elements aro used in the discrotisntion, equation (2.15) can be rewzitten as: ie 3 egtx! use’ + 32 YO up £ am" Ph Ox! xlENO™MEIS(EME hac ea Ne mal = Edw [OO uwaweronod Fan” hes ay, vo * (Wale) — ata’) mal DEE (3.20) Figure 3.1; Quadratic element, where 4 is the element shape function. For a general quadratic element shown in Piguie 0.1. 80 = ote FO = 8) (3.21) and Je) ey nal€) (3.23)Rewndary Flament Farmlations for Thick Diates 31 where éags is the permutation symbol, ‘The geometric shape functions M™ can be computed from 5 by setting F— +1 and F — 1, Aftor performing the collocation process, equation (3.20) can be written as follows: [Hhaw,xann {usa xt = [G]na xan. (Phone + (QTsxaxt (3.24) It has to be noted that the [G] matrix is no longer a square matrix, that is to allow the discontinuity of the tractions at the element conjunctions. 3.5 Treatment of the singularities In this section. the treatment of the singularities that occur in the boundarv inteeral ‘equation is discussed. The influence matrix (G} and the load vector {@Q} contain weakly singular kernels, which can be cancelled using a non-linear coordinate trans- formation as in ‘Teles {86}. However. for better numerical acrnrace. it was shown hy ‘Okada et al. (87| that a suitable number of element sub divisions must be used with the non-linear transformation. ‘Therefore, in this work four element sub divisions are sed ‘The influence matrix [#/], on the other hand, contains a strongly singular kernel, which can be evaluated indirectly using the generalised rigid body movements. This can be achiaved ns follows: if tractinn.free peablan is cancvlared, theas indanendant cases may be observed: © w= 1 then ug = 0 and uy =r, y= 1 then uy =O and us = —re © us = 1 then uy =O and uy =0 By applying the above cases to the system of equations in (3.19) or in (3.24), the following expressions can be written; Hee) =~ [Pala 2) + (rad PR EE) HQ) = — f P(x’ x)aV (x) (8.25) where H¥(x’) (i.e. H'9(x’) and H™(x')) includes the diagonal sub-matrix and the Jump term ei; in the influence matrix [#1]. The first terms in the first integral and the second integral are already computed, however, the second term in the first integral remains to be computed. Fortunately, in this term, the distance rq cancels the weak singularity in Pj, and the strong singularity in Pf in the singular element under consideration.32 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 3.6 System of equations By imposing the Doundsry conditions (see Section z.0), equation (3.19) or equation (8.24) can be re-written as follows: [Alareg sare (e]avans = (bora 0a (3.26) where [A] is the system matrix, (2) is the vector of unknowns and {B} is the vector ‘of prescribed boundary values. It has to be noted that the determinant of the matrix [A] is very small and pivoting is desirable in performing the solution of the equations. In this work the LU decomposition [8] is used to solve the system of equations. After the solution the norm of the matrix ofthe residuals can be computed (see Ref. [881). ‘This namber can be used to track any numerical inaccuracies. 3.7 Internal point functions Once the boundary values are computed, the displacements at any internal point X! ‘can be evaluated using equation (8.15) with ois = Bis. Bending and shear stress resultants at any internal point X’ can be computed by differentiating equation (3.15) with respect to the coordinate of the source point X' and then substituting in equation (2.26) to sive: Mag(X') f Piaee roms cota) ~ f Pio’ x)ulan art) 9 f magix m0) + Gates [Pint opetsyattey ~ f Pit! maser) a f W(X! x)d0 (0) 27) + Q(X) + where the kernels Uy, Pj and Wi are as follows [47] Ur, = Eels 422K (2) +1 —V) bay a + bgt a) = 2BA(2) + 22Ky(2) +1 —V)rarpry + A(z) +14 V)Sasr,y] Ms oa) [(eGe as -1) fo + 2r0r a] x Ky = zcIBl2)éyp ~ Arr] i Vig = aera (3.28)‘Boundary blement Formulas fon Thivh Mateo 33 a 5 - POP aac) 422Kil2) +1 ~v)(bsana + bra%0) + (4A(2) +14 38u)dagty — (IBACz) + 62K (2) + 2Ka(z) +2—2v) x mora + nar alty + Brana + Fa%abF nl = UBA(z) + 22K (2) +1 +r) asratin + Myo s) 4 AQMA(z) + 82K (2) + 27Kol(z) +2— W)rararatn} DU D* oats) + KCN rgme rats) 24A(2) + 2K (2))raratn + 2ALZ)Sapt a] Div)? BO Maas) 4 2k (2) (barn + t0N9) + 2ACs)ngrg ~ 24 A(2) + 2K (2) rr orn] . Dib =»)2?, ag [(22B(z) + Ing — (7 A(2) + 2)r-p%n] (3.29) Was = alums = 31 —¥)(r,3Me + Fora) + (A + 3Y)o9" 2) tO rary | Saalrnd = Tea ee v 1 Wig = gel(2inz ~ tna + 2rr Usa (3.30) ae Hence, normal and shear stresses through the thickness can Ue evaluatal sis equations (2.28) and (2.24). 3.8 Examples In the following sections two examples are solved using the present formulation. ‘The ‘main purpose of these examples is to deraonstrate the aitterence between uonstans and quadratic elements and to show a comparison between the Reisner plate theory, ‘and three-dimensional stress analysis, More examples are presented in Chapter 4, in ‘which the results are compared also to the traction integral equation. In all examples 10 Gauss points are used for the numerical integration. 3.8.1 Annular thin plate ‘The annular plate shown in Figure 3.2 is considered. The plate has an outer radius fo inner radius 0.5a and thickness 0.022. ‘The Poisson’ ratio is taken to be 0.3. The inner boundary is simply supported and the outer one is free. The plate is loaded34 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Piates L_.. Figure 8.2: Annular thin plate geometry. by line load g along its free boundary. ‘The analytical solutions of this problem can bbe found in Ref. [8 Table 9.1 ations the scouts for the deflection at pointe 1 and 2 snd the chaar force at the support point 3. As can be seen the results of the quadratic elements are more accurate with leas number of elements than that of constant elements. ‘Table 3.1: Annular plate results. Solution of wl) x 88 | wx Q® xa ‘Analytical [8] 3.0951 | 1.61064 | 1.00000 32 Constant elements | 2.67575 | 1.46082 | 1.00893 64 Constant eloments | 291198 | 1.53470 | 1.00446 128 Constant elements | 3.03229 | 1.58404 | 1.00172 16 Quadratic elements | 3.01392 | 1.63945 | 0.99735 32 Quadratic elements | 3.09744 | 1.61309 | 0.99983 3.8.2. Clamped thick slab ‘A clamped thick square plate of Sm side length and Im thickness is considered. The BEM analysis is performed using both a three-dimensional analysis and the Reissner plate theory. ‘The Poisson's ratio was taken to be 0.8, and & uniform pressure of 1t/m? is applied over the plate domain. Herein, a mesh of (10 x 10 x 3) is used for the throe-dimensional analysis using BEASY [80], whereas only a two-dimensionalFigure 3.3: Clamped thick slab: (a) Three-dimensional mesh, (b) Plate mesh. (10% 10} BEM mesh is used for the Reissner plate bending analysis, (see Figure 3.3). ‘Tt has to be noted that, in performing the three-dimensional analysis the applied load is modelled as 3t/m* applied tractions at both the top and the bottom plate surfaces, to allow the comparison to the predicted stresses from the plate model using ‘the equations (2.23) and (2.24). Figures 3.4 and 3.5 show comparisons between the three-dimensional analysis and the plate bending predictions for the normal and shear stresses through the plate thickness at two different points. As shown in these figures, Reissner's plate bending model yields accurate results (within a maximum error of 3%) compared to the three-dimensional solution. 3.9 Summary and conclusions In this chapter, the boundary element formulation for the Reissner plate theory was reviewed. ‘The theory was implemented into a computer code using constant and quadratic elements. The weak singularity was treated using a nonlinear coordinate ‘transformation together with consistent number of element sub divisions. The strong singularity was indirectly evaluated using the generalised rigid body movements, The results of the examples demonstrated the validity of the present implementation for both thin and thick plates. Also, it has beeu shown that Reissner's theory overcomes the difficulties that arise from the modelling via the thin plate theory and it can accurately predict the throngh thickness stresses within 3% error compared to the ‘three-dimensional stress analysis. It is also demonstrated that quadratic boundary elements are more accurate than constant boundary elements; therefore, starting from Chapter 4 and throughout the reat of the work, only quadratic elements will be considered. In Chapter 4, the hypersingular boundary integral equations for the Reisener plate theory will be derived.36 ‘Thickness (7) Thickness (m) ‘Boundary Eierment Formulations for Thick Plates Top surtace 0s of 03 02 ol 00 1 02 03 04 05 AO 35 30-25 20-15-10 05 00 OS 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 ‘Stress (t/m2) Fignee 2.4: Internal otrecooa af point A. Top surface wb | ‘Bottom surface 20 46 -12 08 04 00 04 08 12 16 20 Stress (Vm?) Figure 3.5: Internal stresses at point B.Chapter 4 Hypersingular Integral Equation Formulation 4.1 Tutroductiun Recently, the stteas based or the hypersingular integral equations have been very opular among the boundary element community. ‘These integral equations are based on the stresses {unlike the standard BEM which is based on displacements). ‘The main applications of these integral equations are in the dual boundary element method for roodelling cracks in single domain (xe for example, Portela et al. [Qf] and Mi and Alisbsdi (91) and the direct evaluation of the boundary stress tensor (see for ‘example, Huber of al. [92]). Other applications, such as error analysis (see for evemple, Pauline of of. [93] aod Quiggiani [04]) and gonorating additional equations for multi connected bodies at the common node (see for example, Bialecki et al. (95)) hhave also been reported. In the clazcioal plate thoory, the slope equation io a hypersingular equation (oc0 ‘Bézine {21} and Stern [22)). Recently, Knipke [96] derived a hypersingular integral ‘equation for the bending moments in the classical plate theory. In his work, the shear force equation wap ignore aud wy munuciival Leoulls ware proocuted. ‘The displacement boundazy integral equation for the Reissner plate model was reported by Vander Weodn [47] (ee Chapter 3). The hypersingular integral equations fun Reiser plates nave been ported Independently by Rasa e ai, (97, 96] aust Ahmadi-Brooghani and Wearing [99]. Rashed et al. {97, 98] presented the complete derivation of the hypersingular equations and demonstrated procedures for treating he hypersingmiar integrals for general boundaries. Ahmad}-Brooghan! and Wearing [99] used the hypersingular formulation in the context of the dual boundary element38. oundary Element Formolatons for Thick Prats method for the solution of crack problems, This chapter mainly demonstrates the derivation of the stress resultant based integral equations (the hypersingular integral equations) for Reissner plates. A sin- gularity subtraction method based on the Taylor series expansion is used to deal with sineular inteerals. As an anplication of the new tyne of intesral eouations. the evaluation of the boundary stress resultants ia described and compared to the con- ventional way of the evaluation using the derivatives of the shape functions. Several rumarical examples are solved ta demematrate the arcurary and the tne of the new set of integral equations ‘The source of information for this chapter is the work by Rashed et a. (81, 97, 98] 4.2 Hypersingular integral equations Eouation (3.15) is also valid for an external ooint X” & & with ey = 0. The corresponding stress resultant identity may be obtained in a similar way to equation (3.22) to give: f Piel! 20unix}dP (x) = f Use (X",x)Pr (DATO) +a f Wep(X" real) [Piet xoualerart) =f UigeC" xdpetyar) + af Wip(x" aSartx) (4) where the kernels Uj, Pj, and W7y are given in Section 3.7. ‘The stress resultant boundary integral equations are formed by considering the Lcheriout of equation (4.1) when the point X" tends to the boundary P ab x, “To satisfy the continuity requirements, the point x! is assumed to be on a smooth boundary. A semicircular domain with boundary P? is constructed around the point 8! ag shigwis fu Piguay 4d ‘Taking the limit as X” + x’, equation (4.1) can be rewritten as follows: tis fronear oer mea ME) 1 Bay frre r aes mea) ar bee) Ban J gllSn Oe nv bele + Faq et aro) i z " 02) + aig fa, BG x} a2)Boundary Element Rammslations for Thist Blatne 3 Figure 4.1: The semicircular region around the source point, and 2 [gehen Gn) + ty fol avatar) = BiG mDmvonartn + ig [Uinta xostsyare + alin sean x14) (4.3) Equations (4.2) and (4.3) represent the bending and shear siress resultant bound- ‘ary integral equations, respectively, at the boundary point x’, 4.2.1 The bending moment integral equation ‘Equation (4.2) can be written in the following form: H+h=G4+h+n (44) The boundary values of uy are assumed to be Ch, (0 < ar < 1) to allow for the ‘Taylor series expansion for the integrands up to two terms. In the following, each of ‘he integrals in equation (4.4) will be expanded and considered individually.40 Boundary Hlement Formulations for Thick Plates 4.2.1.1 The integeal If The Integral Ff cam be waitten as. Tm im fp, Poon (mda) = Tan f Paarl untae (x) ag [Plo (a) — a4!) ~ aya C Meal) ~ 20x DleP CD tin, Pooy (x x)aP) yale) ig, [Pan x lH) ~ ole ))A01) (48) + ate Tt haa to be noted that the integral J} contains the kernal Ps, which is hypersin- gular of O(1/r?), therefore two tertns of the Taylor series expansion for the integrand _are appropriate. In the above integrals, the second term of the right hand side (RHS) is sero in ‘the limit as ¢ -» 0. The first and third RHS terms together form a Hadamard finite part mtegrat 10}. from Figure 4.1, the following relationships can be obtatued: a = edg, tasom edy (4.6) hota By considering the above relationships, together with the following limits (recall equation (3.13): Jim AQe) = >, a 2 in Me*Ko(Ae) = 0, Tigg AeKi (Ae) = 1, and fig MAR!) = 0. 44.7) ‘The last term on the RHS leads to the following jump terms: the) am, A _ Pon Eta) ~ HO AF POSNER Mas g(e) + ugale) tua Vas) — (48)Boundary Elesment Formulations for Thick Plates 41 Now, the integral 7 can be written ag follows: qe 4 Ppl x) uy (PAT (x) DO +v)0 -v) POE Dig) + uate) + Unt Jas} (a9) where # denotes the Hademard finite part integral (100) 4.2.1.2, The integral [5 ‘The integral J can be treated in a similar way to that of the integral Jf. Only one term of the Taylor series expansion is needed for 13 as the kernel Pty, contains a strong singularity of O(1/r). So that the integral If can be written as follows: = a fp, al xh) = ig [Pola alsa + fay f_ Piste ays) — ane) + vote) fh Phage’, x) a0 (0) (410) In the above integrals, the second term on the RHS is zero in the limit as ¢ + 0, ‘The first term on the RHS forms a Cauchy principal value integral. By considering tho rolationahipa in oquation (4.6) and the limite in (1.7), the jurap torme that appoar from the last term on the RHS vanish, So the integral f} can be written as follows: Bem f Phrnlot xbuetxleP x) an) 42.1.3 The integral 5 ‘The integral Hf containe Us, which is strongly singular. Using the frst term of the ‘Taylor series expansion of M,o the following form can be written: Bee ha ge, Uhr mena) = Im fe Uae NPM) a) + om f sea Inala) — Mao a) + Mya) in [Use xno) (a)42 Boundary Flement Formulations for Thick Plates In the above integrals, the second term on the RHS is zero in the limit as ¢ — 0. ‘The first term on the RHS forms a Cauchy principal value integral. Considering the relationships in equation (4.6) and the limits in (4.7), the last term on the RUS leads to the following jump terms: Meola!) Lg J Usage! x)na( VAD (8) == (SSE ag— EP araaie)) (449) Now, the integral 23 can be written as follows: i = fUin(e wentaares) = (SR ate bag — 2D atgia)) (418) 4.2.14 The integral J; ‘This integral contains Uv. which is a weakly singular kernel. This integral will lead to no jump term and it exists in the limit, so that the integral JZ can be directly written as follows: f, Vag x)pa(x)aT (x) (4.15) 4.2.1.5 The integral 1; ‘This integral contains Wy which is a strongly singular kernel. Directly one can write: He = ati f Waal a) = ating [, Wealx. ar) + ali, f Waste addr) 16) In the above integrals. the first term on the RHS forms s Cauchy principal value integral. Considering the relationships in equation (4.8) and the limits in (4.7), the last term on the RHS leads to the following jump terms: aif Wala’ xa) = Gag a1Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 43 Now, the integral 7 can be written as follows: 15 =f Waotx x)01 0) ee ee (ausy Substituting from equations (4.9), (4.11), (4.14), (4.15), and (4.18) into equation (4.2), and using equation (2.26), gives: BMan(e!) +f Pay wden(edal tn) + ff Papal adeala)at ts) f Usp q(x! xdp-ixdd0e) + f Urealx! x)palxddl (x) q f Wig’ a0 (x) + sao ox hap (4.19) the bonding moment hanndary integral equation. + which 4.2.2 The shear force integral equation quation (4.3) can be written in the following furs. Rthah+ hay (4.20) In the following, each of the integrals If tr Ff, will he considoned individually 4.2.2.1 The integral 13 ‘his tnvegral contains Pp, which ts strouply singulat. Usien, ‘Taylor series expansion of u. the following form can be written: a = tim f gary ioe Rh 08) = if Pins rte) Bah, intl 2)ey(o) abe) AT) fisst terns of the + wi ig f_ Polo marx) (a2) 1a the above invegrats, the second tern uu the RUG is ueiy is Ure lia e+ 0. ‘The first term forms a Cauchy principal value integral. Considering the relationships in equation (4.6) and the limits in (4.7), the jump terms that appear from the last term on the HS can be wrieten In the following formu: se) ig [Pha et) = POS (42) ‘Then the integral J can be written in the folowing torm: = f Py ema) + PO ta (4.23)44 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 4.2.2.2. The integral J This inlegial wwulatue Pigg which fo a ly possiugulos herucl. Ulan the Giok bw teste of the Taylor series expansion of ug the following form can be written: ny - tm Pigg (se )eay(*)AP (>) Ph rars = tm fo, Phas(x!, Dus (x)dT (x) + aah Fagg (Xs X)[USOX) ~ U3(X") — Us 0X) Fal X) ~ To(X')) JOU (x) + (tf Pina ar) + nota ti | Fale x) (tale) (x) a (x) (4.24) In the above integrals, the second term on the RHS is zero in the limit © + 0. ‘Vhe first and third terms together form a Hadamard tnite part intogral. Considering ‘the relationships in equation (4.6) and the limits in (4.7), the last term on the RHS leads to the following jump terms: vale) [Pin 2)( eel) — zal) (8) =v)? — ba 3 De abd (4.95) Now, the integral J? can be written as follows: F=f Pipl dua) + Pee ale’) (4.26) 4.2.2.3 The integral 15 Similar to the integral Jf, the integral /f contains Usp, which is weakly singular, ‘This integral will lead to no jump term and it exists in the limit. The integral Ij ieantly 26 Sollee B= [ Vig. peo aT) (427) 4.2.2.4 The integral 13 ‘This intogral contains Ujsq which is a strongly singular kernel. Using the first term Af the ‘Taylor covioa expansion af Oo the fallawing fhem van ho written: B= tig lM xia)Raundery Flement Raemulatiane far Thick Platee 45, = ng [ Ubslo xdeatsare) + isn {Usa x)nax)Qat) — Gale 3) + Qolx’)tim f Vials’ yma a3) (428) mn the above integrals, the second term on the RHS is zero in the limit ¢ + 0. The first term on the RHS forms a Cauchy principal value integral. By considering the relationships in equation (4.6) and the limits in (4.7), the jomp terms that appear from the last term on the RHS can be written in the following form: _Qalx!) ela! tag f Cias ssa mncayar(ay = -280 (429) ‘Then the integral Jf can be written in the following fora: B= f Vinbeoomcoares - 2) (430) 4.2.2.5 The integral It, ‘This integral contains Wy which is weakly singular of O(tnr). This integral will not lead to a jump term and it exists in the limit, so that the integral Tjp can be writton Fia= a f Wigls’ are) (431) ‘Substituting from equations (4.23), (4.26), (4.27), (4.30), and (4.31) into equation (4.3), and using equation (2.26) gives: 5Oote) + f Phonla’ xan (AC )+ ff Plan 2)ua (xa) = [ Yetatare tears) + f Bint) () + af Wig, a(x) (4.32) ‘which is the shear force boundary integral equation. Equations (4.19) and (4.32) represent three stress resultant integral equations at a boundary point x.46 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 4.3. The traction integral equations ‘Tf equations (4.19) and (4.32) are dotted by ng at the collocation point x’, the following two integral equations can be written: 5Pa() 4a) Parl )ug (da) + mpl!) Pleats’ x)us(a)al(x) anole) f Uae, siete + J, Vaan xdratsyartn) +ang(x’) ¢ Wag(x’,x)aP(x) + Tope) (433) and Srale) tp) f Piya (Xs )thy ()AT (x) + ng’) ¢ Prog(x!, x) ug (oe)aT =nalx') f Up 00! xlo xd (x) + naz!) LUreote xlontahdP od stagtat) f Wile. ada) (434) Higquatione (4.29) and (1.24) represent thes: jogral equations (the hypoeingulor equations) in terms of boundary tractions, and can either replace or work together the three displacement integral equations in equation (3.15) to form the dual boundary integral formulation wit 4.4 Numerical implementation Quadratic isoparametric elements have been used to discretise the boundary of the plate. The local position of the clement nodes are general, to allow for the use of continuous ov diseoutinuous clomante, The displacoment ov the traction boundary integral equations can be used. When using the traction boundary integral equa- tions, only discontinuous elements are employed, to satisfy the assumed continuity requirements for the boundary wariahlon. After this discretisation, equations (4.33) and (4.34) can be written in the follow- ing forma: (Hairy 38 (U}antqrca = (Glan, xan, (P}onext + {Q}3vex1 (4.35) ‘where [Hf] and [G] are the well-known boundary element influence matrices {19}, {u} and {p) are the boundary displacement and traction vectors respectively, and {Q}Boundary Element Foroulations for Thick Plates 47 is the domain load vector. By imposing the boundary conditions (see Section 2.5), eouation (4.35) can be written as: [Alon x3, {2}3Nox1 = {Bang (4.38) where [A] is the system matrix, {27} is the vector of unknowns and (b} is the vector ‘of prescribed boundary values. This system of algebraic equations can be solved for the boundary unknowns, It has to be noted that the determinant of the matrix (A) is big, due to the higher singulatity order of the kernels. To avoid numerical inaccuracies, tho [H] matrix is ‘scaled by the modulus of elasticity. This scaling process is useful when both of the displacement and the traction boundary inteeral equations are used toeether. 4.5 Singularities In the traction BIE, the singularity order is higher than the displacement BIB. In this section, each element of equation (4.35) will be individually discussed. ‘Three ‘orders of singularity appear in this formulation. The weak singularity is treated ‘using @ nonlinear coordinate transformation as in elles [86]. The strong singularity is treated using a singularity subtraction method based on Taylor series expansion of the fundamental solution terms around the singular point, as in Aliabadi et al. (101). Then, the singular terms are integrated analytically, ‘The hypersingular kernels are computed indirectly using generalised rigid body movements, 4.5.1 The influence matrix (H} In the [#] matrix, the kernols Py, and Pf, are strongly singular, whereas the eruets Fag AO Figg Axe hypersingutar. In the off-diagonal sub-matcices (see Figure 4.2), the element shape function will reduce the order of singularities by one. This means that the elements corresponding to the kernels £3, and F,, Decome smooth, whereas the elements of the xerneIs Phy, and Pisa still remain strongly singular. Now, considering the kernel Popp for any off-diagonal sub-matrix, the corre- ‘sponding integral can be written in the local coordinate systern as: 2 Ff Plana = f° Pes BONE (437) where [, denotes the boundary of the singular element, $* is the element shape function (see equation (3.22)} corresponding to the node i in the element under con- sideration and J is the Jacobian of the transformation form x, coordinate system48 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates Figure 4.2: Sub-matrices for the influence matrices. ‘0 the local coordinate system £ (i, dT = J(E)dé). To deal with this strong singu- larity, consider the ‘Taylor sories expansion about the singular point > in the local coordinate system, as follows: BLE) = OG) OME) EE + GOEL + SHEL = Go) + (G0) 5E + Sameayse? + al6) = tale) + HalGa)BE + SzalGO)EE +> (438) in which olf) =O M'(G)2, (4.39) Et hers af, is the coordinate zo at the nodal point é, Af are the geometric shape functions, (.)’ denotes the derivatives of (-) with respect to € and 5 = £ ~ fo ‘Using equation (4.38), the following expressions for quadratic elements can be written (Aliabadi ef at. [101)) re = (Ende + 5 (Ea) E? r= [Bl vido + drd§ + dass? (4.40)Boundary Element Formulatoas for Thick Plates 49 where ty = H5(60)2a(E0) dh = ty(60)20(éo) m= frawoegteo) way Note that in the case of the off-diagonal sub-matrices @i(euUC) 9 for node for Using the oxpronsions in equations (1.88) and (140), together with tho Timite in (47), equation (4.37) can be written in the following form: + on Fi Po Hen ttenae = PR a8) Me) — Slo tole + ts Fy Stonoae (4a) ana of, Dit-v) a6 fapy(60) = FH I{[(1 — v) (yang + byptta) + (-1 + Bu \SoprIT [20 = Ynosiga npg, + haaipzone + + dypeyzyng) — Av ~ 1) (bape + 1429)17 = (BL + eN(2,,2925:20ne)I Fa (4.43) where S3,, is the isolated singular term, in which all of the involved functions are computed at the singular point fo, ‘The terms 7; can be defined as follows: 7 Ee = Sedo + dd + dey An cam he sewn, the first integral on the RHS of enveation (4.42) ia not singular and can be evaluated using the Gauss-Legendre scheme. The second integral is computed in the Cauchy principal value sense analytically (see Appendix A). Similar proceduree can be followed for the harnel Ping, then the following evpres. sions can be written: f Piawiar = [Pi we 6) - Satealag + f°" SBateons (45) and 12,3 (444) Salto) ~ PLE we stay Reyer) (44s) On the other hand, the diagonal sub-matrices contain strongly singular and hy- persingular terms. Herein, the generalised rigid body movements are considered in50 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates ‘similar way to that of the displacement BIE (see Section 3.5), to compute these terms indirectly. By considering the generalised rigid body movements, a similar equation to that in (3.25) is obtained, ie; HE) = nals) f [Plagl® ¥) + (ra) Pita 2A) HQ) = n(x!) f Pigs, x)aU (x) (4.47) Unlike the digplacemont RIF, the sacnnd term in the fret integral of equation (4.47) is still singular. The distance rq cancels the strong singularity in the kernel Pip; but it only reduces the singularity order of the kernel Pigg to that of a strong Singuler kernel This term is considered in the Cauchy principal value ange. By employing the ‘Taylor series expansion as in equations (4.38) together with the limits in equation (4.7) for the variables in the integral, and noting that in the diagonal oub-matricer di(gROde) — 1 for ¢hOde — ¢,, tho following oxproscion can be writtont fcraPinpiae =f rarPhnt OI ~ SBP ride +f Bena (4.48) ona SE Go) = PLL age F— Bape zensTd (4.49) ‘where the first integral on the RHS of equation (4.48) is not singular, and the second integral contains the singular term and is computed analytically (see Appendix A). 4.8.2. The influence matrix [G] Jn this matrix, the off-diagonal sub-matrices are smooth due to the clement shape functions The diagonal matrices, on the other hand, contain the kernels Uys, and Ha, Which are weakly singular. A nonlinear coordinate transformation [86] is used to cancel these singularities. On the other hand, the two kernels, Uzy, and Uj, azo strongly singular. By omploying the Taylor sorice oxpansion (oquation (4.38)) together with the limits in equation (4.7) for the variables in these integrals, and noting that on the diagonal sub-matrices &i(20de) — 1 for enode — ¢,, the following expressions oan be written f Yaawiar = [0,206 ~ San teaise + fF" SS lEode (4.50)Boundary lement Formulations for Thick Plates 51 f Ginwar = [5p .04O16) — SGaltoe +f" SBalenee (451) Bg) = Kk HEU — Da pre + Rarmyd +e Raa) + BO 4 ve yry24)7 (452) lye Ss(G0) = srda'pTi (453) where the first integrals on the RHS of equation (4.50) and equation (451) are not singular, whereas the second integrals contain the singular term and are computed anaiyucally (see Appendix A). “ihe terms 7; are defined 1a equation (4.44). 4.5.3 The domain load vector {Q} ‘There are two kernels in the consideration of the domain load vector. The first kerne! is Wy which is weakly singular, hence a nonlinear coordinate transformation may be used to treat this kernel. The second one is Wig, which is strongly singular. By employing the Taylor series expansion (equations (4.38) and (4.40)) together with the limits in equation (4.7) for the variables in this integral, the singular term is isolated as follows: f weaver = [over -syeoes f" sare 459) oud Qe) — L Seal) = tae + PO +v)eaige nT} (4.55) AG = 2) leans + x gtia) + (v= Vidas nah where the first integral on the RHS of equation (4.54) is not singular, and the second Anvegral comaing the singular term and is computed analyuically (wee Appeudix A), ‘The terms 7; ate defined in equation (4.44). 4.6 Boundary stress resultants ‘The boundary atress resultant computation can be achieved either by computing the gencralisead Joval stratus on Hie Loundary using Usplacemens detivatives, aud aos make use of the generalised Hooke's law or by using the stress resultant integral equations (see equations (4.19) and (4.32).52 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 4.6.1 Numerical differentiation of local variables (SFD) Phe veluce of the otscor seoultant toneor abe boundawy point oan bo omaluated ia ‘terms of the local tractions and tangential generalised strains as in two- or three- dimensional elasticity problems (102]- Consider the local coordinate system shown fu Tiguse 4.0, the gemsialioed displacoments and tractions af the point nl ia shes system are given as ub = eas w= bps (4.56) ‘where the superscript (°) denotes the local boundary values, and the tensor ef; is the rotation matrix and is given by: mon 0 -m m 0 (437) o o1 m # * Figure 4.3: Local and global coordinate system at x’. By considering the equilibrium of stress resultants in the local coordinate system, it can be seen that: wm a= (4.58) Other components of the local stress resultant tensor can be evaluated using ‘ouwation (2.26) a0 follows: Mz = Divfa+eil+ qeRenndaey lament Formlaians tor Thi Bates $2 - nxt gg = PRS staged (438) By considering Figure 4.3, one can find the following relationships [102]: oe | Sage) ~ IY mm = 9 (4.60) ‘The displacement approximation in terms of the element shape functions ®* may be written as: aru (461) where uit are the local generalised boundary displacements. ivatives iu equation (4.69) eas be vewstliew Ia xe following (4.62) Using equation (4.62), the displacement, derivatives can be computed and henee, the local boundary stress resultant tensor can be evaluated. The global stress resultant tensor can be evaluated via the following transformation: Mos = chatipMB, Qa baQS (4.63) As can be seen this method is based on the computation of the tangential strains by approximating the strains in terms of the element shape function derivatives. In this chapter, this method will be referred to as (SED). Jt is worth noting that equation (4.59) cannot be easily used to evaluate the tangential bending stresses for the case of the clamped edge 88 tin = 0. 46.2 Stress resultant integral equations (SIE) ‘The boundary stress resultants can be computed directly from equations (4.19) and (4.32). As can be seen this method contains no approximation and can be used for any type of boundary conditions. However it io time consuming oo it io haved on computing hypersingular integrals. In this chapter the symibol (SIE) is used to refer to this method.54 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates ‘Table 4.1: Circular clamped plate results (generalised displacements). a cae ae Exact | TBIE | Exact | TBIE 0.00 } 1.1829 | 1.1839 } 0.0000 } 6.0000. 0.26 | 1.0503 | 1.0501 } 0.2344 | 0.2342, 0.50 | 0.6096 | 0.6095 | 0.3750 | 0.3750 0.75 | 0.2714 | 0.2714 | 0.3281 | 0.3281 1.00 | 0.0600 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 4.7 Numerical eaauples Jn this section, several numerical examples are analysed using the prosent boundary element formulations. In all examples qnadratic diseantimiona hoimdary alemente fare used for both the traction boundary integral equation (TBIE) and the displace- ment boundary integral equation (DBIB) to allow the comparison with the same AW he @ated ‘Tho eallocetion paints are placed at € = 0.7,0,-0.7, Tt was found that the mumerical resulis are not significantly affected by the use of continuous or discontinuous elements for the DBIE, or oven by the lncation af the collnration paints in the discontinuous elements for both the DEIR ‘and the TBIB, The Gauss-Legendre scheme is used to compute the regular integrals with 10 points. ‘The results obtained by the TBIE are compared with analytical solutions and the reoulte from the DBIE, discretisation achoro; atherasien 4.7.1 Circular clamped thick plate In this example, a clamped circular plate is considered. A uniform load of intensity 4 is applied over the plate domain. Due to symmetry, only one-quarter of the plate is modelled. The plate is of radius a and has a thickness of 0.2a, The exact solution, for this problem is given in Ref. [47]. ‘Table 41 shows the results for the deflection and the radial rotation at different internal points. Table 4.2 shows the results for the tangential and the radial bending moments and the shearing forces at. the same points in Table 4.1, In the case of TBIE the plate was diseretised into 16 boundary elements. As can be seen in Tables 4.1 and 4.2, the results are in good. agreement with the exact solutions.Boundary Bloment Formulations for Thick Patce 55 ‘Table 4.2: Circular clamped plate results (stress resultant). Me Mr eee Exact [TRIE | Exact [ TRIE | Bxact [TRIE 0.00 } 1.3274 | 1.3329 | 1.3274 | 1.8829 | 0.00 | 0.00 0.25 | 1.2087 } 1.2085 | 1.1212 | 1.1210 | -0.25 | -0.25 0.50 | 0.8524 | 0.8523 | 0.5024 | 0.5023 | -0.50 | -0.50 7s | o2zse7 | a2se6 | -osane | -a.sone | 075 | 075 1.00 | -0.5726 | -0.5629 | -1,9726 | -1.9694 | -1.00 | -1.00 Figure 4.4: Simply supported thin square plate. 4.7.2. Simply supported thin square plate Guusiter @ quate plate of div oidle Teugth oud simply suppurted frum all sles ao shown in Figure 4.4. A uniform load —0.64t{/1n? is applied aver the plate domain, Seven internal points are considered (see Figure 4.4). Due to the problem symmetry, ‘unly one-quarter Of Ue plaic bs modelled fn the mmalysis for Ge polnts 260 0. The results for point 7 which is located at the centre of the plate are obtained by mod- cling the complete plate. Tables 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 present the displacements, bending ‘moments and shear stresses at the Invernal points shown in Figure 4.4. The exact, results for this problem can be found in Ref. {8] and the corresponding numerical results for both the DBIE and the TBIE are based on a model with 64 boundary elements. Reterring to Het. (/U), accurate results tor the DISS can be achieved using only 8 continuous elements; but it was found that by employing 32 elements the‘56 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates ‘Table 4.3: Thin square plate, displacements at internal points. Pel dy x —10%(rad) dy x —10(rad) wx —10%(rn) ‘Exact | DBIE | TBIE | Exact | DBIE | TBIE | Exact | DBIE | TRIE vaisaa | visas [uses | uaeaa | useaa | uraos [ uoiss [via [vor 0.3552 | 0.3551 | 0.3564 | 0.1424 | 0.1423 | 0.1433 | 0.4776 | 0.4785 | 0.4809 0.4902 | 0.4902 | 0.4916 | 0.0778 | 0.0778 | 0.0785 | 0.2641 | 0.2645 | 0.2664 ozta2 | ures | o.210s | o.zrea | v-zroz | u.zies | vse | usrss | u.sio2 0.3822 | 0.3828 | 0.3835 | 0.1510 | 0.1510 | 0.1518 | 0.2066 } 0.2070 0.2084 o.2117 | 0.2116 | 0.2125 | 0.2127 | 0.2116 | 0.2125 | 0.1151 | 0.1154 | 0.1163 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | sooo o.0000 | 0.7094 | u.7110 {0.7119 Tall 44s Phin oquos plate, bonding momouto at intesnal polute, Pt Mes(tf.mmjm) Myy(tfanjm) Myyltf.mjm) Exact | DBIE | TAIE | fxact | DBIE | THIE | Exact | DBIE | TBIE ~0.4396 | -0.4396 | -0.4402 | 0.0378 | 0.0377 | 0.0378 | -0.4396 | -0.4396 | -0.4402 -0.3744 | -0.3748 | -0.3749 | 0.0715 | 0.0715 | 0.0717 | 0.3504 | -0.3506 | -0.3509 -0.2410 | -0.2410 | -0.2414 | 0.0960 ] 0.0960 | 0.0964 | -0.2027 | -0.2028 | -0.2030 -0.3014 | -0.3018 | -0.3018 | 0.1367 | 0.1367 | 0.1370 { -0.3014 | -0.3015 | -0.3018 0.1982 | -0.1983 | -0.1985 | 0.1857 | 0.1856 | 0.1861 | -0.1769 | -0.170 | -0.1772 0.1212 | -0.1212 | 0.1213 | 0.2577 | 0.2876 | 0.2880 | -0.1212 | 0.1212 | -o.1213 -0.4905 | -0.4904 | -0.4904 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | -0.4905 | -0.4904 | -0.4904 soo Pee results for the BIE has an error of 2% to 7%; whereas, with 64 elements {as shown, in the Tables) the error is within 0.6%. ‘The direct evaluation of stress resultants on the boundary is one of the important applications of the hypersingular integral equations. ‘To demonstrate this application, the same plate is considered and analysed twice to compare the stress resultants on a boundary line (y-axis) for a quarter of the plate with the stress resultants when this line is considered as an internal line for the full plate analysis, In the frat analysis, a quarter of the plate is considered by employing 16 boundary elements per side. ‘The boundary stress resultants along the boundary along the y-axis (see Figure 4.4) are computed using the SFD method and using the hypersingular integral equationRoundery Dlemeint Pouulasivus for Thich Phaiee 57 ‘Table 4.5: Thin square plate, shear forces at internal points Pt Qs(t f/m) QyltF fn) Exact | DBIE | TBIE | Exact | DBE | TBIE 0.1529 | 0.1527 | 0.1831 | 0.1529 | 0.1527 | 0.1531 0.3278 | 0.3275 | 0.3279 | 0.1200 | 0.1199 | 0.1203 0.5471 | 0.5467 | 0.5474 | 0.0668 | 0.0667 | 0.0671 0.2613 | 0.2610 | 0.2614 | 0.2613 | o.2610 | n.2R14 0.4505 | 0.4502 | 0.4506 | 0.1485 | 0.1482 f 0.1485 0.2713 | 0.2710 | 0.2713 | 0.2713 | 0.2710 | 0.2713 2.8000 | o.nona | a.nnaa | Anan | Annan | Annan (Sie) im equations (4.19) and (4.32). In the second analysis, the complete plate is reanalysed by using 16 continuous boundary elements per side. ‘The stress resultants ase computed at the internal points, which are in the same place as the boundary points in the first analysis Figures 4.5 and 4.6 show the shear and the bendine ‘stress resultants respectively, along the considered line. It can be seen that the SFD method shows oscillations in the shear stress resultant. In addition, the SFD results are not accurate for the bending stress resultant, whereas the SIE results have the same accuracy as those of the internal point computation. 4.7.3 Cantilever thin plate In order to demonstrate the stability of the Reissuer plate model over the thin plate theory, the following example is considered. A thin square cantilever plate of side feugtls fo oubjoviod Wy @ usifine hod uf intcuplay y uve Ue plate douiala, THe Poisson ratio is set to zero to allow for comparison with the results of the beam theory. Figure 4.7 shows the effective shear force distribution along the clamped wae. As cau Le mec UME Figure 4.7, te DIE gives & stable solution with only a few elements (8 oloments por side), whereas the TBIE gives the same stability with 16 elements per side. The thin plate solution (ace Paiva (103]), on the other duand, fats vo reach ne exe GasTrIbUTION, even WIEN The proposea twisting moment distribution along the boundary, according to Paiva [103}.‘58 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 1a Qy(tons) 02 09 09 02 04 06 08 12 14 1G 18 20 16 vq) Figure 4.5: Shear stress resultant along the y-axis for the simply supported plate. 4.7.4 Timoshenko beam "To demonctrate the capability af the Reissner plate model in analysing heams, a ‘Timoshenko beam of length 10m is considered. ‘The beam has a cross section of 3m depth x 1m width. The following material properties are considered: » = 0.2 and B= 25 108¢/m?. ‘The boas in fixed from ono ond and left ee as a cantiterer A concentrated load of P = I ton is applied at the free end of the beam. A mesh of 20 elements along the beam Jength (for each side) x 4 elements along the beam width (per side) is used to model she beam mid plano: ‘The analytical eolution for that problern considering shear deformation can be found in Ref. [1]. The results for the rotation in the = direction and the transverse deflection along the bear centre line daue plotted Guyetlier with le auialy iva! rooulls in Pigure 4.8. The bending anoment and shearing force diagrams along the same line are also plotted in Figure 4.9. As can be seen from these Figures the results of the TBIB are in good agreement with use of vie DDH. A UbucuLe (0%) Vetworn he DIB aud bln, mualy tial solution for the maximum deflection of the beam is obtained. Tt has to be noted that there ‘are small inaccuracies in the bending moment and the shearing foroe near the fixed cage. ‘rnese are mainly due w the poor UereHsuAlUE UE ie ea wes.Dewndary Eheausnt Fonnalatins for Thich Platcs 59 My tm) 00 02 04 06 O8 10 12 14 16 18 20 ¥ (a) Figure 4.6; Bending stress resultant along the y-axis for the simply supported plate. 4.7.5 Torsion of cube In this example, a three-dimensional structure is modelled using the present formulae tion. Consider a cube of sie length of 2a (as shown in Figure 4.10), under torsional rotation at its free end face. To model that loading, the following generalised dis- placements are prescribed at the free end face: by = 0 w= cov where ¢ isthe applied prescribed torsional rotation, ‘The problem is analysed using 128 boundary elements to model the high stress vumvcntraston aid che tee eage condition. ne resuite wn non-aimensional form ‘are presented in Table 4.6 together with the results of Vander Weeén (47] and the analytical solution given by Reismer [104]. As shown in Table 4.6, the results of the “bits are in excellent agreement with the anaiytical results but they require finer discretisation than that of the DBIE (Vander Weeén [47]). 4.7.0 Clumped uitek stab ‘The clamped thick slab that was considered in Section 3.8.2 is considered again in this example, The slab has the same dimensions, loading, material properties, and60 Boundary Element Formutations for Thick Plates Effective shear/qa 07 os & 1 ton, Figure 4.8: Rotation and deflection results for the Timoshenko beam.Lon suman ALE ey NN igure 4.9: Mending moment and shearing force results for the ‘Timoshenko beam. Figure 4.10: Cube under torsion.62 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates ‘Table 4.6: Torsion of cube results. 28 He 28 Exact | Ref.(47] | TBIE | Exact | Ref [47] [ TBIE | Exact | Ref.[47] | TRIE uv [uuu [vv | vou [ivy | cus [iu fav [ vcor | 0000 0.25 |-0.202 | -0.201 | 0.290 | 0.948 | 0.938 | 0.948 | 0.174 | 0.174 | 0.174 0.50 | -0.387 -0.382 | 0.785 | 0.809 | 0.785 | 0.376 | 0.377 | 0.376 0.75 | -0.055 | -0.053 | -0.051 | 0.435 | u.sse | uss | oss | v.0ss | uoss 1.00 | 1.000 | 1.001 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.035 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.000 discretisation as previously. Figures 4.11 and 4.12 show the computed boundary stress resultants using the wo proposed matheds. Ik can be sean that the SFT methad file ta pradiet the tangential bending moment Mze, whereas the SIE method presents a more accurate state of the boundary stress resultants. 4.8 Summary and conclusions Im thio chapter, the hypercingnlar plate theory. A singularity subtraction method based ou the Taylor series expansion ‘was used to evaluate the singular integrals. Several examples were solved, including thin nd thick plateo and tho following conclusions can be drawn ‘egral equations wore derived far the Reissner 1. In the traction integral equations, unlike the displacement integral equations, the rigid body consideration requires computation of singular integrals. 2. ‘The traction integral equations require a finer discretigation to obtain the same level of accuracy as that of the displacement boundary integral equations. ‘The boundary stress resultants were computed using two metnods, “Lhe Bret ‘method was the conventional method via the derivatives of the shape functions, The second method was the direct evaluation using the stress resultant integral equations. ‘A comparison between the two methods was made in the numerical examples. “rne following conclusions can be drawn from this part of the work: 1 ‘The direct evaluation using the stress resultant intezral equations can be used {for any boundary condition type. Conversely, the conventional method of eval- uation fails in the case of the clamped boundary condition.Boundary Element Formulations tor Thuck Plates 63 Sheer force (Q) 00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 x{m) Figure 4.11: Shear stresses along the plate boundary for the clamped plate. oz 01 pote eo 00 Fe-o-9 -o -o Seg oo oo 074 BRR 3% A ey a L 03 eg ee 4 os Moc 06 Most i 07 MSE a8 3 My S&D lo My SIE cL ‘Myy SED. 2 oo 65 10 LS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 x(n) Figure 4.12: Bending stresses along the plate boundary for the clamped plate.64 Boundary Element Formulations for Thick Plates 2 The direct evaluation using the stress resultant integral equations is accurate ogardless of the value of the plate thickness. Conversely, the conventional method of evaluation showed oscillations in the evaluation of the shear force ‘and inaccurate results for the bending moment of thin plates, 4. ‘Lhe computation of the stress resultants using the stress integral equations is time consuming, unlike the conventional method, as it needs evaluation of hypersingular integrals. 4, Tn the case of using the stress resultant integral equations; discontinuous el- ements were used (unlike the conventional method) to satisfy the continuity requirements af the hinmdary wales In the next chapter the boundary integral equation and the fundamental solution {for foundation plates will be derived.