FIRST ORDER AND SECOND ORDER SYSTEM

Experiments

STUDY OF STEP RESPONSE OF THERMOMETER

Theory

A thermometer bulb is a first-order system, whose response can be described by

a first-order linear differential equation. The dynamic response of first-order type
instruments to a step change can be represented by
Procedure:

• Fill the heating bath with clean water by opening the inlet valve of heating bath.

• Switch on beeper and set beep interval to 3 seconds.

• Ensue that cyclic timer is set to 30 seconds on time and 30 seconds off time.
Switch on Mains to heat the water in heating bath to its boiling point. Switch off
the mains.

• The water in heating bath is now near its boiling point. Insert the thermometer
in heating bath suddenly after noting its initial temperature.

• Note the thermometer reading at each beep interval till the temperature
reaches at steady state.

• Switch off beeper and fill up the readings observed in “Observations” below.

Observations:

1) Initial temperature (0C) =29

2) Final temperature (0C) =97

Calculations

1. Step change = Final temp. – Initial temp. =97-29=680C

2. Value of 63.2% of step = 0.632 x (Final temp. – Initial temp) + Initial temp

=71.976 0C

3. Plot the graph of Actual temperature vs. time and note the value of time at
63.2% of step change. This value is observed time constant of the thermometer.

4. Calculate theoretically predicated temperature by following equation:

5. Plot the graph of Theoretical temperature vs. time on the same graph plotted
above.

Tim
e Actual temperature
(sec) (°C) theoretical temperature (°C)
0 29 29
120 61 62.71951649
240 94 80.46421779
300 97 85.5492889
420 97 91.72328829
Graph:

Thermometer
120

100

80
responses

60 act. Vs time
theo vs time

40

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
time(s)
 STUDY OF STEP RESPONSE OF MERCURY MANOMETER

Theory

The dynamic response of a second order system to a step change can be

described by a secondorder differential equation.
Procedure

• Ensure that mercury level in manometer is set at ‘0’ on the scale.

• Close vent connection by putting finger on it.

• Adjust the needle valve and vent to raise the mercury level to @200mm from ‘0’
level.

• Note the mercury level reading and quickly open the vent to apply step change.
Note the top peak and bottom peak readings. Also simultaneously note the period
of oscillation. (This can be noted by measuring time required for 4-5 oscillations
and then calculating for each oscillation)

• Repeat process 2-3 times for different step changes

Observations

Constants:

Manometer fluid = Mercury

Dynamic viscosity () = 0.0016Kg/m.s.

Mass density () = 13550Kg/m3.

Column length (L) = 0.760m

Tube diameter (d) = 0.005 meter

Step change (m): 0.2

Period of oscillation (sec): 0.916

Calculations

1) Natural frequency of oscillations:

ωn=2 π
√ 2g
L
=2 ( 3.14 )
2∗9.8
0.760 √
=31.89 rad / sec

2) Damping coefficient:

¿ ( 8 Lμ
ρ gD 2 )√ (2g
L
=
8∗0.760∗0.0016
13550∗9.8∗( 0.005 )2 )√ 2∗9.8
0.760
=0.014

3) Period of oscillations:

( )
2π 2∗3.14
P= = =0.196 sec
ωn∗√ 1−❑ 2
31.89∗√(1−0.01 42 )

4) Decay ratio:

(√ ) ( )
−2 π −2∗3.14∗0.014
DR=exp =exp =0.915
1−❑ 2
√ 1−( 0.014 ) 2

5) Overshoot:
a
OC= =√ DR =√ 0.915=0.95
b

6) Frequency of damped oscillations:

(
ωn∗√1−❑
)(
( 31.89∗√1− ( 0.014 )2 )
)
2
f= = =5 cps
2π 2∗3.14
 7) Characteristic equation:

τ= ( 2ωnπ )=( 2∗3.14

31.89 )
=0.196 sec

8) Theoretical response:

Table:
act
response(m) theoretical response(m) time(sec)
0.2 0 0
-0.09 0.005033 1
0.07 -0.01928 2
-0.05 0.032241 2.5
0.04 -0.0352 3
-0.03 0.001707 4
0.03 -0.03221 4.5
-0.02 0.056362 5
0.02 0.047056 6
-0.01 -0.03369 7
0.01 0.071286 7.5
-0.01 -0.08693 8
0.005 0.072669 8.5
-0.005 -0.031 9
0.005 0.076726 10
0 0.076726 10

Graph:
 0.25
Mercury
0.2

0.15

0.1
Response(m)

0.05 actual reponse vs t

theoretical response vs t
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.05

-0.1

-0.15
time(s)

Result:
 STUDY OF STEP RESPONSE OF WATER MANOMETER

Theory

The dynamic response of a second order system to a step change can be

described by a secondorder differential equation.
Procedure

• Ensure that mercury level in manometer is set at ‘0’ on the scale.

• Close vent connection by putting finger on it.

• Adjust the needle valve and vent to raise the mercury level to @200mm from ‘0’
level.

• Note the mercury level reading and quickly open the vent to apply step change.
Note the top peak and bottom peak readings. Also simultaneously note the period
of oscillation. (This can be noted by measuring time required for 4-5 oscillations
and then calculating for each oscillation)

• Repeat process 2-3 times for different step changes

Observations

Constants:

Manometer fluid = water

Dynamic viscosity () = 0.001Kg/m.s.

Mass density () = 998Kg/m3

Column length (L) = 1.050m

Tube diameter (d) = 0.022 meter

Step change (m): 0.2

Period of oscillation (sec): 1.45

Calculations

1) Natural frequency of oscillations:

ωn=2 π
√ 2g
L
=2 ( 3.14 )
√
2∗9.8
1.050
=4.32rad /sec

2) Damping coefficient:

¿ ( ρ8gDL μ ) √ 2Lg =( 998∗9.8∗

2
( 0.022 ) ) √ 1.050
8∗1.050∗0.001
2
2∗9.8
=0.007

3) Period of oscillations:

2π
P= =¿
ωn∗√ 1−❑
2

4) Decay ratio:

DR=exp
(√
−2 π
1−❑
2 ) (
=exp
−2∗3.14∗0.007
√ 1−( 0.007 ) 2 )
=0.956

5) Overshoot:
a
OC= =√ DR =√ 0.956=0.97
b

6) Frequency of damped oscillations:

 (
ωn∗√ 1−❑2
)(
( 4.32∗√1−( 0.007 ) )
)
2

f= = =0.68 cps
2π 2∗3.14

7) Characteristic equation:

τ= ( 2ωnπ )=( 2∗3.14

4.32 )
=1.45 sec

8) Theoretical response:

Table:

act
response( theoretical time(se
m) response(m) c)
20 0 0
-18.5 0.000742 1
 144 0.000731 1.5
-14 0.000347 2
10.5 -0.00142 3
-10.5 -0.00358 4
8 -0.0043 4.5
-8.5 -0.00449 5
6.5 -0.00289 6
-7 0.001102 7
5 0.003507 7.5
-5.5 0.005765 8
4 0.008504 9
-4 0.007271 10
3 0.005014 10.5
-3.5 0.001882 11
2 -0.00554 12
-2.5 -0.0114 13
2 -0.01262 13.5
-2.5 -0.01232 14
1.5 -0.00709 15
-2 0.002448 16
1.5 0.007535 16.5
-2 0.011978 17
1 0.016645 18
-1.5 0.013535 19
1 0.003371 20
-1.5 -0.00309 20.5
0.5 -0.00948 21
-1 -0.01887 22
0.5 -0.01982 23
-1 -0.01113 24
0.5 -0.0041 24.5
-0.5 0.003718 25
0.5 0.017914 26
-0.5 0.022482 26.5
0.5 0.024441 27
-0.5 0.019544 28
0 0.004815 29
-0.5 -0.01323 30
0 -0.02602 31
0 -0.02701 32
Graph:
 160
Water
140

120

100

80
Response(m)

60 actual response vs time

theoretical response vs time

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-20

-40 time(S)

Result: