Reasoning handout pt.

Identify the types of reasoning (quasilogical, analogical, generalization):

Theory
1. Quasilogical Argument: Reasons from a general principle to a specific case
(deduction). Uses major premise (general rule) and a minor premise in order to make
conclusion about a specific case or individual.
a) Transitivity – applies the features indicated in the general rule to an individual.
b) Incompatibilities – indicates two relevant but mutually exclusive options and
excludes one.

2. Analogical Argument: reasons that because two objects resemble each other in certain
known respects, they will also resemble each other in respects that are not known.
a) Literal analogy: compares two objects of the same class that share many
characteristics and concludes that a known characteristic that one possesses is shares
by the other.
b) Figurative analogy: is a comparison between 2 objects of different classes in which a
relation of similarity is inferred (e.g., a metaphor). It has more rhetorical than rational
argumentative power.

3. Generalization: is reasoning that what is true of certain members of a class will also be
true of other members of the same class as a whole.
Cases

1. I do not tell my mechanic how to fix my automobile. Instead, I trust his expertise. In
the same manner, I should not tell my physician how to fix my body. Analogical - Literal

2. In order to enter the port of Rotterdam, all ships should have their invoices in order.
The ship from China, which is waiting for clearance at the gate, has all its invoices in
order. Therefore the ship from China can enter the port of Rotterdam. Quasilogical

3. All Europeans descent from Belgium, a new study suggests.

An ancient DNA (genome) study suggests Europeans trace their origins from ice age
Belgium. “The ability to obtain genome-scale data from ancient bones is a new
technology that’s only been around for the last five or six years” said David Reich of
the Harvard Medical School. Another significant factor in the study was 51 samples of
European moderns humans aged 45,000 to 7,000 years old from across Europe. That is
the biggest study of its kind. The study estimates that the first humans entered Europe
approximately 45,000 years ago, eliminating the Neanderthals. Using the genome
technique, all populations that lived 37,000 years ago seem to have come from a
region that is today called Belgium. Generalization
4. You can get to the 5th floor either by stairs or the elevator. Unfortunately, yesterday
we had a power outage in the building and the elevator is still out of service today.
Therefore, you will have to take the stairs. Quasilogical
5. I don’t see why I need a college education. The most successful thinkers in the world
never went to college. Abraham Lincoln never graduated from college. And neither
did Confucius of Socrates – three of the greatest and most influential people ever to
walk this earth. Anological / General

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 6. Hisoka is a demand planner. Therefore, Hisoka is a supply chain professional.
Quasi Transitivity

7. It is usually helpful to compare yourself against similar businesses in the same sector.
However, your market position and your objectives, among other things, will affect the
specific comparisons you want to make. For example, a small business in a crowded sector
may want to benchmark itself against average performance levels in the sector, but a business
targeting rapid and significant growth may choose comparisons with an established market
leader. Liter Anology
8. Google CEO Sundar Pichai said: Figuarative Anology
Imagine life is a game of 5 balls that you manipulate in the air trying not to fall these
balls. One of them is rubber, and the rest is glass. The five balls are:
Work, family, health, friends, soul.
It will not be long before you realize that (work) is a rubber ball. Whenever you fall,
you will jump again, while the other balls are made of glass. If one of them fails, it
will not return to its previous form.It will either be damaged, bruised, cracked, or even
scattered. You have to be aware of that and strive for it.

Reasoning pt.2

Identify the types of reasoning:

(Causal, Co-existential, Dissociative)

Theory
4. Causal Argument: claims that one condition or event contributes to or brings about
another condition or event. (Analyzed in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions.)

5. Coexistential (Sign) argument: reasons from something that can be observed to a

condition or feature that cannot be observed.

6. Dissociation: distinguishes one idea from the other and claims that they are different.

Cases

1.The bulk of our supply problems are the product of an overstimulated economy. Sure, there
have been some Covid-related challenges, such as health-related worker shortages in factories
and among transportation workers. But most of our supply problems have been homegrown:
Americans have resumed spending freely, and along the way, they have been creating
shortages akin to those in a shopping mall on Black Friday. All that consumption has resulted
from vast amounts of government rescue aid (including three rounds of stimulus checks) and
substantial underspending by consumers during the lockdown phase of the Covid crisis. Causal

2. What the banking crisis highlights is the damage of abstraction. Everything has become a
thing – people and planet alike – something that can be traded. In the process, all is desecrated
because our sense of what real value is fails us. So don't believe the figures of economists.
Their abstract stats tumbling down the screen look real, but they're not. Real life has different
measures of value. Dissociation

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3. The National Retail Federation (NRF) predicts U.S. ports could see a 13% drop in imported
containers in February as a result of the outbreak and executives' comments indicate supply
chain disruptions will affect companies with interests across China and not just in Wuhan where
the outbreak has originated. Causal

4. According to the report issued on October 2020 by the department of Statistics, the rate of
unemployment in the Netherlands has increased by 5 % during the last quarter; the sales in the
real estate market have dropped by 15%. Economists predict the economic growth of only
0,2% this year. These parameters demonstrate that the country is entering into recession. Coexist

5. Start-ups are not smaller versions of large companies. They do not unfold in accordance
with master plans. The ones that ultimately succeed go quickly from failure to failure, all the
while adapting, iterating on, and improving their initial ideas as they continually learn from
customers. One of the critical differences is that while existing companies execute a business
model, start-ups look for one. This distinction is at the heart of the lean start-up approach. It
shapes the lean definition of a start-up: a temporary organization designed to search for a
repeatable and scalable business model. Disassociation

6. Knowing how the different areas of your business are performing can help you to assess where
your business is strong, where it is weaker and factors you can change for the better. This should help
you to manage your performance proactively and efficiently. You should measure non-financial
targets as well as considering financial ones. Some others areas you could consider are: Causal

• your customers - eg how many you have, how often they use you and how many customers
you have lost or gained
• customer service - eg waiting times for assistance, complaints, or reasons customers have
complained
• market share - eg whether your share of the market increased or decreased against
competitors
• your staff - eg satisfaction levels, work quality or attendance records