Name: Zeeshan Bashir

Roll #: 0215-BH(E)-ENG-20
Section: A3

Department: English Literature (Evening)

Subject: History (Ottoman Empire)

Submitted By: Zeeshan Bashir

Submitted To: Sir. Ghulam Abbas

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE & UNIVERSITY LAHORE

Outlines
Introduction:...............................................................................................................................................2
Rise of Ottoman Empire:.............................................................................................................................2
Reasons for the rise of Ottoman empire:....................................................................................................3
Fall of Ottoman Empire:..............................................................................................................................3
Reasons for the fall of Ottoman Empire:.....................................................................................................3
Conclusion:..................................................................................................................................................4

Introduction:
At its apex, the Ottoman Empire grew from a Turkish stronghold in Anatolia to a massive state
that reached north to Vienna, Austria, east to the Persian Gulf, West to Algeria, and south to
Yemen. Control of some of the world's most profitable trade routes led to great money, and the
Empire's beautifully planned military system contributed to military might. However, all empires
must fall, and the Ottoman Empire came apart catastrophically in the World War I theatre, six
centuries after it rose on the battlefields of Anatolia.

Rise of Ottoman Empire:

In the late 13th century, Osman I, the leader of a nomadic Turkic tribe from Anatolia began
conquering the region by waging expeditions against the Christian Byzantine Empire, which was
crumbling. He declared himself supreme ruler of Asia Minor around 1299, and his successors
used foreign mercenaries to expand further into Byzantine territory.

When Osman's successors, now known as the Ottomans, seized the allegedly impregnable city of
Constantinople in 1453, they finally brought the Byzantine Empire to its knees. The city named
after Constantine, Rome's first Christian emperor, was later renamed Istanbul.

The Ottoman Empire expanded throughout the Balkans, the Middle East, and North Africa after
becoming a hereditary empire with Istanbul as its capital. Even though it was a dynasty, only one
position was hereditary: that of the supreme ruler or sultan. Regardless of birth, the rest of the
Ottoman Empire's elite had to work hard for their positions.

The arts blossomed, technology and architecture reached new heights, and the empire usually
experienced peace, religious tolerance, and economic and political stability under the reign of
Suleiman the Magnificent, whose 16th-century rule marked the pinnacle of the Ottomans'
strength and influence. The imperial court slaughtered or imprisoned female slaves forced into
sexual service as concubines, male slaves required to furnish military and domestic labour, and
brothers of sultans, many of whom were killed or imprisoned to safeguard the sultan from
political challenges.
Reasons for the rise of Ottoman empire:
 The Ottoman Empire is thought to have grown so quickly because other countries were
weak and unorganized at the time, as well as because the Ottomans had advanced
military organization and tactics for the time.
 They had plenty of water as well as fertile land. They controlled the world's centre after
conquering Constantinople. In other words, they were in charge of the main trade route.

Fall of Ottoman Empire:

The Ottoman Empire was a major participant in European politics at its peak, with more
Christians than Muslims living there. However, it began to lose its hegemony in the 17th century.
Until that point, there had always been new territory to capture and new territories to plunder, but
the empire began to sag after failing to conquer Vienna for the second time in 1683.

Political intrigue within the Sultanate, European power consolidation, economic competition due
to new trade routes, and the start of the Industrial Revolution all destabilized the once unrivalled
kingdom. The Ottoman Empire was mocked as the "sick man of Europe" by the 19th century
because of its shrinking territory, economic downfall, and growing reliance on the rest of
Europe.

To put an end to the Ottoman Empire once and for all, it would take a world war. Sultan Abdul
Hamid II, already weakened beyond recognition, flirted briefly with the idea of constitutional
monarchy before reversing course in the late 1870s. The reform-minded Young Turks organized
a full-fledged revolution in 1908, successfully restoring the constitution.

The Ottoman Empire's new rulers, the Young Turks, aimed to strengthen it by scaring its Balkan
neighbours. Following the Balkan Wars, the empire lost 33 percent of its remaining land and up
to 20% of its inhabitants.

The Ottoman Empire formed a secret partnership with Germany as World War I loomed. The
conflict that ensued was a disaster. During World War I, more than two-thirds of the Ottoman
military died, and up to three million civilians died. Approximately 1.5 million Armenians were
slaughtered in massacres and death marches during their exodus from Ottoman lands. Turkish
patriots overthrew the sultanate in 1922, putting an end to one of history's most successful
empires.

Reasons for the fall of Ottoman Empire:

 Ottoman Empire had an illiterate population.
 Ottoman Empire was purposely weakened by other countries.
 Ottoman Empire was pitted against Russia in a bitter rivalry.
 In World War I, Ottoman Empire chose the wrong side.
Conclusion:
The Ottoman Empire reached its pinnacle under Selim I (Rule: 1512–1520) and his son Suleiman
I (The Magnificent rule: 1520–1566) according to the preceding explanation. In the late 16th
century, Ottoman dominance began to wane. Vienna was twice besieged by Ottoman armies.
After a failed attempt to take the Austrian capital in 1683, and successive losses, they were
forced to cede Hungary in 1699. The regime was increasingly weakened by corruption and
decadence. The Russo-Turkish Wars, as well as wars with Austria and Poland in the late 17th
and early 18th centuries, debilitated the empire, which was dubbed the "sick man of Europe" in
the 19th century. During the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), the majority of its remaining European
territory was lost. In World War I (1914–1918), the Ottoman Empire sided with Germany; after
the war, peace accords dismantled the empire, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk abolished the
sultanate in 1922, a year after declaring the Republic of Turkey.