Reading 3.4 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheetto indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. It is true that there has been great progress in technology over the last forty years. For example, the uses of mobile phones and email communication are ‘common these days. (1)____, machines could never do as good a job as'a hhuman, especially when it (2) to interpreting what people are (3). Of course, machines can translate plain statements such as “Where is the bank?”, but even simple statements are not always (4), because the meaning depends on'more than just (5)__. For instance, the word “bank” has a number of different meanings in English. How does a translating machine know which meaning to take? In order to understand what people are saying, you need to take into account the relationship between speakers and their situation, A machine cannot ©. the difference between the English expression “Look out” meaning “Be careful!” and “Look out” meaning “Put your head out of the window”. You need a human being to interpret the situation, (7)_____, with written language it is difficult for a machine to know how to translate (8) because we rarely translate every word. (9) the contrary, we try to take into consideration how the idea would be (10)____ in the otber language, This is hard o do because every Ianguage has is qvm way of doing and saying this. 1. A.However —-B.Besides. — C.Moreover_—_D. Inaddition 2. A. reaches B. arrives C. comes D. goes 3. A.spesking —_B. saying C. talking D. telling 4, A. direct B, straight C. straightforward D. obvious 5. A.sentences B, vocabulary C. grammar ——_—D. words 6. A. say B. speak C.talk D.tell 7. A.Inaddition B Similarly C.Incontrast__D. However 8 A-accurately Beexactly —C.rightfully iD righteously 9% A.By B.On C. With, D. For 10, A. said B. spoken C.translated expressed Notes: ~ straightforward (tinh tit) = dé lam, kh6ng phitc tap. ~ come to something = di vao vin dé, di vao vie. Reading 3.5 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. 379Most of the public assistance programs in the United States started (1) the, Depression era were temporary relief measures, but Social Security has become an American institution. Paid (2)_____ by deductions (3) the paychecks of working people, Social Security ensures that retired persons receive Penodest monthly income (4) also provides unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and other assistance (5) __ those who need it. Social Security payments to retired persons can start (6)_ age 62, but many wait Oo) ‘age 65, when the payments are slightly higher. Recently, there has ‘beon concem that the Social Security fund may not have enough money to fulfill its obligations (8)____ the 21* century, (9) the population of elderly ‘Americans is expected to inerease dramatically. Policy-makers have proposed various ways to make (10)_____ the anticipated deficit, but a long-term solution is still being debated. 1. A. when B. during C. while D.at 2. A. toward B. from C. for D. forward 3. A.out B. from D.of 4. A. though B. while D. but 5. Ain B.to D. with 6 Aof B. for Dat 7. A.toward B. until D.to 8 A.for Bof Dat 9. A. though. B. whereas D. when 10. A. with B. without D. out Notes: institution (danh tit) = eo quan. Reading 3.6 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer ‘sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. ‘The Texting Pigeons Not everybody recognizes the benefits of new developments in communications technology, Indeed, some people fear that text messaging may actually be having a negative (1)____ on young people's communication and language skills, especially when we hear that primary school children may be at (2)___ of becoming addicted to the habit. So widespread has texting become, however, that ‘even pigeons have started doing it. (3), in this case, it is difficult to view the results as anything but positive. Twenty of the birds are about to (4)___ to the skies with the task of ‘measuring air pollution, each (5)_____ with sensor equipment and a mobile phone. The (6)____made by the sensors will be automatically (7) into 380text messages and beamed to the Internet — “pigeon blog”. ‘The birds will also each have a GPS receiver and a camera to capture acrial photos, and researchers are building a tiny “pigeon kit” containing all these @) . Each bird will carry these in a miniature backpack, (9), that is, where they will appear on a dedicated from the camera, which will hang around its neck. ‘The data the pigeon text will be displayed in the (10), map, which will provide local residents with up-to-the-minute information on their local air quality. Notes: — arm (d6ng tit) = trang bi. ~ beam (dong ti) ~ aerial (tinh tit) khong. — peril (danh tir) = sy nguy hiém. hat di xa (qua thiét bj dign th). tuén tr¥i, trén khong; aerial photo = anh chyp tir trén ~ up-to-the-minute information ~ théng tin duge cfip nat méi nhét. LL. A.result 12, A. danger 13. A. Therefore 14. A.make 15. A. armed 16. A. studies 17. A. adapted 18. A gadgets 19, A. instead 20. A. shape Reading 3.7 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. Last year thieves broke into a Scottish castle and stole only one thing: a rhino hom, which is at 1.5 metres, was the longest in the world. pharmaceutical factories have been building up (1) thino hom, for the sole purpose of smashing them to powder to make the (2)_____ ingredient of many of their medicines. And in Africa poachers continue to die in the G) Recently, conservationists have met to (4), countries where rhino horn is still a part of the traditional medicine to switch to B. B. B. What’s more B. B. . readings B. B. B. B. B. outcome threat launch, loaded converted utensils except way c aeeaneann effect risk Whereas, reach granted reviews revised application apart form D. D. ‘THE TRADE IN RHINO HORN for the black rhino. peyypsss conclusion peril That is take stocked inquiries applied implements besides size ‘a campaign to persuade of an interactive In China, of antiques made fromsubstitutes. The biggest (5) to the survival of the rhinoceros is the refusal of certain countries to enforce a ban on domestic (6) in rhino horn. ‘The rhino horn is included in many aids for disorders ranging from fevers to nosebleeds. Horn, like fingernails, is made of keratin and has no proven medicinal ©, Traditional substitutes, such as hom from buffalo or antelope, are regarded as second best. The battle is (8) to be winnable. But it may be harder than the battle against the trade in ivory, for there is a (9) between the two commodities. Ivory is a luxury, while rhino hom, people believe, could (10) the life of their child. Notes: ~ variation (danh tit) = su thay di. ~ menace (danh tit) = méi de doa. — switch (dng ti) = chuyén; substitute (danh tix) = vat thay thé. — com#iodity (danh tht) = mit hing, sin phim. 21. A.bundles ——B. collections. C. amounts 22. Areal B. actual C. essential 23. A. tight B. chance €. search 24. A. design B. plan C. programme 25, A. threat B. danger C. disaster 26. A.business -B. commerce. selling 27. A. capacity —_B, property —_C. control 28. A.thought B. dreamed —_C. imagined 29, A variation B. comparison C. gap 30. A.make B. save C.help Reading 3.8 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. A lot of people are looking for work, but there are a lot of jobs around. Don’t worry. You are not the (I)_____ one. With careful planning, you can finally Q) one. There are four main (3) of getting a job. Go to the CES, look around, ask around, and read the job (4)____ in the newspaper. They sell this newspaper on Saturday. You should try all of these if you are hunting (5). ajob. How can the CES help you get a (6)__? First, put your name down at the CES. They (7), put your details on their computer. The CES also has notice (8)___. They put up jobs and advertise job training courses there. Each job has 382a number. If you get a job, you can write down the number and take it to the counter. If you are not good (9) reading, or you don’t understand what's on the card, ask for help. Jobs are also advertised in shop windows. Keep your eyes (10}_____. You can ask your friends or people around to find out about jobs. 1. A. just B. few C. only D. many 2. A.find B. catch C. make D. take 3. A. paths B. ways C. roads D. lanes 4. Avadvice B. notices C. declaration -D, advertisements 5. A.with B.on C. for D.at 6. A.job B. service C. guide D. plan 7. Avafier B. before C. then D. during 8. A. marks B. boards C. signs D. tags 9. A.to B. with C.on D.at 10. A. awake B. open C. fresh D.clean Reading 3.9 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. ‘The most sophisticated Japanese robots, (1)___have vision systems and work at very high speeds are still based on American designs. Studies of robots, particularly computer control software ate considered to be generally less advanced in Japan than in America or Europe. Q)____ industrial robots were (3) developed as devices for simply handling objects, today their commonest uses are for more skilled work (4), welding, spray painting, and assembling components, In Britain, robot sales approximately (5) in 1984, but have been declining ever since. This is partly because British wage rates are (6)___ low to make robots financially attractive and partly because engineers now have more experience with robots and are more (7), of the difficulties of introducing them effectively. It has been calculated that a robot uses (8) _ average about 100 times more energy than a human to do an equivalent job. It is estimated that 20% of all comic book heroes in Japan are robots. This is an enormous (9), because comics ate so popular that they make (10) a third of all material published in Japan. Note: — peak (ni dng tit) = fo reach the highest point, value, level (dat 161 dinh cao nhit). - 1. A. which B. that ©. they D. this 2. A. Despite B. Although C. Because. DIF 3. A.particularly —B. originally C. especially _D. simply 3834 Aves B. for C. like D. example 5, Aspeaked B.reached ——C. rose D. went up 6: A. 80 B, such C.quite D.t00 7. Acaware B.informed C.anxious. _‘D. concerned 8 Ain B. upon C.on ‘Diat 9, A. amount B.number ——C. part D. portion 10. A. for B.of C.t0 D.up Reading 3.10 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. Noise pollution Noise is more than a mere nuisance. At certain levels and durations of exposure, it can cause physical damage to the eardrum, and (1) in temporary or permanent hearing loss. In addition to causing hearing loss, Oy noise exposure can also (3) blood pressure and pulse rates, cause irritability, anxiety, and mental fatigue, and interfere with sleep, recreation, and personal communication. Noise pollution control is, therefore, (4) importance in the workplace and in the community. Noise effects can be (5) by a number of techniques, for example, increasing the distance or blocking the path between the noise source and the recipient, reducing noise levels at the source, and (6) recipients with earplugs or earmuffs. Increasing path distance is very effective because, as a sound wave spreads outward from the source, the fixed (7) of energy in the wave is dissipated over an ever-expanding wave front. Path barriers (8) walls, ceilings, and floors can be effective by absorbing as well as reflecting sound energy. Special earmuffs are (9) to protect industrial and construction workers. The best way (10) noise pollution is to reduce the sound levels at the source, for instance, by improving design, muffling machinery and engines, and properly maintaining and lubricating machinery to reduce vibrations. Note ~ fatigue (danh tit) = su mét méi. — earplug (danh tit) = ndt bit 6 tai; earmuff (danh ti) = mi len che tai. = dissipate (dng tit) = xua tan, lim tiéu tan. 1. A. bring B. result C. create D. affect 2 Acexceedingly —B. ex excessively excessive 3. A.enlarge B.maximize —C. raise D. tise 4. A for B.of Cat D. within 5. A.done B. created C. brought D. minimized 3846. A.protecting —_B. protect C. protected D. protects 7. A kind B. type C. amount D. number 8 A.as B.suchas like Dor 9. Aavailable B. ready C. accessible D. enough 10. A. prevent B. preventing C. for preventing D. to prevent Reading 3.11 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. Traffic congestion, often bad enough to require drastic control measures, was & feature of city life at (1) as early as Roman times. A basic. cause, then as now, was poor city planning, with roads laid (2), in such a way as to bring traffic from all quarters to a central crossing point. In the 1* century BC Julius Caesar banned wheeled traffic from Rome during the daytime, a measure gradually (3), to cities in the provinces. Late in the 1* century AD the emperor Hadrian was forced to limit the total number of carts (4) Rome, About in 1500, Leonardo da Vinci, (5) a revolutionary solution to urban traffic problems, then acute in the crowded and busy Italian cities, proposed separating wheeled and pedestrian traffic by creating routes at different levels. Except for the railway, however, (6). segregated route ‘systems were established before the 20" century. ‘Congestion was severe enough in European cities of the 17 century to require (7)______ prohibiting parking on certain streets and establishing one-way traffic. The advent of the railroad brought temporary relief (8)____ the growing problem of road traffic control, though it created congestion at (9), inside cities. The automobile, with its increase first in speed and then in numbers over horse-drawn transport, rapidly created a new situation that was to become one of the characteristic problems of (10) industrialized society in the 20th century. L.A least B.time C. much D. far 2. A.on C. down D. out 3. A. taken C. gone D. arrived 4. A-enter Centering —_D.. to enter 5. A. envisioning C. organizing —_D. authorizing 6. A.many C. few D.afew 7. A. principles C. amendments D. ordinances 8 Aof C. from D.on 9. A. location B. attractions C. terminals _D. intersections 10. A. urban B. suburban C. local D. rural Notes: envision (dng ti) = mudng tugng, hinh dung. — ordinance (danh tit) = sic lénh, quy dinh. 385Reading 3.12 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has 150 member countries. They are looking to improve trade. Trade means the buying and selling goods. The WTO provides a place where these countries can talk about what they need. The goal of the WTO is to make trade grow by removing legal barriers between countries. ‘The WTO helps trade in several ways. Firs, it asks countries to treat each other equally. They should not give special trade deals to one country and not to another. Also, these countries should not try to stop foreign products from any one country. The idea is that goods and services should be able to cross borders easily. A second way to improve trade is to lower tariffs. These are special taxes for things bought and sold. A third way to strengthen trade is to make sure that the rules will stay the same. In order for people to invest their money, they need to feel secure for the future. A fourth way is to allow greater competitions between countries. The central belief is that competitions make for a stronger economy. The last way to improve trade is to help countries that are poor. The need help coming up to the level of modern countries. They can be helped by allowing them extra time to get their systems in order. They can be given priority in making deals with other countries. Free and easy trade is the WTO's goal. It supports rich countries and helps poor ones get ahead. It is one way of improving the lives of more people in the world. It asks countries to make laws that help this process. Every year, more countries apply to be in the WTO. They sce membership as a good thing. Notes: — make for sth = to help to make something possible (dem lai). 1. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT A. the WTO wants to improve trade by lowering taxes. B. poor countries are not given priority. C. the WTO wants to make trade better. D. trade means the buying and selling of goods. 2. It can be inferred from the passage that A. the WTO helps remove political barriers between couniries B. the WTO's goal is to trade with other organizations C. the WTO is a multi-national organization D. few countries want to become a member of the WTO 3. The word “barriers” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A-borders Bedocuments C. obstacles. bans 3864, Why does the author give details about how the WTO helps trade? A. To illustrate how the WTO improves intemational trade, B. To distinguish between the WTO and the banks. C. To promote discussion about the WTO. D. To complain about the actions of the WTO. 5. The word “tariffs” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to___. A. taxes B. goods C.incomes —_D. expenses 6. The word “priority” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to___. A.diversion _B, fundamentalist C. infiltration. importance 7. Paragraph 2 lists the ways in which the WTO helps trade. How many ways are mentioned? A6 B.S C3 D4 8. Which of the following is NOT correct? A. The goal of the WTO is to improve trade. B. The WTO supporis poor countries. C. Many countries apply to be in the WTO every year. D. Rich countries are given priority. 9. According to paragraph 3, the WTO : ‘A. asks rich countries to help poor ones BB. helps improve the lives of more people in the world C. helps rich countries get ahead D. gives poor countries lots of food 10. Which of the following does NOT support the idea that the WTO provides a ‘way for countries to improve trade? A. Countries should allow goods and services to cross borders easily. B. Countries should be fair to one another and help poor members. C. Countries should lower tarifs and make investors feel secure. D. Countries should allow time to raise taxes. Reading 3.13 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. In science, a theory is @ reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the'kinetic molecular theory, in which gases ate pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion. 387A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists’ prediction, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected. Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. AS the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, “Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks. But a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.” Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have leamed about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses. In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the ‘unknown. It extends the scientists’ thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations and makes observations to test hypotheses, for without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction, When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories. Notes: ~ molecular (tinh ti) = thuge phn ti — kinetic (tinh tir) = thude vé dng lye hoe. ~ hypothesis (danh ti) (plural hypotheses) = gid thuyét. ~ Ieap (dank tt) = ste nhay vot. — incorporate (d9ng tir) = két hgp, hgp thanb. — uphold (dng ti) = ting hd, tén thanh, ~ sift (dng ti) = xem xét, chon loc, phan tich. 1. Which of the following can best replace the word “related” in paragraph 1? A.connected B. described C. completed _D. identified 2. Which of the following does the word “this” in paragraph 1 refer to? ‘A. a good example B. an imaginary model C. an observed event D. the kinetic molecular theory 3. According to paragraph 2, how can a useful theory be helpful to scientists? A. It helps them find errors in past experiments. B. It helps them make predictions. C. It helps them observe events. D. It helps them publicize new findings. 4. Which of the following can best replace the word “supported” in paragraph 2? A.finished Beadjusted —_C. investigated. upheld 388~ 5, Why does the author mention bricks in paragraph 3? A. To explain the way mathernaticians approach science. B. To show how building a house is like performing experiments. " C. To indicate how science is more than a collection of facts. D. To illustrate how scientific experiments have led to improved technology. 6. According to paragraph 4, when is imagination most important to scientists? ‘A. When they evaluate previous work on a problem. B. When they formulate possible solutions to a problem. C. When they gather known facts. D. When they close an investigation. 7. Why does the author refer to a hypothesis as “a leap into the unknown"? A. In order to show that hypotheses are sometimes ill-conceived. B. To show that hypotheses can lead to dangerous results. C. In order to show that hypotheses go beyond available facts. D. To prove that hypotheses require efforts to formulate. 8, In the last paragraph, what does the author imply a major function of hypotheses? A. Sifting through known facts. B. Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others. C. Providing direction for scientific research. D. Linking together different theories, 9. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? ‘A. Theories are simply imaginary models of past events. B. Itis better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it. C. A scientist’s most difficult task is testing hypotheses. D. A good scientist needs to be creative. 10. Which of the following is NOT included in the process of testing a hypothesis? A. Planning experiments. B. Performing calculations. C. Making observations. D, Writing a pre-laboratory report.4 Reading 3.14 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your, answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Television bas transformed politics by changing the way in which information is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen's patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen's focus on character rather than issues. Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The ‘messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump 389speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 3/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the ten-second “sound bite” in broadcast news, Increasingly, the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news. In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine altemative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argu Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it require a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words, Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills. Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft staged events, called pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity wwe see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwiters, and their public relation advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and ‘answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements. Notes: ~ disseminate (d6ng tit) = truyén ba, phé bién. ~ discourse (dank tt) = bai dién vin. jippet (danh tit) = mau (tin....), dogn trich ngan. ~ assert (ddng tit) = xéc nhén, khang ¢jnh; — argue (d6ng tit) = tranh lun, ~ intimate (tinh tix) = than mat; intimate medium = phuong tign truyén théng. ‘than thiét, ~ to be on the stump = (vé chinh trj) dang di dién thuyét; stamp speech = bai dign vin ob dng chinh tr). — craft (dng tir) = lam cai gi that ti mi, trau chudt, 1. The main point of the passage is that__ A. citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of television coverage B. citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead off in person C. politics in the United States has become significantly changed by controversial since the introduction of television. D. politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television 3902, It can be inferred from the passage that in the past the introduction of television| political parties A. had more influence over the selection of political candidates BB spent more money to promote their political candidates C. attracted more members D. received more money 3. The author mentions the “stump speech” in paragraph 2 as en example of __ A. an event created by politicians to attract media attention B. an interactive discussion between two politicians C. political presentation typical of the 19" century Deasstyle of speech common to televised political events 4. The phrase “given way to” in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by A. added interest to B. modified C. imitated D, been replaced by 5. The word “that” in paragraph 2 refers to.” A.audience —_B. advertisement C. politician D. broadcast news 6. According to the passage, traditional political discourse was more successful than televised speeches because it A. allows news coverage of political candidates B. places political issues within a historical context C. makes polities seem more intimate to citizens D, provides detailed information about a candidate's private behavior 7. By saying that “politicians assert but do not argue”, the author means that politicians ‘A. make claims without providing reasons for the claims B. take stronger positions on issues than in the past C. enjoy explaining the issue to broadcasters D, dislike having to explain their own positions on issues to citizens 8, It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that . A. politicians will need to leam to become more personal when meeting who are considered very attractive are favored by citizens ians who are less attractive C. citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzes the issue over one who does not D. citizens will need to leam how to evaluate visual political images in order to become better informed 3919, According to paragraph 5, staged political events are created so that politicians can ; ‘A. create more time to discuss political issues B. obtain more television coverage for themselves . spend more time talking to citizens in person D. engage in debates with their opponents 10. The passage supports the statement that . ‘A. political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past B. politicians today tends to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past C. citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past D. political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past Reading 3.15 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer ‘sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. ‘A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, which provides information conceming how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during campaigns presidential knows, these polls have ‘become an important part of political life in the United States, ‘North Americans are familiar with the many “person on the street” interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location, Thus, such samples can be biased in favor of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the news people select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighteri away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population. In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it, It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately. ‘There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal 392request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent. Not ~ biased (tinh tit) = c6 thanh kién, thién vi, ~ on the air = dang phat trén truyén hinh, — intimidate (4$ng ti) = de doa, doa dim; elicit (dng tit) = khém phd, tim ra. — sampling (danh tit) = sy ly mau. indispensable (tinh tit) = tuyét déi can thiét, khong thé thiéu duge. — word (ddng tir) = bay t6, dién dat bing 1di I€ rigng. ~ consistent (tinh tty) = truéc sau nhu mét, nhét quan, ~ frustrated (tinh tit) = nan long, nan chi, 1. The passage mainly discusses : A. the history of surveys in North America B. the principles of conducting surveys C. problems associated with interpreting surveys D. the importance of polls in American political life ‘The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to _ A. North Americans B. news shows C. interviews D. opinions 3. According to the passage, the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is that they A. are not based on a representative sampling B. are used only on television C. are not carefully worded D. reflect political opinions 4. The word “precise” ion paragraph 2 means , A. planned B. rational C. required D. accurate According to paragraph 3, the most important thing for an effective survey is ‘A. a high number of respondents B. carefully worded questions C. an interviewer's ability to measure respondents’ feeling D. a sociologist who is able to interpret the results, 6. As it can be inferred from the passage, sociologists can be frustrated when ‘A. respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires 393B. questionnaires are too difficult to read C. questionnaires are too expensive and difficult to distribute D. respondents are too eager to supplement questions with theit own opinions 7. According to the passage, one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that A. live interviews cost less B. live interviews can produce more information C. live interviews are easier to interpret D. live interviews minimize the influence of the researcher 8. The word “probe” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to A.explore -Binfluence C.analyze ~——D apply 9. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT : A. survey B. public opinion C. response rate D. representative sampling 10, All of the following are listed as advantages of questionnaires EXCEPT _. A. time-saving B. cost-saving C. consistency D. information-providing Reading 3.16 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. During the seventeenth and eightcenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contribution of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the 17" century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books. ‘Throughout the 19" century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women, These writers, like most. of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources. ‘During the 19" century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping records of activities in which woriten were engaged. National, regional, and local women’s organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources form the core of the two greatest collections of women’s 394history in the United States: one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians, Déspite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the 19" century, most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women” theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on “great men”, To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders, and wrote biographies, and important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women’s right to vote, or authors, and were not representative et all of the great of ordinary women. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published, Notes: ~ correspondence (danh tit) = thu ti. ~ uncritical (tinh tit) = thiéu 6c phé binh, thiéu tinh phé phén. 1. The passage mainly discusses . A. the role of literature in early American histories B. the place of American women in written histories C. the keen sense of history shown by American women D. the “great women” approach to history used by American historians 2. The word “contemporary” in paragraph 1 means that the history was . A. informative B. written at that time . thoughtful D. faultfinding 3. In paragraph 1, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that ‘A. a woman's status was changed by marriage B. even the contribution of outstanding women were ignored C-only three women were able to get their writing published D. poetry produced by womien was more readily accepted than other writing by women 4. The word “celebratory” in paragraph 2 means that the writings referred to were A. related to parties B. religious C. serious D. full of praise 5. The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to : A. efforts B. authors C, counterparts. sources 6. In paragraph 2, the author points out the weakness in 19" century histories that is 7 ‘A. they put too much emphasis on daily activities 395B. they left out discussion of the influence of money on politics C. the sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate D. they were printed on poor-quality paper 7. On the basis of information in paragraph 3, nineteenth-century feminist organizations would most likely collect A. newspaper accounts of presidential election results, B. biographies of John Adams C. letters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem D. books about famous graduates of the country’s first college 8. The ninetcenth-century women’s history materials in the Schlesinger Library and the Sophia Smith Collection ‘A. were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia B. formed the basis of college courses in the 19" century . provided valuable information for twentieth-century historical researchers D. were shared among women’s colleges throughout the United States 9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century “great women” EXCEPT __ A. authors: B. reformers C. activists for women’s rights D. politicians 10. The word “representative” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to A. typical B. satisfied C. supportive _D. distinctive Reading 3.17 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. ‘The Celtic languages are a group of languages of northem Europe that are descendants of the Indo-European family of languages. These languages developed from the language of the Celts, 2 warlike civilization originating in the eastem part of central Europe, in the northem Alps, and along the Danube during the Bronze Age. The Celts reached the height of the civilization during the Iron ‘Age, the last five centuries B.C., and then fanned out from their original homeland into many parts of continental Europe and across the channel and into the British Isles. Celtic languages were spoken in much of westemn Europe during Pre-Roman and Roman times. Place names of Celtic origin can be found today all over the British Isles and France, in northem Spain and Italy, and in Switzerland and parts of Germany. 396t Rather than one language, the Celtic languages consist of two distinct clusters the Gaelic group and the Brythonic group. These two clusters of languages most likely developed from dialects of the same language, the language of the Celts in their original homeland. These two dialects were imost likely mutually intelligible to some degree as late as the fourth century. The Gaelic group of Celtic languages consists of Irish, Scottish, and Manx, the language of the Isle of Man. The Brythonic group of Celtic languages includes Welsh, Comish, Breton, and Gaulish, the language of Gaul prior to the days of the Roman Empire, with its Latin-speaking population, Many, though not all, of the Celtic languages are either or are in the process of becoming extinct. Gaulish apparently disappeared around 600 A.D. Comish and Manx both actually became extinct, the former in the nineteenth century and the latier just a few decades ago, but both are being revived and are now taught in a few schools each. Scottish, Irish, and Breton are all declining in use. There are under a hundred thousand speakers of Scottish Gaelic, mostly on the northem Hebridean Islands; there are more than a hundred thousand speakers of Irish, mainly in the westem counties of Ireland; there are about a half million speakers ‘who use Breton in a daily basis. In all these situations, though, the rate of transmission to new generations is low, and this does not bode well for the survival of these languages. Of all the Celtic languages, perhaps only Welsh has a strong hold on the future. Note: ~ to bode well = béo diém hay; hold (danh tit) = anh huémg, 1, The author's purpose in the passage is to A. describe the past and present of a related set of languages B. list the major characteristics of Celtic languages C. outline the major achievements of the Celts D. explain how languages manage to survive without changing 2. According to the passage, the Celtic languages did NOT A. develop from the Indo-European language family B. originate in the British Isles C. exist before the time of the Roman Empire D. provide any Italian place names 3. The passage states that the Celts were A. peaceful farmers BB. unheard of during the Bronze Age C. at their peak during the Iron Age D. at the height of their civilization 1,500 years ago 4, The expression “fanned out” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by A. spread out B.calledoff C. gotlost. ‘DD. turned out 3975. It is implied in the passage that Gaulish _ A. first surfaced after the Roman Empire BB. has been revived in the last century C. is declining in use D. was replaced by Latin 6. The main idea of the third paragraph is that . A. all Celtic languages are extinct B. a few Celtic languages disappeared C. some Celtic languages are flourishing D. most Celtic languages are either dead ot dying 7, Itis NOT true according to the passage that both Cornish and Manx ‘A. were once considered extinct B, became extinct in the same century CC. are being resuscitated D. may be taught in some academic institutions 8. According to the passage, the percentage of young people learning Scottish, Irish, and Breton is Avnonexistent B.nothigh —C. increasing __D. quite robust 9. This passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on A. archeology B. European literature C. historical linguistics D. Bronze age civilization 10. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses . ‘A. how Welsh is surviving B. efforts to classify Celtic languages C. languages that preceded Celtic languages in Europe D. the causes of language extinction Reading 3.18 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. The lack of printing regulations and reinforced ability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works, Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the 398"printer would know this immediately. There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up; books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment, In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, eatechisms; primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modem-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce, they could, ‘thus, be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply. By far, the most appealing publishing investments, were to be found in small ‘books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publishers. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or Political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanaes, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged accordingly to the days, weeks, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used. Notes: agonizing (tinh tit) = gay khé so. wait (danh tt) = syrché doi, thoi gian cha dgi. ~tie up (dng tix) = (tai chink) giét Iai, gitt nim im (mét sé tién), —eatechism (danh ti) = séch gido ly van dap; —primer (danh ti) = sch v6 long; ~chapbook (danh tit) = sich bé tis n gido, dgo dic, creditor (danh tis) = ngudi cho vay. g fleeting (tinh tir) = thodng qua, phi du. —pertain (to sth) (d6ng tir) = gin lién véi, di déi voi. 1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly dis A. Laws governing the printing industry. B. Competition among printers. C. Types of publications produced. D. Advances in printing technology. 3992. According to the passage, why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects? ‘A. Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle major projects. B, There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies. C. Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price. D. Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects. 3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they ‘A. required a small financial investments and sold quickly BB. were in great demand in European markets C. were mote popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets D. generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists 4. The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to A. chapbooks _ B. tales C. jokes D. pages 5. The word “antecedent” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A. predecessor B. format C. imitation, component 6. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by __ A. fine paper B.-cardboard covers C. elaborate decoration D. a large number of pages 7. The word “appealing” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to A.dependable B.respectable C. enduring _D. attractive 8. The phrase “steady sellers” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to A. Printers whose incomes were quite large. B, People who traveled from town to town selling books and pamphlets. C. Investors who provided reliable financial support for new printers. D. Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year. 9. The word “locale” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to A. topic B.seasons interest. place 10. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT : A. “broadsides” B. “catechisms” C. “chapbooks” D. “almanacs” Reading 3.19 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. The work of women has been economically vital since prehistory, although their contribution have varied according to the structure, needs, customs, and attitudes of society. 400In prehistoric times, women and men participated almost equally in hunting and gathering activities to obtain food. With the development of agricultural communities, women’s work revolved more around the home. As urban centers developed, women sold or traded goods in the marketplace. From ancient t6 modern times, four generalizations can be made about women’s paid work. (1) Women have worked because of economic ‘necessit poor women, in particular, worked outside the home whether they were unmarried or married, and especially if their husbands were unable to sustain the family solely through their own work. (2) Women’s indentured work has often been similar to their work at home, (3) Women: have maintained the primary responsibility for raising children, regardless of their paid work. (4) Women have historically been paid less than men and have been allocated lower status work. Some major changes are ow occurring in industrial nations, including the steadily increasing proportion of women in the labour force; decreasing family responsibilities (due to both smaller family size and technological innovation in ‘the home); higher levels of education for women; and more middle- and upper- income women working for pay or for job satisfaction. Statistically, they have hot yet achieved parity of pay'or senior appointments in the workplace in any nation. Artisans working in their own homes did not frequently use the labour of their families. This custom was so prevalent during the Middle Ages, craft guilds of the period, including some that, otherwise, excluded women, often admitted to membership the widows of guild members, providing they met professional requirements. Dressmaking and lacemaking guilds were composed exclusively of women. Gradually, the guilds were replaced by the, putting-out system, whereby tools and materials were distributed to workers by merchants; the workers then produced articles on a piecework basis in their homes. During the 18" and early 19" centuries, as the Industrial Revolution developed, the putting-out system slowly declined. Goods that had been produced by hand in ‘the home were manufactured by machine under the factory system. Women ‘competed more with men for some jobs, but were concentrated primarily in textile mills and clothing factories. Manufacturers often favoured women employees because of relevant skills and lower wages, and also because early trade union organization tended to occur first among men. Employees in sweatshops were also preponderantly women. The result was to institutionalize systems of low pay, poor working conditions, long hours, and other abuses, which along with child labour presented some of the worst examples of worker exploitation in early industrial capitalism, Minimum wage legislation and other protective laws, when introduced, concentrated particularly on the alleviation of these abuses of working women. 401Women workers in business and the professions, the so-called white-collar cccupations, suffered less from poor conditions of work and exploitative labour, but. were denied equality of pay and opportunity. The growing use of the typewriter and the telephone after the 1870s created two new employment niches, for women, as typists and telephonists, but in both fields the result was again to institutionalize a permanent category of low-paid, low-status women’s work. Notes: ~ revolve (around sth) (dng tit) = tap trang vao céi gl. sustain (dng ti) = duy tri — parity (danh tt) = sy binh ding. — prevalent (tinh ti) = phd bién, thong dung. ~ guild (danh tit) = phuong hii. — exclusively (phé tix) = dinh riéng, dc quyén. ~ preponderantly (phé tir) & sb institutionalize (dng ttt) ~ alleviation (dant ti — niche (danh ti) = vai trd, céng vigc thich hop. mainstay/ breadwinner (danh ti) = (nghia bong) chd dya chink. 1. When the farming communities developed, women worked A. less at home B. more at home C. more outside D. in groups 2. With the development of urban centers, women ‘Actraded cattle in the marketplace B. stayed at home to take care of their children C. worked more in the marketplace D. sold cloth in the marketplace 3. The word “indentured” in paragraph 3 may mostly means : A. outside the home B. in the kitchen C. outside the kitchen D. inside the home 4, With better education and less family burden, women . A. have been respected at home and in the workplace B, have enjoyed equal status in the workplace C. have not yet achieved high status in the workplace D. have become more influential in their companies Although women cannot avoid the task of bringing up children, _ ‘A. they have to work to feed their men B. they have to amuse their men C. are the mainstay of their families D. they can be breadwinners as men 5, 4026: Under the “putting-out system”, the workers___. ‘A. are provided with tools to produce goods at home B. bought materials to manufacture goods C. provide their factories with raw materials D. turn their homes into factories 7. The word “sweatshops” suggests A. workshop B. factory work C. hard work —_D, harmful work 8. Manufacturers tended to employ women because ___, ‘A. women demanded less than men B. they did not have to pay for high insurance C. they could cheat them more easily D. they did not have to pay high wages 9. During the time of Industrial Revolution, women were dominant in A.toy industry B.broidery textile industry. bakery 10. What women have done for the economic development has changed over time dueto__ A. their role in the home B. their marital status and their husbands C. the different factors of the society D. the Industrial Revolution Reading 3.20 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. The concept of inalienable rights and liberties was first articulated by the ancient Greek philosophers. Socrates was found guilty of corrupting the youth of Athens through speaking his mind. He refused to renounee this exercise of freedom of speech and was condemned to death. Aristotle, in his Nicomachean Ethics, presupposed elements of what are now basic rights. This was also the case in parts of the Bible, as well as in the philosophical writings of the Roman lawyer and statesman Cicero and the Greek biographer Plutarch. The Stoic philosophers later formulated an explicit doctrine of the rights of the individual. Conversely, the autocratic and at times brutal nature of the Roman Empire did not provide a fertile ground for these concepts. Similarly, during the medieval period, the hierarchical feudal societies did not entertain such concepts, However, the theories of St Thomas Aquinas, in his attempt to reconcile Christian doctrine with the pre-Christian learning, demand the acknowledgement of some basic rights, and he formulated what was perhaps the first justification for civil disobedience, that is, breaking the law to highlight its injustice. 403The feudal system’s refusal to acknowledge a source of authority beyond the commands of superiors meant thet civil rights had no meaning; individual freedom can only survive if appeal can be made to a legal system that binds both the ruler and the ruled, This limitation on government received its first operative expression in Magna Carta of 1215, which set limits on the power of King John. It defined the relationship between them and established a legal order to which the king was subject. In its terms, it would appear to be universal, but it is doubtful whether it was of much benefit to the ordinary people, who were often subject to the arbitrary command of the nobles who had forced the charter on the king. Even in the more exalted levels of society, the idea of rule by a king’s divine right, above human law, persisted, and led to fierce struggles between crown and Parliament during the Tudor and Stuart dynasties. Notes: — inalienable (tinh ti) = (php Ii) khOng thé chuyén nhugng. — presuppose (dng tt) = phing dosn, — explicit (tinh ti) = 10 ring, ~ hierarchical (tinh tit) = theo thir béc. — reconcile (A6ng tit) = hoa gidi. = arbitrary (tinh tix) = chuyén quyén, dc dodn, — nominal (tinh tit) = tn tai trén danh nghia, khéng thy. ~ defiance (dank tt) = sy théch thie; — indulgence (danh tit) = sy dam mé (th6i xdu). — autocracy (danh tix) = sy chuyén quyén; ~ induce (dng tit) = xui, xui khién, 1. The passage deals with ___. ‘A. philosophical concepts B. freedom of speech C. philosophical writings D. nominal rights 2. The word “corrupting” in this context mostly means A. spoiling with indulgence B. introducing new styles C. reshaping thinking D. inducing wrong thinking 3. The word “renounce” in paragraph 1 can mostly be replaced by 5 A. dislike B. give up C. forget D. give way 4, Socrates, who inspired people to speak their mind, A. meta tragic end B. saw social change C. was awarded D. became a world leader 5. Aristotle was the first to mention A. the human rights B. women’s rights C. the basic code of conduct —_D. elements of fundamental rights 4046. The word “entertain” in paragraph | in this case mostly means__. A-amuse B.consider —_C. reject D. encourage 7, The ancient philosophers of Greece influenced their young people by ; ‘A. exercising what they thought —B, their acts of defiance . expressing what they thought D. speaking the truth 8. Rights of the individual were clearly shaped by __ ‘A. the Roman philosophers B. the Asian thinkers . the Greek philosophers D. the Arab philosophers 9. According to the writer, the system that was against the rights of the individual was : A.autocracy _B. fascism CC, democracy. monarchy 10. Magna Carta helped to set__. A. limits on the power of the ruler B. frontiers for the whole society C. some deadline for the king _D. limits on the power of the ruled Reading 3.21 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer ‘sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. The biologist’s role in society as well as his moral and ethical responsibility in the discovery and development of new ideas has led to a reassessment of his social and scientific value systems. A scientist can no longer ignore the consequence of his discoveries; he is as concerned with the possible misuses of his findings as he is with the basic research in which he is involved. emerging social and political role of the biologist and all other scientists requires a weighing of values that cannot be done with the accuracy or the objectivity of a laboratory balance. As a member of society, it is necessary for a biologist now to redefine his social obligations and his functions, particularly in the realm of making Judgments about such ethical problems as man’s control of his environment or his ‘manipulation of genes to direct further evolutionary development. As a result of recent discoveries concerning hereditary mechanisms, genetic engineering, by which human traits are made to order, may soon be a reality. As desirable as it may seem to be, such an accomplishment would entail many value judgments. Who would decide, for example, which traits should be selected for change? In cases of genetic deficiencies and disease, the desirability of the change is obvious, but the possibilities for social misuse are so numerous that they may far outweigh the benefits. Probably the greatest biological problem of the future, as it is of the present, will be to find ways to curb environmental pollution without interfering with ‘man’s constant effort to improve the quality of his life. Many scientists believe 405that underlying the spectre of pollution is the problem of surplus human population. A rise in population necessitates an increase in the operations of modem industry, the waste products of which increase the pollution of the air, water, and soil. The question of how many people the resources of the Earth can support is one of critical importance. Although the solutions to these and many other problems are yet to be found, they do indicate the need for biologists to work with social scientists and other members of society in order to determine the requirements necessary for maintaining a healthy and productive planet. For although many of man’s present and future problems may bbe seen to be essentially social, political, or economic in nature, they have biological ramifications that could affect the very existence of life itself. Notes: ~ objectivity (hod objectiveness) (danh ti) = tinh khdch quan. = manipulation (danh ti) = sy xtr li mot eéch khéo Iéo, hereditary (danh ti) = (tude) di truyén. — mechanism (danh ti) ~ order (dng tit) = to organize or arrange sth — trait (danh ti) = nét tiéu biéu, dac diém. ~ spectre/ specter (danh tir) = diéu lo ngai 4m anh. ~ ramification (danh tit) = két qua c6 thé c6 cia m6t hanh dng. 1. According to the passage, a modem scientist should be moré concerned about ‘A. his basic research B. the development of new ideas C. his manipulation of genes D. the consequences of his discoveries 2. The pronoun “it” in paragraph 2 refers to ; A. areality B, an accomplishment C. genetic engineering D. hereditary mechanism 3. Itis implied in the passage that genetic engineering ‘A. may do us more harm than good B. is no longer desirable C. is the most desirable for life. will change all human traits 4. The pronoun “they” in paragraph 2 refers to A. discoveries conceming hereditary mechanisms B. effects of genetic engineering misuse C. cases of genetic deficiencies D. possibilities for genetic deficiencies 5. What is probably the most important biological problem mentioned in the passage? A. social and economic deficiencies B, manipulation of genes C. genetic engineering misuse D. environmental pollution 4066. The word “which” in paragraph 3 refers to A. activities of an overpopulated society's industry B. the waste products dumped into our environment C. activities of surplus human population D. serious environmental pollution 7. The word “underlying” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by. Avnoticing Be causing CC. finding. depriving 8. According to the passage, to save our planet, biologists should work A. harder and harder B. accurately and objectively C. on social and political purposes D. with other social scientists 9. Which of the-following is closest in meaning to the word “ramifications” in paragraph 4? ‘A. useful experiments B. effective techniques harmful consequences D. latest developments 10. What is the author’s purpose in this passage? A. To conduct a survey of the biologist’s role in society. B. To urge biologists to solve the problem of surplus human population. C. To emphasize the biologist’s role in solving the world’s problems. D, To advise biologists to carry out extensive research into genetic engineering. Theme 4: Nature Reading 4.1 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for eack of the blanks, When rainforests are cleared and (1)____, millions of tons of carbon dioxide are released into. the atmosphere affecting climatic conditions and threatening us all (2) severe flooding, drought and crop failure. The rainforests (3) at least half of the Earth’s species. At the current rate of devastation a(n) (4) ‘50 species worldwide become extinct every day. One in four purchases from our chemists is derived from the rainforests. Scientists are (5) caught in a race against time to find rainforest ‘treatments for cancer, AIDS and heart diseases before they are (6) forever. Tribal people in the rainforests have been shot, poisoned and infected with diseases to which they have no resistance — to make room for logging, mining and dams. If this destruction continues, only nine (7) the 33 countries currently exporting rainforest timber will have any (8)_ by the end of the decade, 407