Appendix A

Values of various quantities

A.1 Physical constants

Speed of light c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1

Gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s
Boltzmann constant κB = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1
Permeability of free space μ0 = 1.26 × 10−6 H m−1
Permittivity of free space 0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1
Charge of electron e = −1.60 × 10−19 C
Mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
Mass of hydrogen atom mH = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4
Constant in Wien’s law λm T = 2.90 × 10−3 m K
Standard atmospheric pressure = 1.01 × 105 N m−2
1 electron volt eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J
1 angstrom Å = 10−10 m
1 calorie = 4.19 J

A.2 Astronomical constants

1 astronomical unit AU = 1.50 × 1011 m

1 parsec pc = 3.09 × 1016 m
1 year yr = 3.16 × 107 s
Mass of Sun M = 1.99 × 1030 kg
Radius of Sun R = 6.96 × 108 m
Luminosity of Sun L = 3.84 × 1026 W
Mass of Earth M⊕ = 5.98 × 1024 kg
Radius of Earth R⊕ = 6.37 × 106 m

443