2017 IEEE First Ukraine Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (UKRCON)

A Double Fourier Series Implementation for

Modulated Signal with the Arbitrary Modulation
Ievgen Verbytskyi
Department of industrial electronics
National Technical University of Ukraine
“Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine
verbitskiy@bigmir.net

Abstract — Restrictions of double Fourier series Modulated signal spectrum contains only sinusoidal odd
implementation for modulated signal representation are harmonics.
considered. A general extension of double Fourier series for
modulated signal with arbitrary modulation is proposed. The
Fourier series premodulation with width and position functions is
considered. The premodulation function properties are analyzed.
Double Fourier series implementation on a program modulated
signal example is shown.

Keywords — double Fourier series; program modulated signal;

pulse width modulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Pulse modulation is the well-known method for AC voltage
generation with electric power converters. Modulated voltage
quality depend on its spectrum, which is defined by modulation
type, modulation multiplicity P, modulation depth μ [1].
Fig. 1. Fig. 1. The generalized form of pulse modulation signal
The modulated signal with the arbitrary modulation law is
preferable to describe based on a basic modulated signal with
similar spectrum a compact description. PWM signals fit the
both requirements.

Pulse width modulation (PWM) is widely used pulse Double Fourier series coefficients Cmn are spectral
modulation type because of simple practical realization, components of the signal with multiplicity m relatively to the
although its spectrum quality is not best. Double Fourier series carrier function frequency ω and multiplicity n relatively to
is preferable for PWM spectrum analysis that allows to separate the modulation function frequency Ω. The coefficients Cmn
the impact of carrier and modulation functions and express calculated by the formula:
modulation signal spectrum in closed analytical form [2,3].
2 π x2
1
Double Fourier series may be directly implemented to Cmn =  f ( x, y )e j ( mx + ny ) dxdy, (1)
2
modulated signals with constant carrier function, ω = const. In 2π 0 x
1
research [4] a spectrum calculation approach of a pulse
frequency modulation signal based on a time transform is where f(x, y) is the modulated signal function.
proposed. In the paper a generalization of the previous Harmonic amplitude with number k calculated on basis
research to modulated signals with an arbitrary modulation Cmn coefficients:
law, for instance for program modulated signals [5,6], which
are allow to get modulated signals with required spectral ∞
properties or closed loop inverter stability analysis [7,8]. Ck =  Cm ( k − mP ) . (2)
m=0
II. AN APPROACH FOR MODULATED SIGNAL A formation procedure of the modulated signal with the
REPRESENTATION BASED ON DOUBLE FOURIER SERIES arbitrary modulation law based on double Fourier series
consists of the following stages:
The generally modulated signal representation is shown in fig. 1.
1) the basic signal formation;
The modulated signal with multiplicity P has P pulses per
the modulation function period. According to symmetry, it is 2) the signal with the arbitrary modulation formation
enough to determine only first Р/2 values of the modulated based on the basic signal with unknown coefficients;
signal edges α1-αР/2 on interval φ ϵ [0;π/2]. For instance,
sinusoidal modulated signal f(φ) = A sin(φ) has such 3) parameter calculation of the signal with the arbitrary
symmetrical conditions f(φ) = f(π – φ), f(φ) = -f (π + φ). modulation for known multiplicity parameter Р and
modulation depth μ;

978-1-5090-3006-4/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE 518

 2017 IEEE First Ukraine Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (UKRCON)
4) the signal with the arbitrary modulation formation on Formula (6) for subsequent simplification of the spectral
the basis the basic signal. component Cm(2n-1) calculation may be written as follows:
First and second stages of the procedure, which have a high
computational complexity, performed only once. As soon as the 2 He(−1) m
Сm (2 n −1) = ×
stages perform, derived analytical relationships used for the π 2 ( m + (2n − 1) / P)
power converter control. In real time, only the parameter values Р π
(7)
and μ are recalculated to ensure the required quality parameters.   (2n − 1)   j ((2 n −1) s ( y ))
0 sin  w( y )  m + P   e dy.
The basic modulated signal requirements are:
1) simple analytical form; where w(y) is a function of the pulse width, s(y) is a function
of the pulse shifting.
2) similar spectrum to the desired signal;
3) symmetry. III. FORMATION OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL WITH THE
ARBITRARY MODULATION
The time variable transform of the basic modulated signal
Spectral component of the modulated signal with the
requires of equal shifting for the each pulse point. Therefore,
arbitrary modulation Сm(2n-1)* is derived from the spectral
as the basic signal may be used regular sempled pulse width
component Сm(2n-1) of the basic modulated signal (7) with
modulation [9].
adjusting of a premodulation functions w(у) and s(y) according
The basic modulation signal based on symmetrical regular to the spectrum requirements:
sampled PWM with sampling in the centrum of each carrier
interval can be written with double Fourier series: Сm (2 n −1)* = Сm (2 n −1) ( w( y ) + f1 ( y ), s ( y ) + f 2 ( y )), (8)
where f1(y), f2(y) are some functions.
H  π π (1+ μ f ( y )) j (( m + n / P ) x + ny + nπ / P )
Сmn =   e dxdy − Obviously, that functions f1(y) and f2(y) have the period,
2π 2 
 0 π (1− μ f ( y )) which is multiple to the modulation function period.
(3) Therefore, the functions f1(y) and f2(y) may be expanded into
2π π (1+ μ f ( y −π )) 
  e Fourier series. Let us consider a representation of the
j (( m + n / P ) x + ny + nπ / P )
dxdy  ,
 functions separately.
π π (1− μ f ( y −π )) 
where Н is the modulation signal amplitude, f(y) is an In general case the function f1(y) may be represented as follows:
analytical expression of the modulated function, μ is
modulation depth. l1
f1 ( y ) = a0 +  ac cos(cy ) + bc sin(cy ), (9)
A sinusoidal modulation function, f(y) = sin(y), usually c =1
implemented on practice in the power converters. If this
where ac, bc are constant coefficients.
substitution is made in formula (3), it becomes:
The function f1(y) defines the pulse width variation of the
 π π (1+ μ sin( y )) modulated signal with the arbitrary modulation relative to the
H
Сmn =   e j ( x ( m + n / P ) + ny − nπ / P ) dxdy − basic modulated signal. Thus, for the sinusoidal modulation
2π 2  function there are such restrictions:
 0 π (1− μ sin( y ))
(4)
2π π (1− μ sin( y ))  f1 ( y ) = f1 (π − y ); f1 (0) = f1 (π ) = 0. (10)
  e
j ( x ( m + n / P ) + ny − nπ / P )
dxdy  .

π π (1+ μ sin( y ))  According to restrictions (10) the function f1(y) contains
After integration of formula (4) with respect to the variable only odd sinusoidal harmonics:
x of we obtain:
l1

−n/ P (m+ n/ P)
f1 ( y ) =  bc1 sin((2c − 1) y ). (11)
H ( −1) ( −1) c =1
Сmn = (1 − ( −1) n ) ×
2 jπ 2 (m + n / P) The function f2(y) describe the impulse shifting. Hereby it
π
(5) has such restrictions:
 (e
j (πμ sin( y )( m + n / P ) + ny )
− e j ( −πμ sin( y )( m + n / P ) + ny ) )dy.
0 f 2 ( y ) = − f 2 (π − y ); f 2 (0) = f 2 (π ) = 0, (12)
The spectral component Cmn in formula (5) has non-zero that causing to eliminating all components except even
value if n is odd: sinusoidal harmonics:

2 H (−1) m l2
Сm (2 n −1) = × f 2 ( y ) =  bc 2 sin(2cy ). (13)
π 2 (m + (2n − 1) / P) c =1
π
(6)
The number of bc1 і bc2 parameters in formulas (11) and
 sin(πμ sin( y )(m + (2n − 1) / P))e
j ((2 n −1) y )
dy. (13) depends on multiplicity parameter P. The parameters bc1
0

519
 2017 IEEE First Ukraine Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (UKRCON)
and bc2 are repeated from number [Р/4] +1 for P values relatively rise and fall pulsed edges α1-α2Р. 2k - 1 HEPWM
multiples of four and from number [Р/4] + 2 for P values signal harmonic is determined as follows:
multiples of two. Therefore the parameter amount advisable to
limit l1 = l2 = [Р/4] for P values multiples of four and l1 = l2 = α 2i
4 Hj P /4
[Р/4] + 1 for P values multiples of two. C2k −1 = 
π i =1  sin((2k − 1)θ) d θ =
Hence, the modulated signal with the arbitrary modulation α 2i −1
(18)
is written as follows:
4 Hj P /2
=  (−1)i+1 cos((2k − 1)αi ).
π(2k − 1) i =1
2 He(−1) m
Сm (2 n −1) = × As usual the HEPWM signal contains first harmonic with
π 2 (m + (2n − 1) / P ) amplitude A, C1 = A, and maximum zero harmonics after first
π
  l1
 (2n − 1)   harmonic, C3 = 0, C5 = 0, C2k-1 = 0. The harmonic amount with
0 sin  π  μ sin( y) +  bc1 sin((2c − 1) y )   m +
  P  
  × (14) defined values k depends on the amount of independent
 c =1
l2
j (( mP + 2 n −1)  bc 2 sin(2 cy ))
variables in (1), k = P/2. Additionally, the pulse edges have a
e j (2 n −1) y
e c =1
dy. restriction α1 ≤ α2 ≤ …≤ αk.
The primary equation (18) after substitution x = cos(α) is
For subsequent spectrum calculation based on spectral rewritten as follows:
components Cm(2n-1) it is useful to rewrite them as Cm(2k-1-mP):
cos((2k − 1)α) = T2 k −1 (cos(α)), (19)

2 HP (−1) m where T2k-1 is first kind Chebyshev polynomial with order 2k-1
Сm (2 k −1− mP ) = × [10].
π 2 (2k − 1)
π
  l1
 2k − 1  The harmonic values conditions substituted in (18) allow
 sin  π  μ sin( y) +  b sin((2c − 1) y ) 
c1
 P 
 × (15) to obtain the system of equations:
0  c =1
l2
j ((2 k −1)  bc 2 sin(2 cy ))
e j (2 k −1− mP ) y e dy,  P /2 πA π
  (−1) xi =
c =1
i +1
= μ;
and calculate the integral (15) on the range [0,π/2].  i =1 4H 4
 P /2
4 jHP(−1) m  (−1)i +1 (4 x3 − x ) = 0;
Сm (2 k −1− mP ) = ×  i i
π 2 (2k − 1)  i =1 (20)

π /2
  l1
 2k − 1  − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
0  
sin π μ sin( y ) +  bc1 sin((2c − 1) y )   ×
 P /2
  (−1)i +1T2 k −1 ( xi ) = 0.
 c =1  P  (16)
 l2
  i =1
sin  (2k − 1 − mP) y + (2k − 1) bc 2 sin(2cy )  dy.
 c =1 
According to formula (16) the harmonic value with The system (20) may be solved with numerical or
number 2k – 1, C2k-1 is equal to: analytical methods. In table 1 is shown solution of system (20)
for such parameters: μ = 0.8, H = 1, P = 2, 4, 6, 8 ,10.
∞
4 jHP(−1) m
С2 k −1 =  ×
m = 0 π (2k − 1)
2
TABLE I. THE SOLUTION OF SYSTEM (20)

π /2
  l1
 2k − 1  P α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6
0  
sin  π μ sin( y ) +  bc1 sin((2c − 1) y )   × 2 0.891406 π/2 - - - -
 c =1  P  (17) 4 0.67597 1.41843 - - - -
 l2

sin  (2k − 1 − mP) y + (2k − 1) bc 2 sin(2cy )  dy. 6 0.548386 0.952415 1.20824 π/2 - -
 c =1  8 0.464303 0.726671 0.978045 1.49365 - -
Formula (17) is basic for modulated signal with the 10 0.403205 0.588841 0.832728 1.19526 1.3346 π/2
arbitrary modulation. Let us consider the program modulated
signal implementation based on double Fourier series. For representing the solution (20) based on double
Fourier series necessary to calculate centres ci and widthes
IV. PROGRAM MODULATED SIGNAL REALISATION BASED ON wi of the pulses
DOUBLE FOURIER SERIES
ci = (α 2i + α 2i −1 ) / 2; wi = (α 2i − α 2i −1 ) / 2. (21)
The program modulation signals, for instance, Harmonic
Eliminating Pulse Width Modulation (HEPWM) [6], are The result of the calculation based on formula (21) is
calculated based on transcendental equation system written shown in table 2.

520
 2017 IEEE First Ukraine Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (UKRCON)
TABLE II. THE RESULT OF CALCULATION BASED ON FORMULA (21) - basic signal premodulation with functions of the pulse
P c1 c2 c3 w1 w2 w3 width and pulse shifting;
2 1.2311 - - 0.67939 - - - calculation of premodulation function parameters
4 1.0472 - - 0.742456 - - based on signal spectral or time characteristics.
6 0.750401 1.38952 - 0.404029 0.362559 - The proposed approach may be useful for generation of
8 0.595487 1.23585 - 0.262369 0.515604 - modulated signals with given spectral characteristics and
10 0.496023 1.01399 1.4527 0.185636 0.362532 0.236197 closed loop inverter stability analysis that is the aim of
The parameters c1-c3, w1-w3 should be presented based subsequent research.
on PWM pulse position angels αi/:
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
αi/ = π(1 + 2i ) / P, (22)
Author are very grateful to organizers of project
as follow: "Approximation Methods for Molecular Modelling and
Diagnosis Tools" funded by Marie Skłodowska-Curie
  l1
 actions - research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE-
π  μ sin(α1 ) +  bc1 sin((2c − 1)α1 )  = w1 ; 2014) H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014, project number 645672
  c =1  for support.
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
  l1

π  μ sin(α i ) +  bc1 sin((2c − 1)α i )  = wi .
REFERENCES
  c =1  (23) [1] D. Grahame Holmes, Thomas A. Lipo. Pulse width modulation for
 l1
power converters. Theory and practice. - IEEE Press Series on
α1 +  bc 2 sin(2cα1 ) = c1 ; Power Engineering, 2003. – 724 p.
 c =1
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − [2] Bennett,W.R.: New results in the calculation of modulation
 l1 products. Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 12(4), 1933, pp. 238–243.
α i +  bc 2 sin(2cα i ) = ci . [3] Sanchez, M., Popert, F.: Uber die Berechrung der Spektren
 c =1
modulierter Impulsfolgen. Arch. Elecktr. Ubertrag., vol. 9(10), 1955
The bc1 and bc2 parameters values obtained from (23) are pp. 441–452.
given in tabl. 3.
[4] Verbytskyi, I. Spectrum calculation of frequency pulse modulation
voltage using double Fourier series. IEEE 3rd Workshop on
TABLE III. THE SOLUTION OF SYSTEM (23)
Advances in Information, Electronic and Electrical Engineering
P b11 b12 b21 b22 b31 b32 (AIEEE), Riga, 2015, pp. 1-4.
2 -0.53269 0.30347 - - - - [5] J. R. Wells, B. M. Nee, P. L. Chapman and P. T. Krein, ‘‘Selective
Harmonic Control: A General Problem Formulation and Selections’’,
4 -0.46577 0.26179 - - - - IEEE Trans. on PowerElectronics, vol. 20, no. 6, Nov. 2005, pp. 1337-
6 -0.64128 0.19374 0.04924 0.0681 - - 1345.
8 -0.61641 0.18422 0.01435 0.07251 - - [6] J. Sun, S. Beineke, and H. Grotstollen, ‘‘Optimal PWM Based on Real-
10 -0.68195 0.13993 0.03801 0.08482 -0.00814 0.019913 Time Solution of Harmonic Elimination Equations,’’ IEEE Trans. Power
Electronics, vol. 11, pp. 612-621, July 1996.
The bc1 and bc2 parameters substitution in formula (14) [7] WU, Xuanlyu, et al. Discrete-time modeling and stability analysis of
grid-connected inverter based on equivalent circuit. In: Applied Power
gives us the double Fourier representation of the program Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2015 IEEE, p. 1222-
modulated signal. 1226.
[8] WANG, Yanbo, et al. Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Inverter-Fed
IV. CONCLUSIONS Power Systems Using Component Connection Method. IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, 2017.
In the paper double Fourier series extension for [9] F. Vasca, L. Iannelli. Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic
modulated signals with arbitrary modulation is proposed. Systems: Advanced Perspectives for Modeling, Simulation and
Formalization procedure consist of such stages: Control of Power Converters (Advances in Industrial Control).
Springer-Verlag London, 2012. – 493 p.
- basic modulated signal representation based on PWM;
[10] Suetin P.K. Classical orthogonal polynomials [Klassicheskie
ortogonalnie polinomy]. М.: Fizmatgiz – 2005, 480 p.

521