A PNEUMATIC AXLE SAFETY FOR FLATTED

VEHICLE USING IR SENSOR

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

R.THILIPAN 920818114503
G.RITHISH KUMAR 920818114501
M.SANTHOSHKUMAR 920818114502
S.JEEVAKALIDAS 920818114302

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, NATHAM

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

JUNE 2022

i
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “A PNEUMATIC AXLE SAFETY FOR

FLATTED VEHICLE USING IR SENSOR” is the bonafide work of
“R.THILIPAN (920818114503), G.RITHISH KUMAR (920818114501),
M.SANTHOSHKUMAR(920818114502),S.JEEVAKALIDAS(9208181143
02)” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.S.PAULSINGARAYAR,ME.,Ph.D., R.PRABHAKARAN,ME,,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT, SUPERVISOR

Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

NPR college of Engineering NPR college of Engineering

& Technology, & Technology,

Natham,Dindigul-624401 Natham, Dindigul-

624401Submitted for viva-voice held on INTERNAL

EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we thank the almighty for his blessings showered on us

tocomplete this Project work in a successful manner.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our Management for giving

usPermission and support to utilize the lab facilities to complete this project.

We whole heartedly thank our beloved principal Dr. J.

SUNDARARAJAN, M.Tech., Ph.D., for his valuable suggestions

and inspiration throughout the project.

We thank Dr. S.PAULSINGARAYAR.ME.,Ph.D., Head of the

Department, Mechanical Engineering and all the staffs of the
department of supervising the entire project and for the support and
encouragement throughoutthe entire period.

We thank our project guide, Dr. R.PRABHAKARAN,ME; whose

encouragement and faith in us, who gave valuable support and
guidance ateach stage of this design and fabrication project.

Last but not least, we thank our friends and family for their
support duringthe Course of this project.

The knowledge and experience that we have gained during this

Design and Fabrication project will surely be an immense help in our
future.

iii
 ABSTRACT

In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the

necessary quantity of air. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a
gas by reducing its volume as described by gas laws. Pneumatic systems
normally use a centralized air compressor which is considered to be an
infinite air source. This pressurized air can be piped from one source to the
various locations. The air is piped to each circuit though an air filter, to
remove contaminants which mighty harm the pneumatic components such as
valves and cylinders. The speed bumps are effective in keeping vehicle speeds
down, their use is sometimes controversial—as they can increase traffic
noise, may damage vehicles if traversed at too great a speed, and slow
emergency vehicles. So, it can be avoided by using an pneumatic pressure
lifting for an bumper and axle safety. The aim is to design and develop a
control system based an intelligent electronically controlled pneumatic
system is called “ PNEUMATIC AXLE SAFETY FOR FLATTED VEHICLE BY
USING IR SENSOR. Sensor Operated Bumper and lifting Mechanism is
consists of IR transmitter and Receiver circuit, Control Unit, Pneumatic lifting
system. The IR sensor is used to detect the obstacle. There is any obstacle and
a speed bumps in the path, the IR sensor senses the obstacle and giving the
control signal and react to lift the axle by the action of pneumatic system.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT Iv

LIST OF FIGURES Viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Xi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURESURVEY
3 PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
3.1 PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

3.1 PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS 3

3.2 THE PRODUTION AND 6

TRANSPORT OF COMPRESSED AIR

3.3 THE CONSUMPUTION OF 9

COMPRESSED AIR

3.4 PRINCIPLES OF PNEUMATIC 11

CONTROL

v
 3.5 THE APPLICATION OF 13
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

3.6 SAFETY MEASURES WHEN 16

USING PNEUMATIC CONTROL
SYSTEMS

APPENDIX: PNEUMATIC 19
COMPONENT

4 SPEED BUMBS AND ITS

LIMITATIONS

4.1 SPEED BUMBS 26

4.2 COMPOSITION 26
4.3 DISADVANTAGES

vi
5 MACHINE OPERATION AND AUTOMATION

vii
 5.1 AUTOMATION

5.2 MACHINE OPERATION

5.2.1 GAS CUTTING

5.2.2 SHAPING

5.2.3 DRILLING

5.2.4 TAPPING

5.2.5 FINE GRAINDING

5.2.6 CHAMFERING

5.2.7 WELDING

5.3 FURTHER OPERATIONS

5.3.1 CLEANING

5.3.2 ASSEMBILING

5.4 DESIGN

6 MICROCONTROLLER WITH IR SENSOR 33

viii
 5.1 MICROCONTROLLER

5.1.1 DESCRIPTION

5.1.2 FEATURES

5.1.3 PIN CONFIGURATION

5.2 INFRARED

5.2.1 REGION WITHIN INFRARED

5.2.2 VISIBLE LIMIT

5.2.3 COMMONLY USED SUB-DIVISION

SCHEME

ANALYSIS 34

6.3 BUS VOLTAGE CONTROLN AND OPERATION

3

6.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

6.5 MAIN COMPONENTS 42

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 42

6.5.1 Transformer 42

6.5.2 Diode Bridge Rectifier 43

6.5.3 Optocoupler 45

6.5.4 PIC Microcontroller (PIC16f877a)

46

ix
 6.5.5 MOSFET 47
6.5.6 Diode 49

6.5.7 Coil 50

7 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 52

8 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

8.3 SIMULATION 53

8.4

9. CONCLUSION 41

APPENDIX 41

REFERENCE 42

x
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION

A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and

control energy. Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic
production lines, and mechanical clamps. Pneumatic control systems are widely
used in our society, especially in the industrial sectors for the driving of automatic
machines. Pneumatic systems have a lot of advantages.

Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems because they

can work in inflammable environment without causing fire or explosion. Apart
from that, overloading in pneumatic system will only lead to sliding or cessation
of operation. Unlike electromotive components, pneumatic components do not
burn or get overheated when overloaded. The speeds of rectilinear and
oscillating movement of pneumatic systems are easy to adjust and subject to
few limitations. The pressure and the volume of air hucan easily be adjusted by
a pressure regulator.

The reason for using pneumatics, or any other type of energy

transmission on a machine, is to perform work. The accomplishment of work
requires the application of kinetic energy to a resisting object resulting in the
object moving through a distance. In a pneumatic system, energy is stored in a
potential state under the form of compressed air. Working energy (kinetic energy
and pressure) results in a pneumatic system when the compressed air is allowed
to expand. For example, a tank is charged to 100 PSIA with compressed air. When
the valve at the tank outlet is opened, the air inside the tank expands until the

11
pressure inside the tank equals the atmospheric pressure. Air expansion takes the
form of airflow.

Automation is the use of control systems (such as numerical control,

programmable logic control, and other industrial control systems), in concert with
other applications of information technology (such as computer-aided
technologies [CAD, CAM, CAX]), to control industrial machinery and processes,
reducing the need for human intervention. There are many types of power supply.
Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low
voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by
broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.

The air then flows through a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to the

desired level for the particular circuit application. Since air is not a good lubricant,

pneumatic systems require a lubricator to inject a fine mist of oil into the air discharged

from the pressure regulator. This prevents the wear of parts in the pneumatic

components.

In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the

necessary quantity of air. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a gas by

reducing its volume as described by gas laws. Pneumatic systems normally use a

centralized air compressor which is considered to be an infinite air source. This

pressurized air can be piped from one source to the various locations. The air is piped to

each circuit though an air filters, to remove contaminants which mighty harm the

pneumatic components such as valves and cylinders

12
 CHAPTER – 2

LITERATURESURVEY

Title: FUNDAMENTALS OF PNEUMATIC ENGINEERING

Year: 2013

Author: Heeresh Mistry

A Pneumatics (from Greek πνεῦμα pneuma ‘wind, breath’) is a branch

of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized air. Pneumatic systems used
in industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases.
A centrally located and electrically-powered compressor powers cylinders, air
motors, pneumatic actuators, and other pneumatic devices. A pneumatic system
controlled through manual or automatic solenoid valves is selected when it
provides a lower cost, more flexible, or safer alternative to electric motors,
and hydraulic actuators. Pneumatics also has applications
in dentistry, construction, mining, and other areas.

The origins of pneumatics can be traced back to the first century when
ancient Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria wrote about his inventions
powered by steam or the wind. German physicist Otto von Guericke (1602 to
1686) further developed the idea. He invented the vacuum pump, a device that can
draw out air or gas from the attached vessel. He demonstrated the vacuum pump
to separate the pairs of copper hemispheres using air pressures. The field of
pneumatics has changed considerably over the years. It has moved from small
handheld devices to large machines with multiple parts that serve different
functions.

Title: Compressed Air Operations Manual, McGraw Hill Book Company,

13
Year: 2006

Author: Brian S. Elliott,

A compressor can compress air to the required pressures. It can convert the
mechanical energy from motors and engines into the potential energy in
compressed air (Fig. 2). A single central compressor can supply various pneumatic
components with compressed air, which is transported through pipes from the
cylinder to the pneumatic components. Compressors can be divided into two
classes: reciprotory and rotary.

Examples of components that consume compressed air include execution

components (cylinders), directional control valves and assistant valves.

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by

reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.
Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both
can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor
also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible; while some
can be compressed, the main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport
liquids.

Many compressors can be staged, that is, the fluid is compressed several
times in steps or stages, to increase discharge pressure. Often, the second stage is
physically smaller than the primary stage, to accommodate the already
compressed gas without reducing its pressure. Each stage further compresses the
gas and increases its pressure and also temperature (if inter cooling between
stages is not used).

14
Title: A Comparative Study of Speed Humps, Speed Slots and Speed Cushions

Year: 2003

Author: LaToya Johnson and A.J. Nedzesky

The primary objective of this study was to compare speed humps with two
newer traffic calming devices that are gaining popularity in the US, the speed slot
and speed cushion. Crossing speed and driver behavior were measured at selected
traffic calming devices on roadways in the Washington DC metropolitan during the
summer of 2003. As the adoption of various traffic calming practices continues
throughout the U.S., use of the speed hump as a standard traffic calming device
steadily increases. However, speed humps have also become the center of a traffic
engineering controversy. Emergency response agencies and community groups
have been cited in the belief that speed humps increase the amount of time for an
emergency vehicle to respond to calls.(1,2,3) This has resulted in hesitation and
resistance regarding installation of speed humps. In reply to these concerns, two
variations of the speed hump design are beginning to gain popularity in the U.S.,
the speed slot and speed cushion. Although the use of the speed slot and cushion is
fairly common in European countries, its effectiveness as a traffic calming device
in the U.S. is yet to be seen. Differences in driver behavior and vehicle
characteristics between European countries and the U.S. make research in this
area vital to the progress of traffic calming in the United States.

15
Title: Infrared Intrusion Detector System

Year: 1972

Author: Herbert L. Berman

Infrared intrusion detector system utilizing sensor that measures infrared (IR)
light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-
based motion detectors. PIR sensors are commonly used in security alarms and
automatic lighting applications.

PIR sensors detect general movement, but do not give information on who or what
moved. For that purpose, an imaging IR sensor is required.

PIR sensors are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive
infrared detector". The term passive refers to the fact that PIR devices do not radiate
energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared
radiation (radiant heat) emitted by or reflected from objects. A PIR sensor can
detect changes in the amount of infrared radiation impinging upon it, which
varies depending on the temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in
front of the sensor.[2] When an object, such as a person, passes in front of the
background, such as a wall, the temperature at that point in the sensor's field of
view will rise from room temperature to body temperature, and then back again.
The sensor converts the resulting change in the incoming infrared radiation into
a change in the output voltage, and this triggers the detection. Objects of similar
temperature but different surface characteristics may also have a different
infrared emission pattern, and thus moving them with respect to /the background
may trigger the detector as well.[3]

16
 Pneumatic Systems

1 Pneumatic systems

A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and control
energy. Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic
production lines, mechanical clamps, etc (Fig. 1).

(a) Automobile production lines (b) Pneumatic system of an automatic machine

Fig. 1 Common pneumatic systems used in the industrial sector

(a) The advantages of pneumatic systems

Pneumatic control systems are widely used in our society, especially in the
industrial sectors for the driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems have a
lot of advantages.

(i) High effectiveness

Many factories have equipped their production lines with compressed air supplies
and movable compressors. There is an unlimited supply of air in our atmosphere to
produce compressed air. Moreover, the use of compressed air is not restricted by
distance, as it can easily be transported through pipes. After use, compressed air
can be released directly into the atmosphere without the need of processing.

17
(ii) High durability and reliability

Pneumatic components are extremely durable and can not be damaged easily.
Compared to electromotive components, pneumatic components are more durable
and reliable.

(iii) Simple design

The designs of pneumatic components are relatively simple. They are thus more
suitable for use in simple automatic control systems.

(iv) High adaptability to harsh environment

Compared to the elements of other systems, compressed air is less affected by high
temperature, dust, corrosion, etc.

(v) Safety

Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems because they can work in
inflammable environment without causing fire or explosion. Apart from that,
overloading in pneumatic system will only lead to sliding or cessation of operation.
Unlike electromotive components, pneumatic components do not burn or get
overheated when overloaded.

(vi) Easy selection of speed and pressure

The speeds of rectilinear and oscillating movement of pneumatic systems are easy
to adjust and subject to few limitations. The pressure and the volume of air can
18
easily be adjusted by a pressure regulator.

(vii) Environmental friendly

The operation of pneumatic systems do not produce pollutants. The air released is
also processed in special ways. Therefore, pneumatic systems can work in
environments that demand high level of cleanliness. One example is the production
lines of integrated circuits.

(viii) Economical

As pneumatic components are not expensive, the costs of pneumatic systems are
quite low. Moreover, as pneumatic systems are very durable, the cost of repair is
significantly lower than that of other systems.

(b) Limitations of pneumatic systems

Although pneumatic systems possess a lot of advantages, they are also subject to
many limitations.

(i) Relatively low accuracy

As pneumatic systems are powered by the force provided by compressed air, their
operation is subject to the volume of the compressed air. As the volume of air may
change when compressed or heated, the supply of air to the system may not be
accurate, causing a decrease in the overall accuracy of the system.

19
(ii) Low loading

As the cylinders of pneumatic components are not very large, a pneumatic system
cannot drive loads that are too heavy.

(iii) Processing required before use

Compressed air must be processed before use to ensure the absence of water
vapour or dust.

Otherwise, the moving parts of the pneumatic components may wear out quickly
due to friction.

(iv) Uneven moving speed

As air can easily be compressed, the moving speeds of the pistons are relatively
uneven.

(v) Noise

Noise will be produced when compressed air is released from the pneumatic
components.

(c) Main pneumatic components

Pneumatic components can be divided into two categories:

20
1. Components that produce and transport compressed air.

2. Components that consume compressed air.

All main pneumatic components can be represented by simple pneumatic symbols.

Each symbol shows only the function of the component it represents, but not its
structure. Pneumatic symbols can be combined to form pneumatic diagrams. A
pneumatic diagram describes the relations between each pneumatic component,
that is, the design of the system

3.2 THE PRODUTION AND TRANSPORT OF

COMPRESSED AIR.
Examples of components that produce and transport compressed air include
compressors and pressure regulating components.

(a) Compressor

A compressor can compress air to the required pressures. It can convert the
mechanical energy from motors and engines into the potential energy in
compressed air (Fig. 2). A single central compressor can supply various pneumatic
components with compressed air, which is transported through pipes from the
cylinder to the pneumatic components. Compressors can be divided into two
classes: reciprocatory and rotary.

21
(a) Compressor used in schools (b) Compressor used in (c) Pneumatic
symbol of

laboratories a compressor

Fig. 2.2.1

(b) Pressure regulating component

Pressure regulating components are formed by various components, each of which

has its own pneumatic symbol:

(i) Filter – can remove impurities from compressed air before it is fed to the
pneumatic components.

(ii) Pressure regulator – to stabilise the pressure and regulate the operation of
pneumatic components

(iii) Lubricator – To provide lubrication for pneumatic components

22
(a) Pressure regulating component (b) Pneumatic symbols of thepneumatic

components within a pressure regulating component

Fig,2.2.2

3. The consumption of compressed air

Examples of components that consume compressed air include execution

components (cylinders), directional control valves and assistant valves.

(a) Execution component

Pneumatic execution components provide rectilinear or rotary movement.

Examples of pneumatic execution components include cylinder pistons, pneumatic
motors, etc. Rectilinear motion is produced by cylinder pistons, while pneumatic
motors provide continuous rotations. There are many kinds of cylinders, such as
single acting cylinders and double acting cylinders.

(i) Single acting cylinder

A single acting cylinder has only one entrance that allows compressed air to flow

23
through. Therefore, it can only produce thrust in one direction (Fig. 4). The piston
rod is propelled in the opposite direction by an internal spring, orby the external
force provided by mechanical movement or weight of a load (Fig. 5).

Fig. 2.3.1 Cross section of a single acting cylinder

Fig. 2.3.2 (a) Single acting cylinder (b) Pneumatic symbol of a single acting
cylinder

The thrust from the piston rod is greatly lowered because it has to overcome the
force from the spring. Therefore, in order to provide the driving force for machines,
the diameter of the cylinder should be increased. In order to match the length of
the spring, the length of the cylinder should also be increased, thus limiting the
length of the path. Single acting cylinders are used in stamping, printing, moving
materials, etc.

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(ii) Double acting cylinder

In a double acting cylinder, air pressure is applied alternately to the relative surface
of the piston, producing a propelling force and a retracting force (Fig. 6). As the
effective area of the piston is small, the thrust produced during retraction is
relatively weak. The impeccable tubes of double acting cylinders are usually made
of steel. The working surfaces are also polished and coated with chromium to
reduce friction.

Fig. 2.3.3 Cross section of a double acting cylinder

Fig. 2.3.4 (a) Double acting cylinder (b)Pneumatic symbol of a double

25
(b) Directional control valve

Directional control valves ensure the flow of air between air ports by opening,
closing and switching their internal connections. Their classification is determined
by the number of ports, the number of switching positions, the normal position of
the valve and its method of operation. Common types of directional control valves
include 2/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The first number represents the number of ports; the
second number represents the number of positions. A directional control valve that
has two ports and five positions can be represented by the drawing in Fig. 8, as well
as its own unique pneumatic symbol.

Fig. 8 Describing a 5/2 directional control valve

(i) 2/2 Directional control valve

The structure of a 2/2 directional control valve is very simple. It uses the thrust
from the spring to open and close the valve, stopping compressed air from flowing
towards working tube ‘A’ from air inlet ‘P’. When a force is applied to the control
axis, the valve will be pushed open, connecting ‘P’ with ‘A’ (Fig. 9). The force applied
to the control axis has to overcome both air pressure and the repulsive force of the

26
spring. The control valve can be driven manually or mechanically, and restored to
its original position by the spring.

Fig. 9 (a) 2/2 directional control valve (b) Cross section (c) Pneumatic symbol of a

2/2 directional control valve

(ii) 3/2 Directional control valve

A 3/2 directional control valve can be used to control a single acting cylinder (Fig.
10). The open valves in the middle will close until ‘P’ and ‘A’ are connected together.
Then another valve will open the sealed base between ‘A’ and ‘R’ (exhaust). The
valves can be driven manually, mechanically, electrically or pneumatically. 3/2
directional control valves can further be divided into two classes: Normally open
type (N.O.) and normally closed type (N.C.) (Fig. 11).

27
Fig. 10 (a) 3/2 directional control valve (b) Cross section

(a) Normally closed type (b) Normally open type Fig. 11 Pneumatic
symbols

(iii) 5/2 Directional control valve

When a pressure pulse is input into the pressure control port ‘P’, the spool will
move to the left, connecting inlet ‘P’ and work passage ‘B’. Work passage ‘A’ will
then make a release of air through ‘R1’ and ‘R2’. The directional valves will remain
in this operational position until signals of the contrary are received. Therefore, this
type of directional control valves is said to have the function of ‘memory’.

28
(a) 5/2 directional control valve (b) Cross section (c) Pneumatic symbol Fig. 12 5/2 directional
control valve

29
30
 4. SPEED BUMBS AND ITS LIMITATIONS

Speed bumps (also called traffic thresholds, speed breakers or sleeping

policemen) are the common name for a class of traffic calming devices that use
vertical deflection to slow motor-vehicle traffic in order to improve safety
conditions. Variations include the speed hump, speed cushion, and speed table.

The use of vertical deflection devices is widespread around the world, and they are
most commonly found to enforce a low speed limit, under 40 km/h (25 mph) or
lower.

Although speed bumps are effective in keeping vehicle speeds down, their use is
sometimes controversial—as they can increase traffic noise, may damage vehicles if
traversed at too great a speed, and slow emergency vehicles. Poorly-designed speed
bumps that stand too tall or with too-sharp an angle can be disruptive for drivers,
and may be difficult to navigate for vehicles with low ground clearance, even at
very low speeds. Many sports cars have this problem with such speed bumps.
Speed bumps can also pose serious hazards to motorcyclists and bicyclists if they
are not clearly visible, though in some cases a small cut across the bump allows
those vehicles to traverse without impediment. Speed bumps cost $50–200 and
may need replacement over time due to wear. [1]

Composition

Each of these devices can be made from a variety of materials,

including asphalt, concrete, recycled plastic, metal, or vulcanized rubber. Several
trade-offs must be made when selecting the material for a new speed cushion.
Traditionally most vertical deflection devices have been constructed of asphalt or

31
concrete. Due to the rigidity and durability of these materials, they have more
permanence and are more effective at slowing traffic. However, they can be difficult
to shape and form into consistent forms and precise dimensions.

Rubber products are pre-shaped to standard sizes to meet industry standards.

Preformed rubber products are typically bolted down, making them easier to install
or remove. Temporary bolt-down installations can be ideal for planners in testing
the use and positioning of speed bumps before implementing them in a larger
project. Bolt-down products can also be removed or relocated during winter snow
periods—where speed bumps are easily concealed and may be damaged by
snowplows.

Disadvantages

 Local authorities have cited disadvantages to speed bumps:

 The city of Modesto in California, produced a fact sheet which contains the
following disadvantages:[8]

 Slow response time of emergency vehicles;

 May divert traffic to parallel residential streets; and

 Possible increase in noise and pollution for residents living immediately

adjacent to the speed bumps.

 The English town of Eastleigh states the following as disadvantages:[9]

 Can cause damage to some vehicles;

 Can increase traffic noise, especially when large goods vehicles pass by;

 Required signs, street lighting and white lines may be visually intrusive;

 Can cause discomfort for drivers and passengers;

 Can cause problems for emergency services and buses.

 Other sources argue that speed bumps:

32
  Distract drivers from other hazards such as children

 Increase pollution as traffic travels in a lower gear using significantly more

fuel per mile;

 Are a compromise for more active enforcement;

 Increase noise by creating tire-to-bump thumping and increasing the amount

of engine-revving;

 Cause spinal damage[10] and aggravate chronic backache.

In 2003, the chairman of the London Ambulance Service, Sigurd Reinton claimed
that delays caused by speed bumps were responsible for up to 500 avoidable deaths
from cardiac arrest each year. He later denied the statement. [11]

In Sweden, an evaluation of spinal stress in bus drivers against ISO 2631-5 required
on health grounds that:[12]

bus drivers avoid certain streets until the humps were modified; and

the maximum acceptable speed be reduced to 10 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph;
2.8 m/s) on one street for drivers encountering 150 humps in a day.

Speed bumps can also have adverse environmental impact. A study found that in
one north London street with a speed limit of 20 miles per hour (32 km/h; 8.9 m/s)
and fitted with road humps, a petrol driven car produced 64 per cent more nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) than in a similar 20 miles per hour (32 km/h; 8.9 m/s) street fitted
with road cushions. It also produced 47 per cent more particulate matter (PM) and
nearly 60 per cent more carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.[13] Another study
estimated that, for a private automobile, the increase in fuel consumption due a
pass over a speed bump is responsible for fuel waste of 10ml.[14] This multiplied
with the number of vehicles going over a particular speed bump every day suggests
significant annual fuel wastage for a single speed bump.
33
34
While driving a slow slung exotic across a speed-breaker, the trick is to drive across
it diagonally, rather than drive across it straight to prevent scraping. However, I
guess this speed-breaker was too much for a Lamborghini, even for the ones with
the 'Nose Lift' function.

Supercars are low and have bodywork only a few inches from the ground for
optimal performance and aerodynamics. But it presents a problem when trying to
go over a speedbump; no one wants to smash their front splitter on the
Lamborghini, Ferrari, or
Bugatti on a piece of asphalt or
rubber. Can supercars go over
speedbumps?

Modern supercars, such as

Lamborghinis, can easily go
over speedbumps using their
front-axle lift system. This
feature can lift the front
suspension, and thus the front
bumper, at the push of a button.
It is not easy to go over
speedbumps without damage
in older supercars, but it is still
possible with some tried-and-
true techniques.

35
Modern technology has made speedbumps and inclines an issue for
only old supercars.

Two of the most frustrating obstacles when driving a supercar from the 70s and 80s
around a city were speedbumps and inclines. The lower bodywork of the scrape
along the asphalt.

Scrapes from speedbumps can be a problem in sports cars or low cars in general.
Fast vehicles are designed to have the center of gravity as low as possible, resulting
in low ground clearance.

Supercars since the mid-90s have been fitted with front-axle lift systems which
increase ground clearance at a push of a button. The use of these lift systems is
sometimes called a nose lift.

Now, when supercars come upon a large speedbump or an incline, the driver
presses a button on the dashboard, and the front suspension raises. Now the car can
easily traverse the obstacle with no damage.

The only issue is that front-axle lift systems can be expensive to replace if either the
lifter fails or the front shocks need to be replaced.

5.1 AUTOMATION:

Automation is the use of control systems (such as numerical control,

programmable logic control, and other industrial control systems), in concert with
other applications of information technology (such as computer-aided technologies
[CAD, CAM, CAx]), to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need

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for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step
beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with
machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation
greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well.
Processes and systems can also be automated.

Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily
experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and
organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of
applications and human activities.

Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope
of automation. Human-level pattern recognition, language recognition, and
language production ability are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical
and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of
complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as
strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of
humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation
of industrial tasks is possible.

Specialised hardened computers, referred to as programmable logic controllers

(PLCs), are frequently used to synchronize the flow of inputs from (physical)
sensors and events with the flow of outputs to actuators and events. This leads to
precisely controlled actions that permit a tight control of almost any industrial
process.

Human-machine interfaces (HMI) or computer human interfaces (CHI),

formerly known as man-machine interfaces, are usually employed to communicate
with PLCs and other computers, such as entering and monitoring temperatures or
pressures for further automated control or emergency response. Service personnel

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who monitor and control these interfaces are often referred to as stationary
engineers.

MACHINING OPERATIONS

Shaping

It is used to break are cut the plates. In this project it is used to cut the raw

materials such as plates. This done by gas cuttingShaping operation is used to

reduce the dimensions of the plates. In this project the plates are in need of

shaping process. It is done by shaping machine.

Drilling

Drilling is used to produce holes in objects. In this project the jig plates

requires the holes for making bolted assembly. Also to fitting the bushes holes

are required. These holes are done by conventional vertical type drilling

machine.

Tapping

Internal threading operation is used to produce threads inside the

hole. It is also called as tapping process. In this project the holes except the

holes for bushes are required tapping process. This is done for the purpose of

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holding the supporting block and making the jig box by bolt assembly. Fine

grinding

It is nothing but the grinding process, which is done as smooth with fine

grains. This is done as the each plate and flanges for good surface finish. It is

done by conventional grinding machine.

MICROCONTROLLER:

DESCRIPTION:
The 89C51RX+ devices contain a non-volatile FLASH program memory (up

to 64 k bytes in the 89C51RD+) that is both parallel programmable and Serial In-

System Programmable. In-System Programming allows devices to alter their

own program memory, in the actual end product, under software control. This

opens up a range of applications that can include the ability to field update the

application firmware.

A default serial loader (boot loader) program in ROM allows In-System serial

programming of the FLASH memory without the need for a loader in the FLASH

code. User programs may erase and reprogram the FLASH memory at will through

the use of standard routines contained in ROM.

PIN CONFIGURATIONS:

DUAL IN-LINE PACKAGE PIN FUNCTIONS:

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 CONCLUSIONS

This project has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience to

use our limited knowledge.

In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the

necessary quantity of air. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of
a gas by reducing its volume as described by gas laws. Pneumatic systems
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normally use a centralized air compressor which is considered to be an
infinite air source. This pressurized air can be piped from one source to the
various locations. The air is piped to each circuit though an air filter, to
remove contaminants which mighty harm the pneumatic components such
as valves and cylinders. The speed bumps are effective in keeping vehicle
speeds down, their use is sometimes controversial—as they can increase
traffic noise, may damage vehicles if traversed at too great a speed, and
slow emergency vehicles. So, it can be avoided by using an pneumatic
pressure lifting for an bumper and axle safety. The aim is to design and
develop a control system based an intelligent electronically controlled
pneumatic system is called “ PNEUMATIC AXLE SAFETY FOR FLATTED
VEHICLE BY USING IR SENSOR. Sensor Operated Bumper and lifting
Mechanism is consists of IR transmitter and Receiver circuit, Control Unit.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

Speed of the belt cannot be varying so it is to be improving by providing

multispeed arrangement. Stirrer mechanism can be used to improve the oil
removal rate.

REFERENCE

 Brian S. Elliott, Compressed Air Operations Manual, McGraw Hill Book

Company, 2006, ISBN 0-07-147526-5.

Pneumatic systems in fixed installations, such as factories, use compressed air

because a sustainable supply can be made by compressing atmospheric air.
The air usually has moisture removed, and a small quantity of oil is added at
the compressor to prevent corrosion and lubricate mechanical components.

Heeresh Mistry, Fundamentals of Pneumatic Engineering, Create Space e-

Publication, 2013,

Pneumatics uses an easily compressible gas such as air or a suitable pure

gas—while hydraulics uses relatively incompressible liquid media such as oil.
Most industrial pneumatic applications use pressures of about 80 to
100 pounds per square inch (550 to 690 kPa). Hydraulics applications
commonly use from 1,000 to 5,000 psi (6.9 to 34.5 MPa), but specialized
applications may exceed 10,000 psi (69 MPa).

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