Management of Outdoor Recreational Activities:

Safety Practices
and Risk
Management in
Outdoor Recreation
Groups 2 – 4 – 6
 01

Management of
Outdoor Recreational
Activities
Safety Practices in
Outdoor Recreation
What should one do when faced with a
medical emergency situation?
 The first thing to do in an emergency
situation is stay calm.

Then, remember and apply the DRSABC Action Plan.

 DRSABC Action Plan

D anger - always check first the danger and source of injury

R esponsiveness - check whether the casualty is alert or unconscious.

S end - send or shout for help

A irway - if the person is not responding or is unconscious, check airway by opening the mouth and
having a look inside. Tilting the head back with the chin facing up will clear an airway.

B reathing - make sure the victim is breathing by looking at breathing signs. One way
of doing this is by listening to exhales, and feeling air coming out of the mouth or nose.

C PR - if an adult is unconscious, no pulse, and not breathing, perform the CPR until the
emergency personnel or medics arrive
How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation
administered?
 How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation
administered?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is administered when breathing and heartbeat of a

person stops, such as during a heart attack and drowning.

CPR involves the CAB process that stands for :

Compression (restoration of blood circulation)

Airway (clearing of airway)

Breathing (breathe for the person).

How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation
administered?
How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation administered?

The following must be done:

1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.

2. Locate hand position for compression by drawing an imaginary line from armpit to
center chest for hand placement.

3. Place the heel of one hand on the lower part of the breastbone.

4. Put your other hand over the first, interlacing your fingers for support.

5. With straight arms and shoulders positioned over the victim's chest, push down on the
victim's chest. For adult victims, push it down for at least 2 inches or 5 cm deep.

6. Give 30 compressions in 18 seconds or less (rate of 100 compressions in one minute)

and let the chest rise completely between compressions.

7. After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths.

8. Repeat the cycle until help arrives or when there are signs of movement.
How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation administered?

In checking for the pulse of the victim, put two fingers on the
center of the neck then slide fingers down to the side of the victim's neck
up to the nudge between muscles. When pulse is felt but no signs of
breathing, administer one rescue breathing every five seconds and
recheck pulse every two minutes.

Rescue Breathing Steps:

1. Gently tilt the victim's forehead back with one hand.

2. Tilt the victim's chin using the other hand; this will
open the victim's airway.
 First Aid of Common
Emergencies in Outdoor
Activities
 What are the common medical injuries
encountered in outdoor recreation and what first
aid treatment should be administered?
Cuts, Scrape, and Punctures
- wounds, cuts, and lacerations can be caused anywhere from rock climbing,
cutting self from a knife, and stumbling.
Cuts, Scrape, and Punctures
- wounds, cuts, and lacerations can be caused anywhere from rock climbing,
cutting self from a knife, and stumbling.
Cuts, Scrape, and Punctures
- wounds, cuts, and lacerations can be caused anywhere from rock climbing,
cutting self from a knife, and stumbling.

Cut Scrape Puncture

Cuts, Scrape, and Punctures
- wounds, cuts, and lacerations can be caused anywhere from rock climbing,
cutting self from a knife, and stumbling.

To treat minor cuts, scrapes, and

punctures:

❑ Clean cuts with soap and water then apply antibiotic cream then
cover with sterile bandage and secure using medical tape

❑ If bleeding, apply direct pressure using clean cloth to the injury.

❑ If wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb above the heart to help
slow down bleeding.

❑ Do not apply tourniquet unless the bleeding is severe and does

not stop even with direct pressure.
Cuts, Scrape, and Punctures
- wounds, cuts, and lacerations can be caused anywhere from rock climbing,
cutting self from a knife, and stumbling.

Emergency personnel must be called

immediately if:

❑ Severe bleeding or bleeding does not stop despite pressure.

❑ You suspect there is internal bleeding (inflammation and

severe pain the area),

❑ There is an abdominal or chest wound

❑ Blood spurts out of wound

Sprains, strains, and fractures
Sprains are injuries that involve the stretching
or tearing of the ligament. This usually occurs
when a joint is overextended from its usual range
of motion.

Strain is the twisting or pulling of a muscle or

tendon. This usually happens when a muscle is
stretched and suddenly contracts such as when
one is running or jumping. Fracture involves the
breaking of a bone.
Sprains, strains, and fractures
Doctors usually categorize strains and sprains according to severity.

✓ Grade I category is mild that involves minor tearing of a ligament or

muscle.

✓ Grade II classification involves the partial tearing of the ligament or

muscle.

✓ Grade III refers to severe injury that involves the complete tearing of
the ligament or muscle.
Sprains, strains, and fractures
Compressing the affected area may be done using an athletic
tape or the bandage.

❑ Apply an "anchor strip" around the back of the calf

❑ Place another anchor strip under the instep of the foot.

❑ Apply the "stirrup strip" down the calf, over the ankle, under the foot,
and back around to the anchor strip.

❑ Apply a "horseshoe strip" under the ankle, around the heel, and back
around to the bottom anchor strip

❑ Continue applying stirrup strips and horseshoe strips in an overlapping

pattern just like a woven basket until the ankle is fully supported.
Sprains, strains, and fractures
For fracture, immediately call medical help if the
following occurs:

❑ One suspects injury to the person's head, neck, or back

❑ Bone is sticking out of the skin

❑ Bleeding does not stop after several minutes of firm pressure

❑ Blood spurts from the wound.

Sprains, strains, and fractures
While waiting for the medical help, do the following first aid:

❑ Immobilize the area of injury until help arrives or until the person is
brought to the hospital.
❑ Make sure to clean and dress cuts before splinting.
❑ If bleeding, apply pressure to the wound with clean cloth until
bleeding stops. If bone is pushing through the skin, do not touch.
❑ Gently tape the dislocated area or fracture to a rolled-up newspaper,
ruler, or a rolled piece of clothing with first aid tape. Avoid moving
the injured limb and never force it or even try to twist it back into
place.
Concussion
- is a traumatic brain injury that is often caused by a blow or bump to the head or body.
Cuts and bruises may be seen on the head or face. Some lose consciousness or forge
what happened before the injury, others do not.
Concussion
- is a traumatic brain injury that is often caused by a blow or bump to the head or body.
Cuts and bruises may be seen on the head or face. Some lose consciousness or forge
what happened before the injury, others do not.

What must be done:

❑ Treat cuts.
❑ Apply only ice or compress (if no ice is available).
❑ Rest until symptoms disappear.
❑ Watch out for symptoms that need emergency action
Concussion
- is a traumatic brain injury that is often caused by a blow or bump to the head or body.
Cuts and bruises may be seen on the head or face. Some lose consciousness or forge
what happened before the injury, others do not.

Call immediate medical help if the following occurs:

❑ One vomits repeatedly

❑ The pupils become unequal
❑ One looks agitated or confused
❑ One is unconscious or passes out
❑ One feels very drowsy
❑ There is pain in the neck after the fall or knocked out
❑ There is slurred speech
❑ One experiences seizure
Blisters
- are a result of ill-fitting footwear. It is especially seen among hikers and trekkers
Blisters can be painful and may cause discomfort.
Blisters
- are a result of ill-fitting footwear. It is especially seen among hikers and trekkers
Blisters can be painful and may cause discomfort.

Treat blisters with the following:

❑ Place a piece of adhesive over affected area.

❑ Doughnut-shaped moleskin helps when blisters are at the
bottom of foot.
❑ If blisters have popped, wash area with soap and water
then out antibiotic cream.
❑ If it is absolutely necessary, drain a blister with a sterilized
needle into the side of the blister. Apply with antibacterial
solution and cover with gauze dressing and tape
Burns or Scalds
- Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat.
Burns or Scalds
- Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat.

If still on fire, stop burning immediately through the "stop, drop, and roll"

method.

Then remove the flamed material from the person. However, if the clothing

sticks to the skin, do not pull it out, but cut or tear around it.
Burns or Scalds
- Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat.

Take off constrictive clothing immediately (belts, jewelry, and tight clothing)
as burns can swell quickly.

If first degree burn (top layer skin affected)

❑ Put affected area under running water or immerse in

cool (not ice) water until pain subsides. If no running
water is available then apply compress.

❑ Cover with sterile. non-adhesive bandage. or clean cloth

❑ Do not apply butter or ointments. which can cause infection.

Burns or Scalds
- Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat.

For second degree burn (affecting top 2 layers of skin)

❑ Immerse in cool water for 10-15 minutes: apply compress if running

water is not available.

❑ Do not apply ice, it can lower body temperature and may cause further
damage.

❑ Do not break blister or apply butter of ointment causing infection

❑ Protect burn with sterile, nonstick bandage, and secure with gauze of tape.

❑ To prevent shock, let the person lie flat and elevate feet for about 12

inches high and elevate burn area about heart level (it possible) and
cover the person with coat or blanket.

❑ Wait for emergency personnel

Burns or Scalds
- Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat.

For burns, immediately call medical help if:

❑ Burn penetrates all lavers of skin

❑ Skin is charred-looking, with white, brown, or black patches.

❑ Burn blister is larger than two inches or oozes.

❑ Hands, feet, face, or genitals are burned.

❑ The person is an infant or a senior.

Burns or Scalds
 What are the common illnesses or sickness
experienced in outdoor recreation and what first
aid treatment should be administered?
Fever
- Check the temperature first

38° C / 100.4° F or below (Low Grade Fever)

✓ Drink lots of water
✓ Adequate Rest
➢ If the person feels uncomfortable, give OTC’s such as
ibuprofen, paracetamol, or acetaminophen.

38.8° C / 102° F or higher

✓ Give oral medicines
✓ Give a sponge bath
✓ Increase fluid intake
✓ Wear light clothes and avoid overdressing
➢ In case the person experiences chills, cover the
patient with blankets.
Fever
Emergency should be sought when the patient is:

❑ Unresponsive

❑ Having difficulty breathing

❑ Has lips turning bluish

❑ Experiences convulsion or seizures

❑ Seems confused

❑ Observes sudden onset of rashes

Headache
- Headache Is often experienced in hiking or trekking due to lack of eye
protection from the sun’s rays, tension in the neck, dehydration, swelling of
the brain tissue due to excessive sweating over a period of days, and
consumption of water without taking any salt tablets.

OTC Medicines:

❑ Paracetamol
❑ Ibuprofen
❑ Aspirin (18 years old and above)
Altitude / Mountain Sickness
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

- Fluids accumulate in the lung and make breathing extremely difficult.

This can occur within 1 day spent in high altitude.

Symptoms:

❑ Shortness of breath or tightness in chest

❑ Gurgling or rattling breaths
❑ Cough with frothy or pink sputum
❑ Lips or fingernails turn bluish or grayish
❑ Respiratory failure
❑ Drowsiness
Altitude / Mountain Sickness
High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

- Build up of fluid in the brain causing swelling and changes into the person’s mental
state. This might begin with just confusion.

Symptoms:

❑ Having trouble keeping in group

❑ Walking and coordination become impaired
❑ Lethargy and then Comatose
Altitude / Mountain Sickness
High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

- Build up of fluid in the brain causing swelling and changes into the person’s mental
state. This might begin with just confusion.

First Aid:

❑ If symptoms are severe, immediately descend to 1,500 to 2,000

with minimal exertion possible. Keep going down as symptoms go
away.

❑ If symptoms are mild , the person should not go any higher until
the symptoms are completely gone

❑ Treat symptoms, give the person oxygen if available, keep him

warm , have him rest, give him plenty of liquids, and give him pain
relievers.
Hyperthermia
- Hyperthermia is a medical emergency caused by your body producing heat faster
than it can dissipate, resulting in a dangerously high body temperature.
Hyperthermia occurs when your body temperature falls higher than 104 degrees
Fahrenheit (38 C).

This may be caused by:

❑ An increase in air temperature

❑ Solar or reflected radiation
❑ Poor ventilation in clothing
❑ Low fitness level
❑ Excess bulk or the reduced ratio of
skin area to body mass
Hyperthermia

Is hyperthermia the same as a fever?

A fever is not the same as hyperthermia. When you have hyperthermia, your

body temperature rises above a certain "set-point" that your hypothalamus regulates (a

part of your brain that controls many body functions). When you have a fever, however,

your hypothalamus raises your body's set-point temperature. This deliberate increase

in body temperature is your body's attempt to combat an illness or infection.

Hyperthermia

People suffering from hyperthermia

experience heat cramps, heat
stroke, or heat exhaustion.
Hyperthermia
• Heat Cramps
- Heat cramps usually happen during heavy activities in hot environments. They
are painful, involuntary muscle spasms which are more intense than the typical
nighttime leg cramp where the muscles affected include the calves, arms,
abdominal wall, and back. This happens when the muscles accumulate excessive
lactic acid or a loss of fluid and electrolyte through perspiration.

What must be done?

❑ Cool down and replenish loss electrolyte through clear

sports drink.

❑ Gently stretch and massage affected muscle group.

❑ Do not resume the strenuous activity and rest until

cramps go away.

❑ Take salt pill with water at the start of the specific

muscle pain.
Hyperthermia
• Heat Exhaustion

- When water is not sufficient for the body’s demand in a particular outdoor

activity, the body becomes dehydrated and salt-depleted. This results in

nausea, faintness, a weak rapid pulse and/or cold, and sweaty skin.

- This case requires first aid similar to what is administered in case of heat

cramps.
Hyperthermia
• Heat Stroke

- Heat stroke is the most serious degree of hyperthermia

Emergency should be sought when the person:

❑ Losses consciousness
❑ Becomes disoriented
❑ Pulse rate suddenly becomes fast
❑ Seizures
❑ Has warm, red, dry skin, and body temperature
above 103 degrees F
❑ Reduced sweating
Hypothermia
- Occurs when the body chills faster than the body’s ability to produce heat due to
exposure to cold, wet, and/or windy weather. Not taking enough energy
producing food and not having proper clothing speeds up hypothermia. This
generally occurs in temperatures less than 35° C.

Symptoms:

❑ Numbness

❑ Uncontrollable shivering

❑ Skin turns bluish

❑ Pulse and respiration slows down

❑ Unconsciousness
Hypothermia
- Occurs when the body chills faster than the body’s ability to produce heat due to
exposure to cold, wet, and/or windy weather. Not taking enough energy
producing food and not having proper clothing speeds up hypothermia. This
generally occurs in temperatures less than 35° C.

First Aid:

❑ Move the person to a sheltered area and restore warmth slowly

❑ Remove wet clothes and replace with dry clothes

❑ Wrap with blankets or sleeping bag.

❑ Exhale warm air near the vicinity of the patient’s mouth or nose.

❑ Find ways for the victim to stay conscious.

❑ Begin CPR if necessary

Hypothermia
- Occurs when the body chills faster than the body’s ability to produce heat due to
exposure to cold, wet, and/or windy weather. Not taking enough energy
producing food and not having proper clothing speeds up hypothermia. This
generally occurs in temperatures less than 35° C.

Emergency should be sought when the person:

❑ Shows confusion, memory loss, or slurred speech

❑ Body temperature below 35° C

❑ Loss of consciousness

❑ Shallow breathing
Diving Related Illnesses
a) Barotrauma
- is a serious injury that can occur because of pressure differences between the
body's air-filled cavities and the water. If one is having trouble
equalizing the ear and the air trapped in the middle ear cannot escape, the
resulting ruptured eardrum would be considered to be a form of barotrauma.

- majority of cases of ear pain forces the diver to abort the

dive. Symptoms are often resolved shortly after the diver
reaches the surface.

Emergency should be sought when the person shows disorientation, vomits, and
hearing loss, which shows ruptured eardrum. Rush to the nearest medical facility
immediately.
Diving Related Illnesses
a) Decompression Sickness
- Decompression sickness or DCS is a serious deep water diving related injury. It
happens when divers fail to follow prescribed dive profiles, and it can also happen
after a rapid ascent. During a dive, nitrogen bubbles form inside one's body,
including the bloodstream. If the bubbles remain, pain and tissue damage can
occur.
Diving Related Illnesses
a) Decompression Sickness

Emergency should be sought when the person is:

❑ Unconscious
❑ Dizziness
❑ Trouble Breathing
❑ Abnormal walk or weakness
What is the treatment for
decompression sickness?
RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER
 RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER
Is a specialized equipment that is able to replicate the hyperbaric that
resulted in the dissolving of the gases.

The time that a person spends inside the chamber varies depending on the symptoms
and can last up between 5-10 hours.
Aquatic Hazards and
Drowning
 Aquatic-Related Hazards
include physical, chemical, and microbiological hazards and their
associated effects, which are collectively termed recreational water
illnesses and injuries (RWII). These hazards and any potential risks
depend on many factors including pool type, pool design, special
play features, pool operation, maintenance, pool supervision, dose
or introduction of microbial contamination, patron behavior, and
patron susceptibility.
 Types of Adverse Health Examples of
Outcomes Associated Hazards
Drowning/Near Drowning Swimmers under the influence of alcohol, poor swimming ability,
no supervision, poor pool design and maintenance (including
entrapment)

Impact Injuries Impact against hard surfaces (e.g., diving, use of water slides,
collision), treading on broken glass and jagged metal, especially in
outdoor pools

Impact Injuries Heat exposure in hot tubs or natural spas (using thermal water) or
exposure in plunge pools.

Infection Ingestion, inhalation, or physical contact with pathogenic

(disease causing) bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa present in
water and pool surroundings as a result of a fecal contamination,
carried by patrons, animals in or near the water, or the make-up
water
Poisoning and other conditions Contact, inhalation, or ingestion of chemically contaminated
that arise from long-term water, ingestion of algal toxins, and inhalation of chemically
exposure. contaminated air
 Preventing recreational waterborne
illness and injuries

requires an understanding of the potential aquatic hazards

and risks, followed by development of standard operating
procedures, staff training, an audit system, and patron
education that will encourage safe, enjoyable aquatic
experiences.
 Aquatic Hazards

Jellyfish Fire Coral Portuguese Man-of-War

People stung by jellyfish, Portuguese man-of-war or fire corals will experience swelling,
burning and severe pain. When stung, one must get the person out of the water.

To stop the stinging:

1. Wash the area with sea water (not fresh water) to deactivate stinging cells.

2. Rinse the area with vinegar for at least 30 seconds. if vinegar is not available, a
solution of baking soda can be used. This will Deactivate the stinging cells.

3. Next, soak the area in hot water for at least 20 minutes if possible. Cold packs can be
used instead if the area can be soaked in hot water.
 Bring to the nearest medical facility if the person exhibits severe
allergic reaction or if the sting covers more than half an arm or leg.
If the sting also came from a box jelly fish, then the person needs to
be brought to the hospital immediately .The victim may suffer from
intense pain and experience swelling. Box jellyfish can be fatal.
Drowning
Drowning is death from suffocation caused by a liquid entering the lungs and preventing
the absorption of oxygen leading to cerebral hypoxia and myocardial infarction.

Near drowning is the survival of the drowning event involving unconsciousness or water
inhalation and can lead to serious secondary complication, including death, after the event.

Drowning: die within 24 hours of a submersion incident

Near Drowning: survive at least 24 hrs. after a submersion incident
Drowning Risk Situation
Most drownings occur in water, 90% in freshwater (rivers, lakes and pools) 10% in seawater, drownings other
fluids are rare and often industrial accidents. Common conditions and risk factors that may lead to drowning
include but are not limited to:

Water conditions exceed the swimmer's ability-turbulent or fast water, water

out of depth.

Entrapment- physically unable to get out of the situation because of a lack of

an escape route, snagging or by being hampered by clothing or equipment.

Misguided children's play.

Swimming after dark. small children may drown in baths , buckets and toilets.
Predisposing factors

Predisposing factors are those that put a child at risk of

developing a problem (in this case, high anticipatory distress).
These may include genetics, life events, or temperament.

1. Coma, seizures 5. Poor swimming ability

2. Alcohol/Drugs 6. Panic
3. Exhaustion 7. Hypothermia
4. Hyperventilation 8. Trauma
5. Rapidly moving water
Rescue and Treatment

Remove the victim from the water. Conscious victims may panic and
thus hinder rescue efforts.

Signs or behaviors associated with drowning and near drowning:

• Head low in the water, mouth at water level

• Head tilted back with mouth open
• Eyes glassy and empty, unable to focus.
• Eyes open, with fear evident on the face.
• Hair over forehead or eyes.
• Hyperventilating or gasping.
Prevention

Pool Fencing
Prevention

Education and Warnings

 Good Prognostic Factors

Prognostic Factors - a situation or condition, or a characteristic of a

patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease
or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back).

• Older child or young adult

• Adequate CPR/on scene ACLS/BLS
• Conscious
• Short submersion
• Healthy
Environmental
Hazards
Inclement Weather
Blizzards, flash floods, fog, dust or sandstorms,
tornados, and other meteorological events may or
may not be predictable, and may require
immediate response for survival.
Hazardous Terrain
Terrain that are unpredictable and
dangerous for hiker and
mountaineers.
Avalanches
The immediate action of the party generally triggers
backcountry avalanches. Precautions include training,
monitoring weather conditions to learn the history of the
snowpack, digging hasty pits, modifying the route, passing
one-by-one through dangerous areas, wearing avalanche
beacons, and carrying avalanche probes and snow shovels.
Landslides
Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms
of mass wasting that may include a wide range of
ground movements. In many cases, the landslide is
triggered by a specific event such as heavy rainfall, an
earthquake, a slope cut to build a road, and many
others, although this is not always identifiable.
Rockfall
A rockfall or rock-falls is a quantity/sheets of rock that have
fallen freely from a cliff face. In higher-altitude mountains,
rockfalls may be caused by the thawing of rock masses with
permafrost. In contrast, lower altitude mountains with warmer
climates rockfalls may be caused by weathering being
enhanced by non-freezing conditions.
Widowmakers
When choosing campsites care must be taken to avoid
those along with dead trees, snags, trees with large
dead branches, or trees that have previously been
through a forest fire. Collectively, these are called
"widowmakers" by experienced campers.
Slippery Surfaces
When crossing streams, rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water, which can be
dangerous due to poor visibility, uneven surfaces, smooth algae or moss-covered
rocks, and strong currents. The tops of waterfalls are especially dangerous because
of fast-moving water and smooth, slanted rocks. Rubber soles grip poorly on
slime, compared to felt soles, crampons, or hob-nailed boots. Precautions include
being aware of the danger, using hiking poles, loosening pack straps to lower
gravity in case of becoming submerged, and crossing with other people linked arm
to arm or using a rope.
What Should We Do When A
Person is Struck by Lightning
What are the basic things that we must carry in
our first aid kit?

• Hot bag • Alcohol

• Ice bag • Betadine
• Micropore Adhesive • Face mask
• Cotton applicator • Triangular bandage
• Band Aid • Medicine Dropper
• Gauze • Emergency first aid guide
• Tongue depressor
• Thermometer
• Bandage scissors
• Cotton balls
What are the emergency numbers in the
Philippines?
Due to the sudden and unpredictable nature of emergency situations, knowing the emergency
numbers and the procedure to follow after dialing the number is critical. We have compiled a list
of emergency phone numbers for your convenience. This will be kept on file for future reference.
Keep yourself safe.

Philippine Red Cross

Phone number: 143
Specialized for Humanitarian aid / Blood donation

Philippine National Police

Phone number: 117 / 911

Specialized for Police
What are the emergency numbers in the
Philippines?
Due to the sudden and unpredictable nature of emergency situations, knowing the emergency
numbers and the procedure to follow after dialing the number is critical. We have compiled a list
of emergency phone numbers for your convenience. This will be kept on file for future reference.
Keep yourself safe.

Bureau of Fire Protection

Phone number: 160 / 911

Specialized for Firefighting

National Complaint Hotline

Phone number: 8888

Specialized for Public service

Department of Health

Phone number: 1555

Specialized for Medical emergency
What are the emergency numbers in the
Philippines?
Due to the sudden and unpredictable nature of emergency situations, knowing the emergency
numbers and the procedure to follow after dialing the number is critical. We have compiled a list
of emergency phone numbers for your convenience. This will be kept on file for future reference.
Keep yourself safe.

Bantay Bata

Phone number: 163

Specialized for Child protection

Commission on Human Rights

Phone number: 1343

Specialized for Human trafficking

Land Transportation Franchising

and Regulatory Board

Phone number: 1342

Specialized for Public transport
 02

Risk Management of
Outdoor Activities
How do we How can we How can
identify come up with risk be
risks? the assessment? reduced?
What are Hazards
and Risks?
Hazards are things that have the potential to harm while
risk is the likelihood of realizing such potential.
Hazards are things that have the potential to harm while
risk is the likelihood of realizing such potential.
Hazards are things that have the potential to harm while
risk is the likelihood of realizing such potential.
Hazards are things that have the potential to harm while
risk is the likelihood of realizing such potential.
Hazards are things that have the potential to harm while
risk is the likelihood of realizing such potential.

Risk Identification
first involves knowing
the hazards of the
activity.
Three (3) Sources of Hazards According to Parkin
and Blades (1998):

01 02 03
Participants Equipment Surroundings
 Hazards from Human Factor
Human factors include hazards coming from the participants and the
leaders or organizations of the activity.

Participants

Unmanageable Attitude
size of the Problems
group

Lack of Skills, Age

Knowledge, and
Experience Poor Health
 Hazards from Human Factor
Human factors include hazards coming from the participants and the
leaders or organizations of the activity.

Leaders

Lack of Poor
knowledge of Planning and
environmental Communication
hazards

Poor Inability to
Coordination and Respond to
Management Emergencies
Skills
 Hazards from Equipment
Equipment includes the basic things to be included in the activity.

Masks and Flippers in PFD

Snorkeling (personal flotation device)

The Boat in kayaking Ropes in Trekking

 Hazards from the Environement
The types of activities being performed outdoors and the environment in which they are
conducted can present a range of hazards to a person’s health and wellbeing.

Ultraviolet (UV) General

Radiation Environmental
Exposure Hazards
Adverse Weather Natural Disasters
Conditions
 After Identifying the
Risks, How Can We Come
Up with the Assessment?
Alan Hale developed the Dynamics of Accident Model (Bunting, 2006) in 1984 where he came
up with the accident equation on how accidents occur.

Dynamics of Accidents Model

Environmental Human Factor Accident

Hazards Hazards Potential

+ =
Alan Hale developed the Dynamics of Accident Model (Bunting, 2006) in 1984 where he came
up with the accident equation on how accidents occur.

Hazard Factor: Weather Hazard Factor: Human = Accident

It has been raining prior to the

field trip. (coordination)

Risk of sliding on slippery trail. (no coordination with local Drowning due to flash
government unit, lacked flood
Risk of getting drowned due to faculty supervision, lack of
higher water level and flash clear trip detail to parents)
floods.
 Therefore…
risk identification should also
include identifying the likely risk
combination.
Human Environmental Greater
Hazard Hazard Accident

+ =
Human Environmental Greater
Hazard Hazard Accident

+ =

higher chance of
preventing the accident
Human Environmental Greater
Hazard Hazard Accident

+ =
 Risk assessment
now includes understanding the degree of
the risk and the probability or likelihood of
it happening or occurring.
How Can Risk Be
Reduced?
 Risk reduction
is coming out with strategies and
implementing the strategies that
will minimize the risks of the
activities.
The pre-trip planning will cover basic Understanding the skill levels of
knowledge of weather forecast, site the participants will allow the
selection, availability of emergency
personnel in the area, and basic
1 5 facilitators or leader to adjust and
anticipate certain difficulties and
facilities of the site. needs.

Risk
The policies and guidelines reduction Equipment to be used
may be set by activity
facilitators as safety measures 2 4 should be of approved
standard.
to participants.

There are specific skills that are very crucial to

conduct and facilitate outdoor recreational
activities. This plays a very important role in the
safety of participants.
THANK YOU
For Listening!