Class 12 - Important Formulas Chapter 1 - Electric Charges and Fields 1 | Charge ‘Charges are of two types (@) positive charge (b) negative charge like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. 2 | Properties of | 1. Quantisation: - q=ne where n=0,1, 2...... and e is charge of an charge electron. 2, Additivety: ~ qn=5a 3, conservation ‘total charge of an isolated system is constant 3__| Coulomb's faw_ | The mutual electrostatic force between the charges a, and a» separated by a distance ris given by Force on the charge a: Fiekq.arta/t where rio isthe unit vector in the direction from a: to a: For more then two charges in the system the force acting on any, Ccharaes is vector sum of the coulomb force from each of the other ‘charges. Ths is called principle of superposition for giydi,ds--4q charges are present in the system. Force on charge q; Kqidsrilti+Kqiasa/tx +g Gatlin KQiQutilt ‘Similarly forthe other charges. 4 _| Electric field | ~The region around a particular charge in which its elecrical effects can be observed is called the electric field of the charge Electric feld has its own existence and is present even if there is no ‘charge to experience the electric force. S| Electriefieldf E=F/a. Intensity Where F isthe electric force experience by the test charge qp at this point. s the vector quantity ‘Some point to note on this 1. Electric field lines extend away from the postive charge and towards the negative charges 2. Electric field produces the force so if @ charge q is placed in the electric field E the force experience by the charge Is. a 3 Principle of superposition also applies to electric Field So E-E,+E4E,HE Lt Electric field intensity due to point charge E=KQr/e ‘Where r isthe distance from the point charge and r is the unit vector along the direction from source to point. 6 | Some useful | Electric field for the E=KQW (ene y Formula Uniformly charged ring Where xis the distance from the centre ofthe ring, At x= E=0 Flectric Field due to E= (Get VRID uniformly charged dise o=Surface charge density of the disc. At x=0 E=0/2¢ Electric Field Intensity due to | E=c/2c: Infinite sheet of the charge 7 | Charge density | Linear charge density yiL=ag/aL Surface charge density o=Q/A=dQ/da, www vedantu.comVolume charge density p=Qiv=agyav B_| Eleetrostaties | 1. F=0 inside the conductor in Conductor | 2. All charge resides on the outer surface of the conductor 3.Electric atthe surface is Perpendicular to the surface ‘9 | Electric Flux | do=E.da da isthe area vector to the surface and its taken positive along the ‘outward normal to the surface dip=Edacosé = Ed: 10 | Gauss’ Flux in closed surface i equal net charge inside divided by © ‘Theorem SEda=aule 1a | Some points _ | a, Els the electric feld present due to all charges In the system not just the charge inside bb, Flux crossing a closed surface does not depend on the shapes and Size of Gaussian surface www vedantu.com