‘Transmited signal sae Mm [oom WW sill | l Echo signal ‘Target detection and _ nage information extraction = r Figure 1.1 Bosic principle of radar 1.1 - Basic Radar * RADAR is a contraction of the words “Radio Detection and Ranging”. * Radar is an electromagnetic system. * It is used for the detection & location of reflecting objects such as — Y Aircrafts VW Ships VW Spacecraft V Vehicles V People Y Natural Environment * Radar operates by radiating energy into space & detecting the echo signal reflected from an object, or target. * The reflected energy that is returned to the radarWU Indicates the presence of a target. vY Determines location along with other target-related information (by comparing the received echo signal with the transmitted signal). Radar can perform its function at long or short distances & under conditions impervious to optical & infrared sensors. It can operate in — Darkness Haze Fog Rain Snow Oooo e« * Radar’s important attributes are — U It has ability to measure distance with high accuracy. 0 It has ability to operate in all weather conditions. * Atransmitter (in the upper left portion of the figure), generates an electromagnetic signal (such as a short pulse of sinewave). * This signal is radiated into space by an antenna. ¢ A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target. * This intercepted energy is reradiated by the target in many directions.* The reradiation directed back towards the radar is collected by the radar antenna. The radar antenna now delivers it to a receiver. In the receiver, it is processed to detect the presence of the target & determine its location. A single antenna is usually used on a time-shared basis. This is useful for both transmitting & receiving when the radar waveform is a repetitive series of pulses. * The range, or distance, to a target is found by measuring the time it takes for the radar signal to travel to the target & return back to the radar. * The target’s location, in angle, can be found from the direction in which the narrow-beamwidth radar antenna points, when the received echo signal is of maximum amplitude. If the target is in motion, there is a shift in the frequency of the echo signal due to the doppler effect. This frequency shift is proportional to the velocity of the target relative to the radar (also called the radial velocity). This frequency shift is called the doppler frequency shift. The doppler frequency shift is widely used in radar. It is the basis for separating desired moving targets from fixed (unwanted) “clutter” echoes reflected from the natural environment such as — O Land O Sea O Raini) Applications Z| Radon . - Radat was widely used th ats - de ence Aystems for Surveilance conkol — ancl weapon eonbrol . = SudrvePlance eombhol faclucled tasget ctetecHon, target tonttficatio, Farget Pracktng anel thea arsedment of, engagement, ~ Weapon control favolvect —Farget detection k fuzeng “4 guidance fo weapon. + Remote easing : - dt fmpties sensing the envixonment, fs = Used for weatha obsavaHon which mecens aly for tegulan = TV fnfowrnation- planttawy — observation tke location of ven —beloms opaque —eloucls ~ short -fange below ground —probi’ng - ea-tee eletection fox ef fferent shipping . Use ais Surveilance combol CASE) for detection 4 oleax ary. en-rout From ome aixport atspost Rout suaveilance conrol C&RSC) to anotha by dows enforcement and Highway — Radas play a veuy impoctant role for vehicle Saf ety bg keeping a hrack > speed. — telbs for ats bag, wountag about obshucH on or people « Ptecvaft safety and navigation ; Militasy aly cat fs Fravel along Aty i behind the vehicle. beuarn - Prevent collision aby. — Rado are wohl ely used fn Ships & boats to foxevent = lusion.- dE ts abs used fo Frack ? o : the Presence of harbours when thee fs no visuotity. ° Space S — Raclars are widely usec fox planet, obsavationd “t ~ gt also give acusrol frformahon about abhonomical unit. — When Space vehicles wee nob fhee Rada 09 Ob ubecl to view Space objects ‘ ; From nea. * Other ; y. 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