Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3500-Ca A. Introduction
1. Occurrence and Significance sion of metal pipes by laying down a protective coating. Because
precipitation of calcite in pipes and in heat-exchangers can cause
Calcium (Ca) is the third element in Group IIA of the periodic damage, the amount of calcium in domestic and industrial waters
table; it has an atomic number of 20, an atomic weight of 40.08, and is often controlled by water softening (e.g., ion exchange, re-
a valence of 2. The average abundance of Ca in the earth’s crust is verse osmosis). Calcium carbonate saturation and water hardness
4.9%; in soils it is 0.07 to 1.7%; in streams it is about 15 mg/L; and are discussed in Sections 2330 and 2340, respectively.
in groundwaters it is from 1 to ⬎500 mg/L. The most common Calcium contributes to the total hardness of water. Chemical
forms of calcium are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium- softening treatment, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, or ion ex-
magnesium carbonate (dolomite). Calcium compounds are widely change is used to reduce calcium and the associated hardness.
used in pharmaceuticals, photography, lime, de-icing salts, pig-
ments, fertilizers, and plasters. Calcium carbonate solubility is con- 2. Selection of Method
trolled by pH and dissolved CO2. The CO2, HCO3⫺, and CO32⫺
equilibrium is the major buffering mechanism in fresh waters. The atomic absorption methods (Sections 3111B, D, and E) and
Hardness is based on the concentration of calcium and magnesium inductively coupled plasma method (Section 3120) are accurate
salts, and often is used as a measure of potable water quality. means of determining calcium. The EDTA titration method
NOTE: Calcium is necessary in plant and animal nutrition and 具3500-Ca.B) gives good results for control and routine applications,
is an essential component of bones, shells, and plant structures. but for samples containing high P levels (⬎50 mg/L) only the
The presence of calcium in water supplies results from passage atomic absorption or atomic emission methods are recommended
over deposits of limestone, dolomite, gypsum, and gypsiferous because of interferences often encountered with EDTA indicators.
shale. Small concentrations of calcium carbonate combat corro-
3. Storage of Samples
* Approved by Standard Methods Committee, 1997. Editorial revisions, 2011. The customary precautions are sufficient if care is taken to
Joint Task Group: 20th Edition—See Section 3500-Al. redissolve any calcium carbonate that may precipitate on standing.
https://doi.org/10.2105/SMWW.2882.052 1
CALCIUM (3500-Ca)/EDTA Titrimetric Method
with 100 g solid NaCl and grinding the mixture to 40 to 50 mesh. murexide, check endpoint by adding 1 to 2 drops of titrant in excess
Titrate immediately after adding indicator because it is unstable to make certain that no further color change occurs.
under alkaline conditions. Facilitate endpoint recognition by
preparing a color comparison blank containing 2.0 mL NaOH 4. Calculation
solution, 0.2 g solid indicator mixture (or 1 to 2 drops if a
A ⫻ B ⫻ 400.8
solution is used), and sufficient standard EDTA titrant (0.05 to mg Ca/L ⫽
0.10 mL) to produce an unchanging color. mL sample
2) Eriochrome Blue Black R indicator—Prepare a stable form A ⫻ B ⫻ 1000
of the indicator by grinding together in a mortar 200 mg pow- Calcium hardness as mg CaCO3/L ⫽
mL sample
dered dye and 100 g solid NaCl to 40 to 50 mesh. Store in a
where:
tightly stoppered bottle. Use 0.2 g of ground mixture for the
titration in the same manner as murexide indicator. During A ⫽ mL titrant for sample and
titration the color changes from red through purple to bluish B ⫽ mg CaCO3 equivalent to 1.00 mL EDTA titrant at the
calcium indicator endpoint.
purple to a pure blue with no trace of reddish or purple tint. The
pH of some (not all) waters must be raised to 14 (rather than 12
to 13) by the use of 8N NaOH to get a good color change. 5. Precision and Bias
c. Standard EDTA titrant, 0.01M: Prepare standard EDTA titrant
and standardize against standard calcium solution as described in A synthetic sample containing 108 mg Ca/L, 82 mg Mg/L,
Section 2340C to obtain EDTA/CaCO3 equivalence. Standard 3.1 mg K/L, 19.9 mg Na/L, 241 mg Cl⫺/L, 1.1 mg NO3⫺-N/L,
EDTA titrant, 0.0100M, is equivalent to 1.000 mg CaCO3/1.00 mL; 0.25 mg NO2⫺-N/L, 259 mg SO42⫺/L, and 42.5 mg total alka-
use titrated equivalent for B in the calculations in 4. linity/L (contributed by NaHCO3) in distilled water was ana-
lyzed in 44 laboratories by the EDTA titrimetric method, with a
relative standard deviation of 9.2% and a relative error of 1.9%.
3. Procedure
https://doi.org/10.2105/SMWW.2882.052 2