However, Henry made little change in

stop and think religious doctrines, or teachings. With the

exception of the' authority of the pope,
1300-1660
characteristic religious teachings were much the same In
idi&Henry and the Church of England as they were in the
EBbeth share?
Roman Catholic Church. It was Henry's
Iseuss the question
* a partner. When daughter Elizabeth who changed religious
come to an doctrines. Among other changes, priests
, &hagreement, write a were allowed to marry. The Church of
that states England adopted the Calvinist doctrine of
,if-he characteristic. predestination. English replaced Latin in
•iThen make a bulleted
church services.
riiist of the facts that

09upport your
conclusion. The Catholic Reformation
By the number of people who
1600s, the
followed the teachings of Protestantism had
increased dramatically. The Roman Catholic Church did not

ignore what was happening. Many Church leaders recognized

some of the complaints about Church practices.
the truth in
The Church had clearly strayed from the simple spiritual
message of Jesus.

•Fome

Major Religions in Europe, 1600

Roman Catholic Jewish
Lutheran
Anglican
Eastern Orthodox Christian
Calvinist Muslim

Renaissance and Reformation 211

 Council of
Trent

Renaissance

The Catholic Reformation set about renewing the spirit of the

Church and returning it to its mission. In 1545, Pope Paul Ill
called the Council of Trent. This committee of Church leaders
met until 1563 and issued a number of decrees, or orders, to

clarify Church teachings and reform its practices. Four of the

decrees were:

Luther's doctrine of faith without good works

was rejected.
Calvin's doctrine of predestination was rejected.

The selling of indulgences was forbidden.

The authority of the pope was reaffirmed.

After the Council of Trent, popes played less of a role in

political affairs. At times, earlier popes had competed with
monarchs and emperors for wealth and power. Later popes
focused on their role as the spiritual leaders of Catholics.

Persecution and Inquisition

In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church had set up a tribunal
called the Inquisition to find heretics. These are people who
believe in religious ideas that are not approved by the Church.
The goal of the Inquisition was to bring people back to
Catholicism. Anyone who refused to give up his or her wrong
beliefs was punished by a fine, a prison sentence, and usually
the loss of his or her property. Later, torture was added

212 Chapter 14
 to the questioning
process. If a person
refused to confess, he eti
00, 1300-1650
or she could be
tortured. Execution
became the final

punishment. In the
1540s, the Inquisition
was used to find

Protestants in Italy.

Perhaps the most

brutal use of the

Inquisition was m
Spain. In the 700s,

Muslims had conquered

large parts of Spain.
They allowed Jews and
Catholics to practice

their religions in peace.

dgment
Beginning in the 800s,
scene
Spanish nobles fought
during the
Spanish the Muslims and slowly forced them out of Spain. This was
Inquisition
known as the reconquista.

By 1492, the armies of Spain's King Ferdinand and Queen

Isabella had defeated the last of the Muslim strongholds in
Spain. The monarchs were determined to unify their new
nation. They ordered all Jews and Muslims to convert to

Catholicism or leave. Forcing everyone to practice one religion

was one way to unify the nation. The monarchs set up an
Inquisition to make sure that everyone obeyed. It investigated
Jews and Muslims who had converted to Catholicism but
were suspected of practicing their old religions in private.

Putting It All Together

"Religion may be used as a cover for political actions." Find three
examples in this lesson that support this statement. List them in
your notebook. Share them with a partner and discuss how each
political act was done in the name of religion but really disguised

a grab for power.

Renaissance and Reformation 213

 Name

The Catholic Reformation

1. How was the Anglican religion different from the Catholic religion?
Anglican religion differed from Catholicism by replacing English with Latin services, priests were allowed to marry, the Pope
was not the head of authority and the Church of England adopted the Calvinist doctrine of predestination.

2. What was the purpose of the Catholic Reformation?

The purpose of the Catholic Reformation was about renewing the spirit of the church and returning it to its original mission.

3. How did the role of the pope change before and after the Council of Trent?
Before the Council of Trent the popes played less of a role in political affairs and after the Council of Trent the popes, focused
on their spiritual leadership of the Catholics.

4. Define heretics.
The heretics were people who believed in religious ideas that were not approved by the Church.

5. How has the idea of inquisition changed throughout the many years of the Roman Catholic Church?
The ideas of inquisition changed throughout the many years of the Roman Catholic Church because heretics would soon be
punished by a fine, prison sentence, usually loss of property and torture was added.

6. Explain the most brutal inquisition.

The most brutal inquisition was the Spanish inquisition.

7. How did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella attempt to unify their nation?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella attempted to unify their nation by ordering all Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or
leave.