Kyle Gerard M.

Gastar Science 10
10 Virtucio 11 / 05 / 22

Female Reproductive System

The ovaries, or female gonads, are the sexual glands that produce ova (eggs) and the sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone. The uterus is located inside the lesser or true pelvis and is reached by the
fallopian, or uterine, tubes. Through the cervical canal, the uterus and vagina are connected. The
external genitalia, also referred to as the vulva collectively, are located around the vestibule where the
vagina opens. Vesalius initially made the uterine horns readily visible in 1543, describing them as
"two blunt angles, which resemble the immature horns on the foreheads of calves." However, he soon
began to wonder why they, like the uterus' cells, were so difficult to see.

Parts Of a Female Reproductive System

1. Uterine Fundus
The top of the uterus, across from the cervix, is known as the fundus the opening of the uterus. The
bottom, back portion of the bladder is known as the fundus. A fundus is present in a number of organs,
including the bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, and eye.

2. Fallopian tube
The term "fallopian tube," also known as "oviduct" or "uterine tube," refers to one of a pair of long,
narrow ducts that are found in the abdominal cavity of female humans and are used to carry sperm
and eggs from the ovary, where they are created, to the uterus's lumen.

3. Ovarian Ligament
Each ovary is joined to the walls of the pelvis by the suspensory ligaments. Each ovary is joined to the
lateral side of the uterus by ovarian ligaments, which are blood vessel-free. These are also referred to
as the appropriate ovarian ligaments or utero-ovarian ligaments.

4. Uterus
The female reproductive system's uterus, commonly known as the womb, is a muscular organ with an
inverted pear form that sits between the bladder and the rectum. Its purpose is to feed and protect a
fertilized egg until the fetus, or progeny, is prepared for delivery.

5. Ovary
The main job of the ovaries is to raise and get the oocytes (eggs) ready for ovulation (rupture and
release of the mature egg from the ovary). An egg that has been released travels through a fallopian
tube to the uterus. An egg may be pierced and fertilized by a sperm while it is in the fallopian tube. An
egg will implant in the uterine wall if it is fertilized.

6. Fimbriae
At the surface of bacterial cells are long filamentous polymeric protein structures called fimbriae.
They make it possible for the bacteria to attach to particular receptor structures and colonize
particular surfaces.

7. Cervix Canal
The cervix is the womb's lower end (uterus). It is located at the vagina's top. Its length ranges from 1.3
to 2.5 inches (2.5 to 3.5 cm). The cervix is traversed by the cervical canal. It permits a baby (fetus) and
menstrual blood to move from the womb into the vagina.

8. Cervix
The uterus's cervix, located at its lowest point, connects the organ to the vagina and creates a
passageway between the two. The cervix extends around 2 centimeters into the upper vaginal canal
while being just about 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) length. The term "external os" refers to the entrance
of the cervical canal into the vagina. The term "internal os" refers to the opening of the endocervical
canal into the uterine cavity.

9. Vagina
During childbirth, the vagina, a portion of the birth canal in female animals, receives sperm from male
reproductive cells. It serves the same purpose in humans as an excretory tube for menstrual fluids.
The vagina, which is situated behind the bladder and in front of the rectum in humans, is typically 9
cm (3.5 inches) length. The uterine cervix is joined to the upper part of the vagina.

The Female Menstrual Cycle

The monthly set of adjustments a woman's body makes to get ready for the potential of pregnancy is
known as the menstrual cycle. Ovulation is the process through which one of the ovaries releases an
egg each month. Hormonal changes also prepare the uterus for pregnancy at the same time. Although
each woman's menstrual cycle is different in duration, most women get periods every 28 days on
average. Normal cycles range from 21 to 40 days, but can be shorter or longer.

Phases of Menstrual cycle

1. Menstruation Phase
Period is the colloquial name for menstruation. Your uterus's lining sheds and leaks out of your vagina
when you menstruate. Blood, mucus, and some uterine lining cells are all present in your period. A
menstruation typically lasts three to seven days.

2. Follicular Phase
The follicular phase, which lasts for 13 to 14 days and culminates in ovulation, begins on the first day
of your period. A hormone is released by the pituitary gland in the brain to promote the growth of
follicles on the surface of an ovary. Most of the time, just one follicle will develop into an egg. Starting
on day 10 of your cycle, this is possible. Your uterus' lining thickens during this trimester in
preparation for pregnancy.

3. Ovulation Phase
A mature egg is released from an ovary and travels down a fallopian tube toward your uterus during
ovulation. About two weeks before your next period, this typically occurs once per month. A 16 to 32-
hour window is allowed for ovulation It is possible to become pregnant up to five days before
ovulation and on the actual day of the event, although the likelihood increases during the final three
days. The egg can live for up to 24 hours after being discharged. You could become pregnant if sperm
enters the egg at this time.
4. Luteal Phase
The corpus luteum, which is made up of ovarian cells, releases progesterone and a tiny amount of
estrogen after ovulation. As a result, the uterine lining thickens in preparation for pregnancy. The
corpus luteum continues to generate progesterone after a fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining,
maintaining the uterus' thicker lining. In the absence of pregnancy, the corpus luteum dies,
progesterone levels fall, the uterine lining sheds, and a new menstrual cycle starts.

References:
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-reproductive-system/The-uterus
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https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/menstrual-cycle