COMPUTER ASSIGNMENT

APPLICATIONS OF
COMPUTER
 CONTENTS:

1. Applications of computer in
pharmacy
2. Patterns of computers in hospital
pharmacy
3. Patient record database
management
4. Medication order entry
5. Drug labels and Drug List
6. Intravenous solution and
admixtures
7. Patient medication profiles
8. Inventory Control
9. Management report & Statistics
10. References

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 1.Applications of computer in pharmacy

Computer are now a days used in pharmaceutical in industries, hospitals and in various departments for drug
information, education, evaluation, analysis, medication history and for maintenance of financial records. They
have become indispensable in the development of clinical pharmacy, hospital pharmacy and pharmaceutical
research. Computers are also useful for patient profile monitoring, medication, database management and
material management. It is useful in providing on drug interactions, drug information services and patient
counseling.
 Right now computers and pharmacy go hand in hand.
 Drug and patient database management; order entry systems; drug information; billing; purchasing;
automated dispensing units; and on and ON!
 Today we can exchange health information and provide services across geographic, time and social
boundaries.
Advantages:
• Pharmacy plays crucial role in patient care.
• Requires huge management and manpower
• Effective use of computer started in Pharmacy started in 1980.
Use of internet in Pharmacy:
• Internet is collection of huge data which is accessible with few clicks.
• Availability of soft copies of books has made it more useful for pharmacists.
• Access to huge amount of research journals published online has made very useful tool for literature survey.
Patterns of computers in hospital pharmacy
2. Patterns of computers in hospital pharmacy

As more hospital pharmacies move in the direction
of computer access, the profession must identify
more clinical applications for computer
programming. The use of computers has
demonstrated the potential to decrease adverse
events, preserve financial and medical resources,
and improve patient management.
Major uses of computers in hospital pharmacies
include:
• Patient record database management
• Medication order entry
• Drug labels
• Drug lists
• Electronic medication administration record
• Patient medication profiles
• Inventory control
• Management report and statistics
3. Patient record database management
4.
A patient record is a permanent written
communication that documents information relevant
to the healthcare system. It is the repository of
information about a single patient. Primary clinical
databases usually include the patients' medical
records (PMRs), as well as any separate repositories
The computer is becoming the key factor of hospital
pharmacy practice. Enhancement of computer
technology is essential to assist the hospital pharmacist
in keeping all relevant data in order to provide optimal
oversight of drug therapy. As more data become
available on drugs, the factor which place the patient at
risk for developing reactions to drug, pharmacist must
place less reliance on committing all facts to memory
and recognize that the computer is a necessary solution
to optimizing patient care.
Other uses are:
• In receiving and allotment of drugs
• Storing the details of every individual
• Professional supplies
• Records of dispensed drugs to inpatient and
outpatient
• Information of patient records
• Patient monitoring
• Clinical pharmacists may dive right into the chart to
seek out antibiotic orders and laboratory data for
serum drug concentrations and renal function
assessments.

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of data collected in medical offices, outpatient clinics, • Helps a Cardiology pharmacy specialist with the
and hospitals. Patient record databases may contain blood pressure values from the physical examination in
data collected over long periods of time, sometimes order to assess the effectiveness of patient’s
for a patient's life-time. Pharmacies are trialing antihypertensive regimen
access to electronic information about patients – with • The pharmacist may find data lacking in some areas,
their consent, mostly pulled from general which will require clarification via additional patient
practitioner(GP) records and on read only basis. P interviewing
Advantages of patient record database • The pharmacist can identify pertinent positive and
• The access of patient record database proved negative components that are key to the development
beneficial in identifying prescribing errors – thus of an assessment and plan
reducing the risk of patient harm  • A day-to-day, patient-based medical information
• Pharmacies would mostly access patient records to system gradually to replace much of the paper-based
assist in the provision of emergency supplies, to
medical records, and to speed the flow of information
confirm what a patient was taking and at what dose
throughout the health care services.
• Pharmacists review the data with several key
• A longer-term information storage system supporting
pharmacy related aspects in mind; this will permit
concise data collection while providing the pharmacist the patient medical record for life and interfacing with
with adequate information to develop all forms of medical care.
recommendations to optimize pharmacotherapy. • An information base suitable for various types of
clinical and administrative analysis.
atient record database managemenPatient
4.Medication order entry
record database management
It is an electronic – based, automated order
management and robust clinical intervention tracking
tool that enables hospital pharmacies to identify key
Interpretation and Entry of the Prescription:
safety, quality, productivity and clinical improvements. These information are required for interpretation and
The medication order entry process involves entry of the prescription:
reviewing a prescription and entering it into a
computer. The fill process requires a check and  Doctor's name, office address, phone number,
balance system and various preparations. This and signature
lesson will discuss these processes.  National Provider Identifier (NPI)
New Patient at the Pharmacy:  Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
These information are required for new patient at number required for controlled substances
the pharmacy:  Drug information (name of medication,
strength, form of dosage, route of
 Name, age, employment, sex, nationality, administration, frequency, amount, number of
weight, and address refills, and if generic is an option)
 Health history including surgeries and  Patient information (name, address, date of
medications order)
 Allergies and past adverse drug reactions
Ideal Medication Order:
Processing Medication Orders:
 Frequency &
 Identify patient duration
 Rate & time
 Compare order with patient’s existing  Credentials
 Indication
medication
 Other instructions  Route of
 Order entry steps
 Room/bed administration
 Choose correct medication from database
location  Pager number
 Identifying administration schedule
 Enter any special instructions  Prescriber’s  Dosage form
 Medication must be selected, prepared or signature  Date & time of
 Generic drug order

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 compounded, checked, dispensed for use
e management
1. Patient record database management
2. Patient record database management
3. Patient record database management
5. Drug labels and Drug List
4. Patient record database management
Patient record database management
A drug label refers to all the printed information
included with any dietary supplement, over-the-
counter medicine, or prescription drug. They're
strictly regulated by the Food and Drug
Administration and provide plenty of useful
information savvy healthcare investors use to
evaluate a company's products.
 Computerised Medication Order
Management Systems allows prescribers to
create a structured sig but also offers two
additional fields: “Special instructions” and
“Comments”.
 “Special instructions” are transmitted to the
pharmacy and are intended to be printed on
the label, such as ‘do not drive while taking’
or “avoid sun exposure”. However,
prescribers sometimes enter comments that
contradict the sig. For example, they might
order a medication with frequency “once
daily” and then add the comment “take two
times a day on Monday, Wednesday and
Friday”.
 This ambiguity can lead to confusion for
pharmacists (and patients), resulting in call-
backs for clarification, significant dispensing
delays and dispensing and labelling errors.
name  Dose/strength
 Printed name if  Hospital
needed identification
 Brand drug name
A drug list – also called a formulary – lists your health
plan's preferred medicines. You'll usually pay less
when you choose a drug that's on the list. Our search
tools make it easy to see if your prescriptions are on
the list. You can also find alternatives that may save
you money.
 Some Computerised Medication Order
Management Systems list drugs alphabetically.
 Most systems have support for both browsing
(e.g.: picking a drug from a list) alphabetically
and searching for a specific drug by entering a
search string; however, the latter method is by
far the more common paradigm.
 Auto-complete is a term used for a
functionalities that try to predict what the user is
typing and includes both auto-suggest and
auto-fill capabilities.
 Auto-suggest prevents users with suggestions
that they may choose as they are typing in the
first few letters of a drug name.

6. Intravenous solution and admixtures

Intravenous injections, infusions, solutions, and admixtures need special attention to be administered because
they are directly entered into the human blood system. Not only their purification but also their rate of
administration is important. A very fast infusion rate may cause cell burst or may lead to hypervolemia while a
very slow infusion may hault the recovery time and mark a question on the pharmacovigilance of a hospital
pharmacist. Smart pumps in a closed-loop, point-of-care medication administration system can further improve
medication safety. The goal is to provide seamless digital pathway from Computerized Medication Order
Management System to the patient vein.
Hospital pharmacist have been involved with the preparation of parenteral dosage forms for several decades.
Was only compounding sterile intravenous, intrathecal, ophthalmic, and irrigating solutions that were not
available commercially. The first needle was made from a quill attached to an animal bladder. Lack of aseptic

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techniques and sterile, pure drugs caused failure in parenteral therapy until 19th century. Through effort of
Pasteur and others (Lister, Koch, Jenner, Hunter and Seibert) aseptic technique, bacteriologic filtration
methods, and pyrogen free diluents were developed. Gained recognition by the national formulary and U.S.
pharmacopeia (USP). 40% of hospital inpatients receive IV preparations (and it is continue raising!). Replacing
fluids and electrolytes, provide nutrition and administer medication.  Parenteral comes from a geek words
“para” and “enteron” =outside the intestine. Injection medication into veins and through subcutaneous tissue.

7. Patient medication profiles

A patient medication profile is a comprehensive summary of all regular medications taken by a patient,
including prescription, over-the-counter. Patient medication profiles depend upon these information:
 Patient’s name/identification number
 Date of birth/age
 Home address/telephone numbers
 Allergies
 Principal diagnoses
 Primary healthcare providers
 Third-party payer(s)/other billing information
 Over-the-counter medication/herbal supplements
 Prescription & refill history
 Patient preferences
What is a patient medication profile and why would you want a pharmacy to keep one? A patient medical
profile is a current list of all medications prescribed for an individual, any allergies the individual has, and any
information relevant to an individual’s ability to safely take medications. If your pharmacy keeps a current
patient medication profile then the pharmacist will check it during each visit.
In general, a patient medication profile allows the pharmacist to:
 Make sure that your loved one isn’t allergic to any prescribed medications
 Make sure that prescribed medications are appropriate for your loved one’s medical history
 Keep your loved one from taking medications that might interact—this is especially important if more than
one doctor has prescribed medicine for your loved one
 Monitor your loved one’s use of the medication to make sure that it is taken regularly and refilled on time
 Give you better advice about additional over-the-counter medications

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  Inform a new doctor or pharmacist about your loved one’s medication history

8. Inventry control

Inventory control is the method of maintaining of stock at a level at which purchasing and stocking costs are at
the lowest possible without interference with the supply. It is used to avoid out- of -stock situations. At any
given time, your hospital pharmacy is up against some tough inventory management challenges. You need
tactics to prevent drug shortages. You need ways to keep costs down while providing top-notch care. And you
need to be able to carry the innovative new drugs that patients need. Here are three strategies to achieve
these common inventory management goals.
1. Be proactive to prevent drug shortages:
Preventing drug shortages is crucial to delivering consistent care to your patients. But doing so means
planning for a number of factors that can cause a shortage. Things like unavailability of raw materials. A recall.
A delay in manufacturing. Or an unexpected spike in demand. To navigate all these variables, you need to
build proactive communication strategies with everyone involved in the drug supply chain.
2. Use data to lower costs and improve care
Minimizing costs while delivering better care can sometimes seem like a daunting task. But if you tap into data
within your supply chain, you can make positive changes that help your hospital pharmacy achieve both of
those goals simultaneously. This data can tell you:

 Whether the demand for a drug has diminished

 Whether a newer drug with better clinical results is available
 Whether historic prescribing patterns have changed
 Whether you need to adjust your periodic automatic replenishment (PAR) levels
All of this information can help your hospital pharmacy be a more efficient purchaser. When you are a more
efficient purchaser, you save money and cut waste. You have the correct amount of inventory on your shelves
to manage costs and deliver optimal care.
3. Plan ahead to carry new drugs
While managing existing drugs is often challenging enough, your hospital pharmacy also needs to find ways to
carry new drugs as they emerge. There are several things you’ll need to be able to carry new drugs:

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 A strategic plan from pharmacy leadership. Leadership at your pharmacy should use insight from
colleagues and other leaders in the pharmacy industry to draw up a thoughtful plan. What is your strategy for
when new drugs hit the market? How will you choose which ones to carry, and in which quantities?
 Make sure you have the right labor pool. Do you have the proper mix of pharmacy staff to add new drugs to
your pharmacy? You should also make sure hospital administration and medical staff support your strategy.
 Follow inventory best practices that offer strong clinical, cost saving, and revenue generating
opportunities. Be smart about ways to control spending even when adding new drugs. These include things
like formulary management, Six Sigma processes and purchasing controls.
When you have a thoughtful plan in place, your hospital pharmacy is in a better position to acquire new,
breakthrough drugs for patients who need them the most.

9. Management report & Statistics

The pharmacy management reports include information about the drugs that are being dispensed to gain new
insight into what you dispense, to whom, how much and from where. It helps to create reports on billing
payments, prescription revenue and profit margins.

These reports help in

 Learning more about your drug pricing and billing workflow by facility and price options.
 Understanding the ins and outs of your pricing structure and the way you bill is a great way to help
make more of your margins.
 Understand more about the patients you serve through searchable prescription histories. Narrow them
down based on the selected criteria.
 Create reports on billing payments, prescription revenue, and profit margin

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 Generate daily logs, claim reports compliance reports and so many more

10. References

 https://www.slideshare.net/rxvichu/applications-of-computers-in-hospital-pharmacy by-
rxvichuz
 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Bh2H32hVxtAXbUTKlpVtxMdnF-C5mGzI/view
 https://www.google.com/search?q=management+records+and+stats+in+HMS&hl=en
&sxsrf=ALiCzsaWbJQaQOEg5csLzSrLPzSevE_Cxw:1653198012389&source=lnms
&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR_JXCsvL3AhXnwAIHHTOyCHMQ_AUoAXoECA
EQAw&biw=1517&bih=705&dpr=0.9#imgrc=gIbLkNOrFZiMJM
 https://cognosys.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/
Hospital_management_system_multiple_speciality_patholo
gy/hospital_management_system_multiple_speciality_pathology.htm
 https://www.google.com/search?q=pERPETUAL+SYSTEM+in+HMS&tbm=isch&ved
=2ahUKEwjI48_Xo_L3AhUqXvEDHekQCL0Q2-
 https://www.google.com/search?q=patient+medicatin+profile+in+HMS&tbm=isch&ve
d=2ahUKEwizg479ofL3AhWuQPEDHfAdBlgQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=patient+medicatin+profile+in+HMS&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECC
MQJzoFCAAQgAQ6BAgAEEM6CAgAEIAEELEDOgsIABCABBCxAxCDAToICAAQs
QMQgwE6BwgAELEDEENQ8gpYknJghHRoAnAAeACAAcwDiAG9RpIBCDItMzAuM
S4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=ZLuJYrPBI66Bxc8P8
LuYwAU#imgrc=W-ZvxojN-MRFKM
 https://www.google.com/search?q=IV+pump&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwji4Lq4svD3Ah
UIGRoKHdhHAoEQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=IV+pump&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIA
BCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCA
BDIFCAAQgARQAFjhAWCiB2gAcAB4AIABgSIAfQLkgEHMy0xLjAuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy
13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei =OMCIYuLkIIiyaNiPiYgI#imgrc=NBuCN8xtWKoj6

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